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84-700: Arctic Slope Regional Corporation was created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. The initial shareholders were the 13,000 Iñupiaq Eskimos listed in the 1970 US census. Since April 1990 ASRC’s shareholder base grew from 3,700 shareholders in 1972 to about 14,000 today. ASRC is a private for profit corporation, with headquarters in Utqiaġvik, Alaska , and administrative offices in Anchorage . As of 2023, ASRC had 15,000 employees in Alaska and

168-884: A Bowie postal address; and District 6 Station in Beltsville CDP serve the community. The federally planned and constructed inner core of the city was designated as the Greenbelt Historic District by the Maryland Historical Trust , and subsequently placed on the National Park Service 's maintained National Register of Historic Places on November 25, 1980. The historic district was elevated to National Historic Landmark District status on February 18, 1997. The district contains Roosevelt Center (originally named simply The Center , and later renamed in honor of President Roosevelt) and many buildings in

252-463: A citizen." In 2009, the city implemented several election reforms with the goal of increasing diversity: increasing the city council from five to seven members, adding another precinct in Greenbelt East to shorten voter lines, and amending the city charter to allow early voting. In the election held November 3, 2009, Emmett Jordan, an African American, was chosen by 75% of voters, electing him to

336-447: A freeze on land transfers remained in effect. In 1966, Emil Notti called for a statewide meeting inviting numerous leaders around Alaska to gather and create the first meeting of a committee. The historic meeting was held October 18, 1966 - on the 99th anniversary of the transfer of Alaska from Russia. Notti presided over the three-day conference as it discussed matters of land recommendations, claims committees, and political challenges

420-576: A lunar base. ASRC Aerospace is the prime contractor for the University-Affiliated Spaceport Technology Development Contract (USTDC) to design ground support equipment and develop new technologies. The company has been engaged in designing the new mobile launcher and modifying the launch pads. ASRC has also been involved in other scientific research. The USTDC contract expired on October 31, 2010 and future contracts at Kennedy Space Center remain uncertain, given

504-778: A north–south direction, running parallel to the B–W Parkway, providing an alternate travel route into Washington, D.C., from Greenbelt. The southernmost Maryland portion of Kenilworth Avenue forms a major interchange with both the B–W Parkway and US 50 near the Maryland–D.C. line, and continues into Washington, as the Kenilworth Avenue Freeway (DC 295) . Washington Metro 's rapid transit rail system serves Washington, D.C. , and neighboring communities in Maryland and Northern Virginia , by operating 98 Metro stations , which includes

588-646: A pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez . At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, but a permit to construct the pipeline, which would cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, could not be granted until the Native claims were settled. Hearings were held for the first time before the United States House 's Subcommittee on Indian Affairs in July 1968. Among those who attended

672-709: A quarter of the oil production at the Alpine site. Production started in the fourth quarter of 2015 from the new CD-5 drill site, located to access both the Nanuq Kuparuk and the Alpine Participating Areas. Additionally, in late 2015 the Bureau of Land Management issued the remaining outstanding permits providing for development of the Greater Mooses Tooth 1 (GMT1) development. ASRC is the majority subsurface owner for

756-553: A second time early in 1967, it emerged with a new name, The Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN), and a new full-time President, Emil Notti. AFN went on to profoundly change the human rights and economic stability of the Alaska Native population. In 1967, Governor Walter Hickel summoned a group of Indigenous leaders and politicians to work out a settlement that would be satisfactory to Natives. The group met for ten days and asked for $ 20 million in exchange for requested lands. Among

840-508: A site that had formerly consisted largely of tobacco fields. She was also heavily involved in the first cooperative community designed by the federal government in the New Deal Era, Arthurdale, West Virginia , which sought to improve the lives of impoverished laborers by enabling them to create a self-sufficient, and relatively prosperous, cooperative community. Cooperatives in Greenbelt include

924-677: Is a fuel and automotive parts distributor and Top of the World Hotel,a hotel which operates Tundra Tours, Inc. tour programs. ASRC is one of the largest private landowners in Alaska, with ownership in fee simple of 5 million acres of land. ASRC has a royalty position in the Colville River (Alaska) Unit (CRU), home of the Alpine, Alaska oil field. Alpine field production peaked in November 2005, but as of 2012 CRU satellite developments account for nearly

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1008-521: Is a representative list of village and urban corporations created under ANCSA: Greenbelt, Maryland Greenbelt is a city in Prince George's County, Maryland , United States, and a suburb of Washington, D.C. At the 2020 census , the population was 24,921. Greenbelt is the first and the largest of the three experimental and controversial New Deal Greenbelt Towns, the others being Greenhills, Ohio , and Greendale, Wisconsin . Greenbelt

1092-543: Is a subsidiary of Arctic Slope Regional Corporation (ASRC). ASRC Aerospace is an enterprise formed in November 1997. Headquartered in Greenbelt , Maryland , ASRC Aerospace supports 15 major contracts providing a base of over 1000+ personnel. The company's segments are multiple operating units engaging primarily in U.S. Government contracts. ASRC Aerospace at one time had about 100 projects at NASA Kennedy Space Center. These projects included studies on lightning strikes and how

1176-469: Is based in Tempe, Arizona and comprises three operating groups: 1) Maintenance, Mechanical and Specialty Services, 2) Cleaning, Demolition and Remediation and 3) Engineering, Inspection and Professional Services. These are delivered by 24 companies. ASRC Construction’s services fall into four categories: buildings, civil and infrastructure and building materials, delivered by 4 different companies. Eskimos, Inc.

1260-675: Is contiguous with a portion of Greenbelt's eastern border. NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center , located directly adjacent to Greenbelt's eastern boundary, utilizes a Greenbelt postal address (Greenbelt, MD 20768), as well. It is partially within the former Goddard census-designated place . Greenbelt Park , a unit of the National Park System , is located within the City of Greenbelt's boundaries, at its southernmost portion. Two major highways pass through and have interchanges in Greenbelt:

1344-496: Is land and 0.06 square miles (142,846 square meters) is water. Greenbelt's ZIP Codes are 20770, 20771, and 20768. The ZIP Code 20770 contains all residential and business addresses that correspond to actual physical locations inside the geographic boundaries of the City of Greenbelt. The 20768 ZIP Code is assigned exclusively to post-office box (P.O. Box) addresses, while 20771 is the designated ZIP Code for Goddard Space Flight Center , situated on federal government owned land that

1428-727: Is served by Eleanor Roosevelt High School (Greenbelt), a school which includes a Science and Technology magnet program and an AP Capstone program. There is a public magnet school within the City: There are no private schools within the City of Greenbelt. There is a Catholic school in nearby Lanham CDP , Academy of Saint Matthias the Apostle. The Lanham Act was used to build North End Elementary School. The original Greenbelt High School building (later used for Greenbelt Junior High, Greenbelt Middle, and currently Dora Kennedy French Immersion School) opened in c.  1937 . Originally,

1512-672: The Greenbelt News Review , Greenbelt Consumers Coop grocery store, the New Deal Cafe , and the cooperative forming the downtown core of original housing, Greenbelt Homes Incorporated (GHI). The architectural planning of Greenbelt was innovative, as was the social engineering involved in this federal government project. Applicants for residency were interviewed and screened based on income and occupation, and willingness to become involved in community activities. African-Americans were initially excluded, but were later included by

1596-709: The Art Deco style. Roosevelt Center contains the Greenbelt Co-op Supermarket and Pharmacy (the Co-op), which opened in 1984, and the original, historic Old Greenbelt Theatre , while also adding the Greenbelt Arts Center (located underneath the Co-op, in what was previously the city's bowling alley ), and additional new businesses such as the New Deal Cafe , with its name honoring the origins of its location. Both

1680-782: The CSX System . Also available at Greenbelt station was a weekday express Metrobus service, the Greenbelt–BWI Thurgood Marshall Airport Express Line (commonly shortened to the Greenbelt–BWI Airport Line), designated route B30, to Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI), a mode of transportation to and from the airport for airline passengers, in addition to allowing for connections to Baltimore's regional transit services. This service ended in 2020. Metrobus , Prince George's County's THE BUS (routes 11 and 15X), and

1764-817: The Capital Beltway (I-95/I-495) and the National Park Service 's owned and maintained portion of the Baltimore–Washington Parkway ( unsigned MD 295). The Greenbelt portion of the Baltimore–Washington Parkway (B–W Parkway) is part of the parkway's 19-mile section which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. Additionally, Greenbelt Road is part of state highway MD 193 , which connects several suburban communities in both Prince George's and Montgomery counties. Kenilworth Avenue (MD 201) traverses Greenbelt in

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1848-657: The Federal Works Agency controlled North End Elementary School, Greenbelt High School, and the Center School. High Point High School , in Beltsville , opened in fall 1954, and began serving students from Greenbelt. The former Greenbelt High School then became Greenbelt Junior High School. The county bought Center School for $ 260,000, after the federal government renovated it in July 1958. The county also bought Greenbelt Junior High and North End Elementary. Roosevelt High

1932-618: The George M. Low award to ASRC Aerospace Corporation on February 26, 2008 in recognition of sustained, high quality performance in launch site design engineering, project management, technology development, and technical support services. In 2016, ASRC was ranked as the fourth best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on indigenous rights in the Arctic. In 2021, ASRC was ranked as no. 14 most environmentally responsible company out of 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of

2016-528: The Greenbelt station , the northern terminus of Metro's Green Line . Commuter rail service to the station is provided by MARC Train 's Camden Line , which connects the District of Columbia 's Washington Union Station with Camden Station in Baltimore . The Camden Line provides service by utilizing the original 1835 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) track route between Washington and Baltimore, now part of

2100-578: The National Council on Indian Opportunity , headed by Vice President Spiro Agnew , which included eight Native leaders: Frank Belvin (Choctaw), Bergt (Iñupiat), Betty Mae Jumper (Seminole), Earl Old Person (Blackfeet), John C. Rainer (Taos Pueblo), Martin Seneca Jr. (Seneca), Harold Shunk (Yankton-Sioux), and Joseph C. "Lone Eagle" Vasquez (Apache-Sioux). During the state administration of Governor William A. Egan positions were staked out upon which

2184-723: The Tanana Chiefs Conference ; and Don Wright , president of the Alaska Federation of Natives a week later. That meeting held on March 12, marked a turning-point in negotiations with the various parties. The proposed settlement terms faced challenges in both houses but found a strong ally in Senator Henry M. Jackson from Washington state . The most controversial issues that continued to hold up approval were methods for determining land selection by Alaska Natives and financial distribution. With major petroleum dollars on

2268-857: The United States Congress passed the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 . Then under the authority granted to him from this legislation, President Roosevelt issued an executive order , on May 1, 1935, establishing the United States Resettlement Administration (RA / RRA) . Rexford Tugwell agreed to serve as the Administrator of the Resettlement Administration, in addition to his Undersecretary of Agriculture position, without receiving any additional salary. Working alongside Tugwell

2352-620: The United States Department of Justice opened an investigation into the city's election system. In 2008, the city government hosted three public community meetings regarding election reform, in concert with the ACLU, NAACP, and FairVote . Over 100 residents attended the forums, including one of the unsuccessful African American candidates, Jeanette Gordy, who said, "My concern is that people don't get off their royal behinds. By going to meetings I got what I wanted and found out I had power as

2436-551: The University of Maryland 's Shuttle-UM (route 143; University ID required) each have bus routes which serve the city of Greenbelt. Through a city–university partnership between 2017 and 2019, Greenbelt residents were permitted to unlimited travel on Shuttle UM, with the purchase of a $ 10 annual pass. The City operates limited transportation via the Greenbelt Connection, a 12-passenger wheelchair-accessible van. Greenbelt

2520-473: The White House by President Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt on April 30, 1936. The first tenants, after selection in a stringent application process, moved in to the town on September 30, 1937. The construction consisted of structures built in the Art Deco , Streamline Moderne , and Bauhaus architectural styles . Greenbelt is credited as a historic milestone in urban development because it

2604-401: The 429 million-barrel Alpine Oil Field, which started production in 2001. In 2015, its gross revenue was $ 2.5 billion. Since inception, it has delivered over $ 915 million as dividends to shareholders. Since 2000, it has distributed $ 90 million to support socioeconomic opportunities in the area, including scholarships and training programs to qualified Iñupiat. ASRC Aerospace Corporation

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2688-646: The AFN and other stakeholders could largely agree. Native leaders, in addition to Alaska's congressional delegation and the state's newly elected Governor Egan, eventually reached the basis for presenting an agreement to Congress. Bergt attended a March 1971 conference of the National Congress of American Indians in Kansas City, Missouri and was able to persuade Agnew there to meet with national officials, herself, Christiansen, an Alaska State Senator; Al Ketzler , chair of

2772-746: The Arctic Circle in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index. Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ( ANCSA ) was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 18, 1971, constituting what is still the largest land claims settlement in United States history . ANCSA was intended to resolve long-standing issues surrounding aboriginal land claims in Alaska, as well as to stimulate economic development throughout Alaska . The settlement established Alaska Native claims to

2856-506: The Co-op and the New Deal Cafe carry on a tradition from the city's inception, as they operate as non-profit cooperative membership corporations . Greenbelt is served by Prince George's County Public Schools (PGCPS). There are three public elementary schools serving sections of Greenbelt: All of Greenbelt is served by Greenbelt Middle School (Greenbelt), which includes a Talented and Gifted magnet program. All of Greenbelt

2940-613: The Council as Mayor Pro Tem, the second-highest city official. Voter turnout increased from 1,898 to 2,399 voters (a 26% increase in ballots cast) from 2007 to 2009. In the election held November 5, 2013, Emmett Jordan was chosen by 77% of voters, and receiving highest vote count was then elected Mayor by the council. Prince George's County Police Department District 1 Station in Hyattsville ; District 2 Station in Brock Hall CDP , with

3024-553: The Council selects the Mayor and the Mayor Pro Tem (who assumes the duties of the Mayor when the Mayor is unavailable). The Council has traditionally chosen the member with the highest vote count to be Mayor and the member with the second-highest vote count as Mayor Pro Tem. Elections are held every two years, in odd-numbered years, in part to diminish the influence of political parties. Political party affiliations are not an official part of

3108-469: The Greenbelt Committee for Fair Housing founded in 1963, and came to account for 41% of residents, according to the 2000 census. The same census data also indicates that African-Americans are isolated in certain parts within the town, and the percentage of African-Americans within the historic area is between 0% and 5% on most blocks. Much of the federal government planned and developed portion of

3192-627: The Maryland American Civil Liberties Union and Prince George's County NAACP sent a letter to the Greenbelt City Council claiming that Greenbelt's at-large system may violate Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . According to the letter, the 2000 Census indicated that African-Americans constituted 38% of Greenbelt's voting-age population, Asians 13%, and Latinos 6%. At the time, however, all members of

3276-405: The act preserved Native land claims until later settlement, section 6 allowed for the state government to claim lands deemed vacant. Section 6 granted the state of Alaska the right to select lands then in the hands of the federal government, with the exception of Native territory. As a result, nearly 104.5 million acres (423,000 km ) from the public domain would eventually be transferred to

3360-406: The act would have in getting through congress. Many respected politicians and businessmen attended the meeting and delegates were astonished at the attention which they received from well-known political figures of the state. The growing presence and political importance of Natives was evidenced when members were able to gain election to seven of the sixty seats in the legislature. When the group met

3444-427: The age of 18 living with them, 30.7% were married couples living together, 18.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.9% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.12. The median age in

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3528-420: The age of 18 living with them, 33.1% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.0% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.00. In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under

3612-460: The age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 39.1% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 46,328, and the median income for a family was $ 55,671. Males had a median income of $ 39,133 versus $ 35,885 for females. The per capita income for

3696-725: The agency's direction to abandon the Constellation program as well as the scheduled end of the Space Shuttle Program. ASRC Aerospace has laid-off approximately 20% of its workforce in 2010 on the USTDC contract, including subcontractors. For its work at NASA KSC and other field centers, Florida Lt. Governor Toni Jennings awarded ASRC Aerospace 2006 Florida Space Business Award for leadership in innovative approaches to developing breakthrough technologies for space exploration. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) presented

3780-612: The associated magnetism could affect launch operations for the shuttle fleet. The company also has designed lightning arresters to protect the Ares rocket , which was planned to replace the Space Shuttle prior to the Obama administration's decision to cancel the Constellation Program . The company also has completed the analysis and design of a concept for an electrostatic shield to protect

3864-550: The authority granted to him by this legislation, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order , on May 1, 1935, establishing the United States Resettlement Administration (RA/RRA) . First called Maryland Special Project No. 1 , the project was officially named Greenbelt when the Division of Suburban Resettlement of the Resettlement Administration began construction, on January 13, 1936, about eight miles north of Washington. The complete Greenbelt plans were reviewed at

3948-610: The beginning that a settlement could be achieved   .... My memories of the Congressional action as ANCSA took shape aren't of a battle as much as they are of long hours of tough, hard negotiating, often two steps forward and one step back   .... In 1971, barely one million acres of land in Alaska were in private hands. ANCSA, together with section 6 of Alaska Statehood Act , which the new act allowed to come to fruition, affected ownership to about 148.5 million acres (601,000 km ) of land in Alaska once wholly controlled by

4032-423: The city council were white. The letter proposed that the city switch to single-winner district-based voting , cumulative voting , or choice voting , and indicated a lawsuit would follow if no reform were implemented. While the city population is racially diverse, only two African Americans had run for Council in the 30 years preceding the 2009 election, one of whom had withdrawn before the election. In June 2008,

4116-422: The city election process and are seldom part of candidate campaigns. Regular council meetings are held on Mondays, twice per month except during July, August, and December, when meetings are held once per month. The City Council is supported by 14 advisory boards and committees of citizen volunteers. The council appoints a professional city manager responsible for supervising government operations and implementing

4200-491: The city is located within the Greenbelt Historic District. Greenbelt was the subject of the 1939 documentary film The City . In 2021, the city created a reparations task force to study the issue of whether or not to award reparations to African-Americans in Greenbelt. During the census of 2010, there were 23,068 people, 9,747 households, and 5,367 families residing in the city. The population density

4284-421: The city was $ 25,236. About 6.0% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 12.7% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over. The City of Greenbelt operates under a council-manager government as established by the city charter, the first such arrangement in Maryland. The Council consists of seven members elected by plurality-at-large voting . From their members,

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4368-403: The city was 33.7 years. 22.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 34.4% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64, and 7.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.7% male and 53.3% female. For the census of 2000, there were 21,456 people, 9,368 households, and 4,965 families residing in the city. The population density

4452-441: The corporations were managed properly, they could make profits that would enable individuals to stay, rather than having to leave Native villages to find better work. This was intended to help preserve Native culture. Alaska Natives had three years from passage of ANCSA to make land selections of the 44 million acres (180,000 km ) granted under the act. In some cases Native corporations received outside aid in surveying

4536-563: The disputed lands. Offers went back and forth, with each rejecting the other's proposals. The AFN wanted rights to land, while then-Governor Keith Miller believed Natives did not have legitimate claims to state land in light of the provisions of the Alaska Statehood Act . On July 8, 1970, Nixon delivered a speech reversing the Indian termination policy in favor of allowing tribal self-determination . The following month, he established

4620-491: The end of the federal government's ownership of the city, was recorded as 23,068 at the 2010 U.S. Census and 24,921 at the 2020 census . Greenbelt is located at 38°59′41″N 76°53′07″W  /  38.99467°N 76.885399°W  / 38.99467; -76.885399 . According to United States Census Bureau data, as of January 1, 2018, the city has a total area of 6.23 square miles (16,146,235 square meters ), of which 6.18 square miles (16,003,389 square meters)

4704-566: The federal government. That is larger by 6 million acres (24,000 km ) than the combined areas of Maine , Vermont , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland and Virginia . When the bill passed in 1971, it included provisions that had never before been attempted in previous United States settlements with Native Americans. The newly passed Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act created twelve Native regional economic development corporations. Each corporation

4788-444: The fight, would later remark: ANCSA was my baptism of fire as a Senator from Alaska   .... It didn't occur to me that some Senators had the opportunity to ease into their jobs. Life in the Senate for me was fast-paced from the beginning   .... With my experience working in the Department of the Interior and with the Statehood Act, and my faith in the determination and unity of purpose of Alaska's Native people, I believed from

4872-405: The freeze which had been placed on land patents to allow oil exploration was lifted. In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states , the oil companies proposed building

4956-444: The hearings were officials and legislators, as well as Laura Bergt , Roger Connor, Thoda Forslund, Cliff Groh, Barry Jackson, Flore Lekanof, Notti, and Morris Thompson. In 1969, President Nixon appointed Hickel as Secretary of the Interior . The Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN) protested against Hickel's nomination, but he was eventually confirmed. He worked with the AFN, negotiating with Native leaders and state government over

5040-620: The initial GMT1 development located eight miles west of CD-5. ASRC is served by a 15-member board of directors . Seven of the members are residents of Wainwright , Point Lay , Point Hope , Nuiqsut , Anaktuvuk Pass , Atqasuk and Kaktovik , five are from Utqiaġvik , and three are “At Large” seats. As of 2023 executive officers were Rex A. Rock Sr., President and CEO, and Butch Lincoln, Executive VP, Chief Operating Officer, Charlie Kozak, Executive VP, Chief Financial Officer and Crawford PatkotakExecutive VP, Stakeholder Engagement. Rock and Lincoln earned nearly 18 million US$ in 2021. After ASRC

5124-506: The land by transferring titles to twelve Alaska Native regional corporations and over 200 local village corporations. A thirteenth regional corporation was later created for Alaska Natives who no longer resided in Alaska . The act is codified in chapter 33 of title 43 of the US Code . When Alaska became a state in 1959, section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act provided that any existing Alaska Native land claims would be unaffected by statehood and held in status quo. Yet while section 4 of

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5208-614: The land claims it has made under ANCSA. The state is entitled to a total of 104.5 million acres (423,000 km ) under the terms of the Statehood Act. Originally the state had 25 years after passage of the Alaska Statehood Act to file claims under section 6 of the act with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Amendments to ANCSA extended that deadline until 1994, with the expectation that BLM would complete processing of land transfers subject to overlapping Native claims by 2009. Nonetheless, some Native and state selections under ANCSA remained unresolved as late as December 2014. There

5292-821: The land. For instance, Doyon, Limited (one of the 13 regional corporations ) was helped by the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska . The Institute determined which land contained resources such as minerals and coal. NASA similarly provided satellite imagery to aid in Native corporations finding areas most suited for vegetation and their traditional subsistence culture. The imagery showed locations of caribou and moose, as well as forests with marketable timber. In total about 7 million acres (28,000 km ) were analyzed for Doyon. Natives were able to choose tens of thousands of acres of land rich with timber while Doyon used mineral analysis to attract businesses. The state of Alaska to date has been granted approximately 85% or 90 million acres (360,000 km ) of

5376-428: The law, often recognizing existing leadership. Alaskan officials were originally divided on the bill, though by 1970, with Interior Secretary Walter Hickel , Governor William Egan , Representative Nick Begich & Senators Ted Stevens & Mike Gravel all backing the bill, the opposition died down. Stevens was particularly strongminded, and was key in the bill's passage. Stevens, a freshman Senator for most of

5460-505: The line, pressure mounted to achieve a definitive legislative resolution at the federal level. In 1971, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was signed into law by President Nixon. It abrogated Native claims to aboriginal lands except those that are the subject of the law. In return, Natives retained up to 44 million acres (180,000 km ) of land and were paid $ 963 million. The land and money were to be divided among regional, urban, and village tribal corporations established under

5544-1024: The lower US. It consists of the following different subsidiaries : ASRC Federal consists of 19 companies, with more than 8,000 employees in over 40 states across the U.S., which contract U.S. Federal government services. These companies deliver engineering, information technology, infrastructure support, professional and technical services to civil, defense and intelligence agencies: namely ASRC Federal Agile Decision Sciences, ASRC Federal Analytical Services, ASRC Federal Astronautics, ASRC Federal Communications, ASRC Federal Cyber, ASRC Federal Data Network Technologies, ASRC Federal Data Network, ASRC Federal Data Solutions, ASRC Federal Data Networks Corporation, ASRC Federal Field Services, ASRC Federal InuTeq, ASRC Federal Mission Services, ASRC Federal Mission Solutions, ASRC Federal Primus, ASRC Federal Research and Technology Solutions, ASRC Federal Space and Defense, ASRC Federal System Solutions, ASRC Federal Technical Services, and ASRC Federal Vistronix. ASRC owns Petro Star Inc. ,

5628-422: The national economic recovery following the Great Depression . Greenbelt, which provided affordable housing for federal government workers, was one of three Greenbelt Towns conceived in 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Brain Trust member Rexford Tugwell , who was serving as the president's Undersecretary of Agriculture . The project was officially authorized in May 1935. First, on April 8, 1935,

5712-490: The only Alaskan-owned refining and fuel marketing operation in Alaska with 2 refineries along the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System : the North Pole Refinery and Valdez refinery. It owns the North Pacific Fuel and Sourdough Fuel brands. ASRC Energy Services and Little Red Services provide oil field services and employ 2,300 Alaskans alone. They provide hot-oil service, inspecting and flushing oil well tubing and surface lines with fluids to remove accumulated deposits ASRC Industrial

5796-438: The other task force proposals were an outright grant of 1,000 acres per native village resident; a revenue-sharing program for state land claims and national mineral development projects; secured hunting and fishing rights on public lands; and a Native Commission to administrate state and federal compliance with the provisions of the claims settlement. They proposed receiving 10% of federal mineral lease revenue for ten years, once

5880-418: The policies adopted by the council. The 2021 election selected the current city council: The council selects the City Manager: Of the ten incorporated cities in Prince George's County , Greenbelt is one of three with at-large elections for council and mayor (the others are District Heights and New Carrollton ). The remaining seven use combinations of districts and at-large voting. On February 28, 2008,

5964-445: The provisions of the act were not voted on by indigenous populations. One native described it as a social and political experiment. Critics have also argued that Natives so feared massacre or incarceration that they offered no resistance to the act. Others have argued that the settlement was arguably the most generous afforded by the United States to a Native group. They note that some of the largest and most profitable corporations in

6048-1050: The state are the twelve created by ANCSA. Other critics attacked the act as "Native welfare" and such complaints continue to be expressed. The corporation system has been critiqued, as in some cases stockholders have sold land to outside corporations that have leveled forests and extracted minerals. But supporters of the system argue that it has provided economic benefits for indigenous peoples that outweigh these problems. The following thirteen regional corporations were created under ANCSA: Additionally, most regions and some villages have created their own nonprofits providing social services and health care through grant funding and federal compacts. The objectives of these nonprofits are varied, but focus generally on cultural and educational activities. These include scholarships for Native students, sponsorship of cultural and artistic events, preservation efforts for Native languages, and protection of sites with historic or religious importance. ANCSA created about 224 village and urban corporations. Below

6132-466: The state. The state government also attempted to acquire lands under section 6 of the Statehood Act that were subject to Native claims under section 4, and that were currently occupied and used by Alaska Natives. The federal Bureau of Land Management began to process the Alaska government's selections without taking into account the Native claims and without informing the affected Native groups. It

6216-454: Was Charles W. Yost . The two other Greenbelt Towns are Greendale, Wisconsin (near Milwaukee ) and Greenhills, Ohio (near Cincinnati ). A fourth town, Roosevelt, New Jersey (originally called Homestead), was planned but was not fully developed on the same large scale as Greenbelt. Eleanor Roosevelt , wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , helped Tugwell lay out the Maryland town on

6300-474: Was 3,586.6 people per square mile (1,385.3/km ). There were 10,180 housing units at an average density of 1,701.7 per square mile (657.3/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 39.7% White , 41.4% African American , 0.2% Native American , 12.1% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 3.1% from other races , and 3.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.5% of the population. There were 11,202 households, out of which 26.9% had children under

6384-474: Was 3,673.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,418.2/km ). There were 10,433 housing units at an average density of 1,661.3 per square mile (641.4/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 30.1% White , 47.8% African American , 0.3% Native American , 9.7% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 8.6% from other races , and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.3% of the population. There were 9,747 households, of which 31.0% had children under

6468-416: Was against this backdrop that the original language for a land claims settlement was developed. A 9.2-magnitude earthquake struck the state in 1964. Recovery efforts drew the attention of the federal government. The Federal Field Committee for Development Planning in Alaska decided that Natives should receive $ 100 million and 10% of revenue as a royalty. Nothing was done with this proposal, however, and

6552-501: Was associated with a specific region of Alaska and the Natives who had traditionally lived there. This innovative approach to native settlements engaged the tribes in corporate capitalism. The idea originated with the AFN, who believed that the Natives would have to become a part of the capitalist system in order to survive. As stockholders in these corporations, the Natives could earn some income and stay in their traditional villages. If

6636-461: Was created in 1971, it received a share of the $ 963 million provided by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act , plus a number of acres of land in proportion to the size of villages in its region. It was able to define and obtain title to parcels of land without restriction to any former title or land claim. It engaged experts to identify land with significant potential for petroleum, timber, fish, game, and tourist development. Its lands include half of

6720-464: Was largely positive reaction to ANCSA, although not entirely. The act was supported by Natives as well as non-Natives, and likewise enjoyed bipartisan support. Natives were heavily involved in the legislative process, and the final draft of the act used many AFN ideas. Some Natives have argued that ANCSA has hastened cultural genocide of Alaska Natives. Some Natives critiqued ANCSA as an illegitimate treaty since only tribal leaders were involved and

6804-501: Was planned and built by the federal government as an all-white town. The cooperative community was conceived in 1935 by Undersecretary of Agriculture Rexford Guy Tugwell , whose perceived collectivist ideology attracted opposition to the Greenbelt Towns project throughout its short duration. The project came into legal existence on April 8, 1935, when Congress passed the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 . Under

6888-476: Was scheduled to open in fall 1976. The new Greenbelt Middle School opened on August 20, 2012. Greenbelt is served by the Greenbelt Branch of the Prince George's County Memorial Library System . According to Greenbelt's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city were: Note that data was taken from only employers who made information available, and the list does not include

6972-470: Was settled on September 30, 1937, as a public cooperative community in the New Deal era. The concept was at the same time both eminently practical and idealistically utopian: the federal government would foster an "ideal" self-sufficient cooperative community that would also ease the pressing housing shortage near the nation's capital. Construction of the new town would also create jobs and thus help stimulate

7056-520: Was the initial model for the privately constructed suburban Washington, D.C., planned cities of Reston, Virginia , and Columbia, Maryland . The original federally built core of the city, known locally as Old Greenbelt , was recognized as the Greenbelt Historic District by the Maryland Historical Trust , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark District . Greenbelt's population, which includes residents of privately built dwellings dating from after

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