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102-504: The word originates in the Italian (or French) equivalents of the English words arch and vault . Archivolts are usually found as a part of a church portals, on the underside of the arches above the tympanum , bracketing the lintel and ending on the jamb columns, each archway usually has several layered archivolts. While this basic structure and placement of archivolts is usually present,

204-550: A four-centred arch is made of two circle segments with distinct centers; usually the radius used closer to the springing point is smaller with a more pronounced curvature. Common in Islamic architecture ( Persian arch ), and, with upper portion flattened almost to straight lines ( Tudor arch ), in the English Perpendicular Gothic . A keel arch is a variant of four-centred arch with haunches almost straight, resembling

306-566: A broad spectrum. The Mishnah lists concentric circles of holiness surrounding the Temple in Jerusalem : Holy of Holies , Temple Sanctuary, Temple Vestibule, Court of Priests, Court of Israelites, Court of Women, Temple Mount , the walled city of Jerusalem , all the walled cities of Israel, and the borders of the Land of Israel . Distinctions are made as to who and what are permitted in each area. Likewise,

408-459: A catenary is often misclassified as a parabola (per Galileo , "the [hanging] chain fits its parabola almost perfectly" ). González et al. provide an example of Palau Güell , where researchers do not agree on classification of the arches or claim the prominence of parabolic arches, while the measurements show that just two of the 23 arches designed by Gaudi are actually parabolic. Three parabolic-looking curves in particular are of significance to

510-506: A collapse (the oldest arch still standing is at Ramesseum ). Sacred buildings exhibited either lintel design or corbelled arches. Arches were mostly missing in Egypt temples even after the Roman conquest , even though Egyptians thought of the arch as a spiritual shape and used it in the rock-cut tombs and portable shrines. Auguste Mariette suggested that this choice was based on a relative fragility of

612-617: A connotation of oneness and transparency like in the Jewish marriage example, where husband and wife are seen as one in keeping with Genesis 2:24. Kodesh is also commonly translated as 'holiness' and 'sacredness'. The Torah describes the Aaronite priests and the Levites as being selected by God to perform the Temple services; they, as well, are called "holy." Holiness is not a single state, but contains

714-405: A decorative pattern, primarily at the top of window openings. The corbel (also corbelled ) arch, made of two corbels meeting in the middle of the span, is a true arch in a sense of being able to carry a load, but it is false in a structural sense, as its components are subject to bending stress. The typical profile is not curved, but has triangular shape. Invented prior to the semicircular arch,

816-554: A feature on the entrance of churches in France and Spain during the Reconquest . They are believed to have evolved as a compressed version of the nave of a church, the moldings of the layered arches depicting a theological journey from outside the church to the sacred atmosphere inside it. The use of stone sculpture on the outside of churches was first widely seen in the eleventh century. The later utilisation of these mouldings and sculptures

918-407: A fixed arch, a two-hinged arch, or a three-hinged arch. The fixed arch is most often used in reinforced concrete bridges and tunnels, which have short spans. Because it is subject to additional internal stress from thermal expansion and contraction, this kind of arch is statically indeterminate (the internal state is impossible to determine based on the external forces alone). The two-hinged arch

1020-886: A number of civilizations in the ancient Near East including the Levant , but their use was infrequent and mostly confined to underground structures, such as drains where the problem of lateral thrust is greatly diminished. An example of the latter would be the Nippur arch, built before 3800 BC, and dated by H. V. Hilprecht  (1859–1925) to even before 4000 BC. Rare exceptions are an arched mudbrick home doorway dated to c.  2000 BC from Tell Taya in Iraq and two Bronze Age arched Canaanite city gates, one at Ashkelon (dated to c.  1850 BC ), and one at Tel Dan (dated to c.  1750 BC ), both in modern-day Israel . An Elamite tomb dated 1500 BC from Haft Teppe contains

1122-655: A parabolic vault which is considered one of the earliest evidences of arches in Iran. The use of true arches in Egypt also originated in the 4th millennium BC (underground barrel vaults at the Dendera cemetery). Standing arches were known since at least the Third Dynasty , but very few examples survived, since the arches were mostly used in non-durable secular buildings and made of mud brick voussoirs that were not wedge-shaped, but simply held in place by mortar , and thus susceptible to

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1224-472: A purely decorative role. As a decorative element, the arch dates back to the 4th millennium BC , but structural load-bearing arches became popular only after their adoption by the Ancient Romans in the 4th century BC . Arch-like structures can be horizontal, like an arch dam that withstands the horizontal hydrostatic pressure load. Arches are normally used as supports for many types of vaults , with

1326-467: A rounded, not pointed, top. Common in Islamic architecture and Romanesque buildings influenced by it, it later became popular in the decorative motifs of the Late Gothic designs of Northern Europe. Each arc of an ogee arch consists of at least two circle segments (for a total of at least four), with the center of an upper circle being outside the extrados. After European appearance in the 13th century on

1428-540: A section view of a capsized ship. Popular in Islamic architecture, it can be also found in Europe, occasionally with a small ogee element at the top, so it is sometimes considered to be a variation of an ogee arch. Curtain arch (also known as inflexed arch , and, like the keel arch, usually decorative ) uses two (or more) drooping curves that join at the apex. Utilized as a dressing for windows and doors primarily in Saxony in

1530-454: A semicircle, is associated with Islamic architecture and was known in areas of Europe with Islamic influence ( Spain , Southern France , Italy ). Occasionally used in Gothics, it briefly enjoyed popularity as the entrance door treatment in the interwar England. A pointed arch consists of two (" two-centred arch " ) or more circle segments culminating in a point at the top. It originated in

1632-628: A term, is mostly misinterpreted as the idea of sanctification in Islam and it is used to pray about saints , especially among Sufis, in whom it is common to say "that God sanctifies his secret" ("qaddasa Llahou Sirruhu"), and that the Saint is alive or dead. Images of the Buddha and bodhisattvas are ceremonially consecrated in a broad range of Buddhist rituals that vary depending on the Buddhist traditions. Buddhābhiseka

1734-493: A vault: "what would remain of the tombs and temples of Egyptians today, if they had preferred the vault?" Mycenaean architecture utilized only the corbel arches in their beehive tombs with triangular openings. Mycenaeans had also built probably the oldest still standing stone-arch bridge in the world, Arkadiko Bridge , in Greece. As evidenced by their imitations of the parabolic arches, Hittites most likely were exposed to

1836-624: A wide variety of interpretations on sacredness. The Anglican , Catholic , Lutheran , and Methodist Churches, believe in Holy Sacraments that the clergy perform, such as Holy Communion and Holy Baptism , as well as strong belief in the Holy Catholic Church , Holy Scripture , Holy Trinity , and the Holy Covenant . They also believe that angels and saints are called to holiness . In Methodist Wesleyan theology holiness has acquired

1938-588: Is a Pali and Sanskrit term referring to these consecration rituals. Mormonism is replete with consecration doctrine, primarily Christ's title of "The Anointed One" signifying his official, authorized and unique role as the savior of mankind from sin and death, and secondarily each individual's opportunity and ultimate responsibility to accept Jesus' will for their life and consecrate themselves to living thereby wholeheartedly. Book of Mormon examples include "sanctification cometh because of their yielding their hearts unto God" (Heleman 3:35) and "come unto Christ, who

2040-607: Is a phenomenon found in several religions, especially religions which have eco-friendly belief as core of their religion. For example, the Indian-origin religions ( Buddhism , Hinduism , Jainism , and Sikism ) revere and preserve the groves , trees , mountains and rivers as sacred. Among the most sacred rivers in Hinduism are the Ganges , Yamuna , Sarasvati rivers on which the rigvedic rivers flourished. The vedas and Gita ,

2142-444: Is based on the Jewish concept of God, whose holiness is pure goodness and is transmissible by sanctifying people and things. In Islam , sanctification is termed as tazkiah , other similarly used words to the term are Islah -i qalb (reform of the heart), Ihsan (beautification), taharat (purification), Ikhlas (purity), qalb -is- salim (pure/safe/undamaged heart). Tasawuf (Sufism), basically an ideology rather than

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2244-495: Is better understood as 'sacred' or 'sanctuary' in the context of places considered sacred in Islam. For example: The Hebrew word kodesh ( קֹדֶשׁ ) is used in the Torah to mean 'set-apartness' and 'distinct' like is found in the Jewish marriage ceremony where it is stated by the husband to his prospective wife, "You are made holy to me according to the law of Moses and Israel." ( את מקדשת לי כדת משה וישראל ). In Hebrew, holiness has

2346-528: Is communicated to things, places, times, and persons engaged in His Service. Thus, Thomas Aquinas defines holiness as that virtue by which a man's mind applies itself and all its acts to God; he ranks it among the infused moral virtues , and identifies it with the virtue of religion. However, whereas religion is the virtue whereby one offers God due service in the things which pertain to the Divine service, holiness

2448-419: Is considered among the gravest of sins. The various sacrifices are holy. Those that may be eaten have very specific rules concerning who may eat which of their parts, and time limits on when the consumption must be completed. Most sacrifices contain a part to be consumed by the priests—a portion of the holy to be consumed by God's holy devotees. The encounter with the holy is seen as eminently desirable, and at

2550-476: Is demonstrated by the design of the portal’s tympanum, which contains a large sculpture of Jesus Christ in its centre, with Magdalene depicted facing Christ at his feet. This highlights the significance of the Abbey’s purpose as a pilgrimage site to its design. Arch An arch is a curved vertical structure spanning an open space underneath it. Arches may support the load above them, or they may perform

2652-515: Is depicted by Calvin Kendall, “[Church Portals] concerned themselves with the spiritual well-being of worshippers , and they served to create and delineate sacred space.” The use of portals and the mouldings on their archivolts as a separation between the outside public domain and the holy space inside a church was an innovative idea to communicate knowledge about the church and theology observed inside. As demonstrated by Rudolph Conrad, this evolution in

2754-457: Is generally held when a new Jain temple is erected or new idols are installed in temples. The consecration must be supervised by a religious authority, an Acharya or a Bhattaraka or a scholar authorized by them. Hierology ( Greek : ιερος, hieros , 'sacred or 'holy', + -logy ) is the study of sacred literature or lore . The concept and the term were developed in 2002 by Russian art-historian and byzantinist Alexei Lidov . Analysing

2856-642: Is generally used in relation to people and relationships, whereas sacredness is used in relation to objects, places, or happenings. For example, a saint may be considered as holy but not necessarily sacred. Nonetheless, some things can be both holy and sacred, such as the Holy Bible . Although sacred and holy denote something or someone set apart to the worship of God and therefore, worthy of respect and sometimes veneration, holy (the stronger word) implies an inherent or essential character. Holiness originates in God and

2958-443: Is most often used to bridge long spans. This kind of arch has pinned connections at its base. Unlike that of the fixed arch, the pinned base can rotate, thus allowing the structure to move freely and compensate for the thermal expansion and contraction that changes in outdoor temperature cause. However, this can result in additional stresses, and therefore the two-hinged arch is also statically indeterminate, although not as much as

3060-506: Is the Holy One of Israel, and partake of his salvation, and the power of his redemption, ... and offer your whole souls as an offering unto him, and continue in fasting and praying, and endure to the end; and as the Lord liveth ye will be saved" (Omni 1:26). In most South Indian Hindu temples around the world, Kumbhabhishekam , or the temple's consecration ceremony, is done once every 12 years. It

3162-562: Is the most common form of the pointed arch, with the centers of two circles forming the intrados coinciding with the springing points of the opposite segment. Together with the apex point, they form a equilateral triangle , thus the name. If the centers of circles are farther apart, the arch becomes a narrower and sharper lancet arch that appeared in France in the Early Gothic architecture ( Saint-Denis Abbey ) and became prominent in England in

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3264-586: Is the one that frames the internal side of an opening in the external wall. Structurally, relieving arches (often blind or containing) can be used to take off load from some portions of the building (for example, to allow use of thinner exterior walls with larger window openings, or, as in the Roman Pantheon , to redirect the weight of the upper structures to particular strong points). Transverse arches , introduced in Carolingian architecture , are placed across

3366-509: Is the only one of the symmetric wedge shape), and that efficiently uses the compressive strength of the masonry in the same manner as a curved arch and thus requires a mass of masonry on both sides to absorb the considerable lateral thrust. Used in the Roman architecture to imitate the Greek lintels, Islamic architecture, European medieval and Renaissance architecture. The flat arch is still being used as

3468-537: Is the virtue by which one makes all one's acts subservient to God. Thus, holiness or sanctity is the outcome of sanctification , that Divine act by which God freely justifies a person and by which He has claimed them for His own. The English word holy dates back to the Proto-Germanic word hailagaz from around 500 BCE , an adjective derived from hailaz ('whole'), which was used to mean 'uninjured, sound, healthy, entire, complete'. In non-specialist contexts,

3570-400: Is therefore statically determinate. It is most often used for spans of medial length, such as those of roofs of large buildings. Another advantage of the three-hinged arch is that the reaction of the pinned bases is more predictable than the one for the fixed arch, allowing shallow, bearing-type foundations in spans of medial length. In the three-hinged arch "thermal expansion and contraction of

3672-399: Is used to direct people’s eyes above, to heaven , a constant reminder of the presence of God and an encouragement to focus on the sacred and heavenly aspects of life, and not the earthly ones. The Saint-Denis Cathedral is a French cathedral, known as one of the founding examples of Gothic Christian architecture, it was designed by Abbott Suger in the twelfth century and constructed during

3774-496: Is usually done to purify the temple after a renovation or simply done to renew the purity of the temple. Hindus celebrate this event on the consecration date as the witnessing gives a good soul a thousand "punya", or good karma . Panch Kalyanaka Pratishtha Mahotsava is a traditional Jain ceremony that consecrates one or more Jain Tirthankara icons with celebration of Panch Kalyanaka (five auspicious events). The ceremony

3876-574: The Jewish holidays and the Shabbat are considered to be holy in time; the Torah calls them "holy [days of] gathering." Work is not allowed on those days, and rabbinic tradition lists 39 categories of activity that are specifically prohibited. Beyond the intrinsically holy, objects can become sacred through consecration . Any personal possession may be dedicated to the Temple of God, after which its misappropriation

3978-627: The Latin Sanctus (to set apart for special use or purpose, make holy or sacred) and consecrat (dedicated, devoted, and sacred). The verb form 'to hallow' is archaic in English, and does not appear other than in the quoted text in the Lord's Prayer in the New Testament. The noun form hallow , as used in Hallowtide , is a synonym of the word saint . In the various branches of Christianity

4080-619: The Roman builders since the 4th century BC . It is considered to be the most common arch form, characteristic for Roman, Romanesque , and Renaissance architecture. A segmental arch , with a rounded shape that is less than a semicircle, is very old (the versions were cut in the rock in Ancient Egypt c. 2100 BC at Beni Hasan ). Since then it was occasionally used in Greek temples , utilized in Roman residential construction, Islamic architecture , and got popular as window pediments during

4182-420: The barrel vault in particular being a continuous arch. Extensive use of arches and vaults characterizes an arcuated construction , as opposed to the trabeated system, where, like in the architectures of ancient Greece, China, and Japan (as well as the modern steel-framed technique), posts and beams dominate. Arches had several advantages over the lintel , especially in the masonry construction: with

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4284-426: The dead load increases with a distance from the center. Unlike regular arches, the flat arch (also known as jack arch , lintel arch , straight arch , plate-bande ) is not curved. Instead, the arch is flat in profile and can be used under the same circumstances as lintel . However, lintels are subject to bending stress, while the flat arches are true arches, composed of irregular voussoir shapes (the keystone

4386-403: The dialectic of the sacred, Mircea Eliade outlines that religion should not be interpreted only as "belief in deities", but as "experience of the sacred." The sacred is presented in relation to the profane; the relation between the sacred and the profane is not of opposition, but of complementarity, as the profane is viewed as a hierophany . French sociologist Émile Durkheim considered

4488-400: The dichotomy between the sacred and the profane to be the central characteristic of religion : "religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things , that is to say, things set apart and forbidden." In Durkheim's theory, the sacred represented the interests of the group, especially unity, which were embodied in sacred group symbols, or totems . The profane, on

4590-432: The dichotomy between the sacred and the profane to be the central characteristic of religion : "religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things , that is to say, things set apart and forbidden." In Durkheim's theory, the sacred represents the interests of the group, especially unity, which are embodied in sacred group symbols, or using team work to help get out of trouble. The profane, on

4692-466: The nave to compartmentalize (together with longitudinal separating arches) the internal space into bays and support vaults . A diaphragm arch similarly goes in the transverse direction, but carries a section of wall on top. It is used to support or divide sections of the high roof. Strainer arches were built as an afterthought to prevent two adjacent supports from imploding due to miscalculation. Frequently they were made very decorative, with one of

4794-523: The 13th-14th centuries their appeared as parts of flying buttresses used to counteract the thrust of Gothic ribbed vaults . A central part of an arch can be raised on short vertical supports, creating a trefoil -like shouldered arch . The raised central part can vary all the way from a flat arch to ogee. The shouldered arches were used to decorate openings in Europe from medieval times to Late Gothic architecture , became common in Iranian architecture from

4896-513: The 14th century, and were later adopted in the Ottoman Turkey . In a stilted arch (also surmounted ), the springing line is located above the imposts (on "stilts"). Known to Islamic architects by the 8th century, the technique was utilized to vertically align the apexes of arches of different dimensions in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Stilting was useful for semicircular arches, where

4998-512: The British Isles during the mid-19th century. Commonly recognized outward expressions or "standards" of holiness among more fundamental adherents frequently include applications relative to dress, hair, and appearance: e.g., short hair on men, uncut hair on women, and prohibitions against shorts, pants on women, make-up and jewelry. Other common injunctions are against places of worldly amusement, mixed swimming, smoking, minced oaths , as well as

5100-551: The Egyptian designs, but used the corbelled technique to build them. The Assyrians , also apparently under the Egyptian influence, adopted the true arch (with a slightly pointed profile) early in the 8th century. In ancient Persia , the Achaemenid Empire (550 BC–330 BC) built small barrel vaults (essentially a series of arches built together to form a hall) known as iwan , which became massive, monumental structures during

5202-476: The Islamic architecture, arrived in Europe in the second half of the 11th century ( Cluny Abbey ) and later became prominent in the Gothic architecture . The advantages of a pointed arch over a semicircular one are flexible ratio of span to rise and lower horizontal reaction at the base. This innovation allowed for taller and more closely spaced openings, which are typical of Gothic architecture. Equilateral arch

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5304-409: The Late Gothic and early Renaissance buildings (late 15th to early 16th century), associated with Arnold von Westfalen  [ de ] . When the intrados has multiple concave segments, the arch is also called a draped arch or tented arch . A similar arch that uses a mixture of curved and straight segments or exhibits sharp turns between segments is a mixed-line arch . The popularity of

5406-474: The Renaissance. A basket-handle arch (also known as depressed arch , three-centred arch , basket arch ) consists of segments of three circles with origins at three different centers (sometimes uses five or seven segments, so can also be five-centred , etc.). Was used in late Gothic and Baroque architecture . A horseshoe arch (also known as keyhole arch ) has a rounded shape that includes more than

5508-620: The Romanesque style and is densely populated with many different sculptures and mouldings. The artwork on the Vézelay Abbey’s portal depicts messages and figures such as scenes from the Book of Acts, Christ, Apostles and John the Baptist . The sculptures and mouldings on the portal’s archivolts display events of the Pentecost , from the Book of Acts, The peripheral figures of the archivolt compartments and

5610-502: The Saint-Anne archivolts, which was discovered as a result of the slightly varying stylistic features of the archivolts and colour differences in the stone the archivolt is made of. These sculptures on the portal and its archivolts depict specific people that were significant to the church and the community it served, both as religious icons, and figures of societal power at the time of its design, such as King Louis VIII, bishops involved with

5712-508: The Vézelay Abbey claimed that the remains of Mary Magdalene were found there, which made it a site of significant religious importance and consequently it became a popular site for pilgrims . The arrival of pilgrims and the subsequent increased notoriety led to vast renovations, resulting in its complex and grand artistic style. The importance of what is happening at the time of a portal’s construction, as well as its church’s intended audience

5814-468: The advantages of the arch, the vault and the dome. Consecration Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity ; is considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspires awe or reverence among believers. The property is often ascribed to objects (a " sacred artifact " that is venerated and blessed ), or places (" sacred ground "). French sociologist Émile Durkheim considered

5916-517: The arch design: parabola itself, catenary , and weighted catenary . The arches naturally use the inverted (upside-down) versions of these curves. A parabola represents an ideal (all-compression) shape when the load is equally distributed along the span, while the weight of the arch itself is negligible. A catenary is the best solution for the case where an arch with uniform thickness carries just its own weight with no external load. The practical designs for bridges are somewhere in between, and thus use

6018-407: The arch is called " joggled ". A true arch, due to its rise, resolves the vertical loads into horizontal and vertical reactions at the ends, a so called arch action . The vertical load produces a positive bending moment in the arch, while the inward-directed horizontal reaction from the spandrel/abutment provides a counterbalancing negative moment. As a result, the bending moment in any segment of

6120-402: The arch is much smaller than in a beam with the equivalent load and span. The diagram on the right shows the difference between a loaded arch and a beam. Elements of the arch are mostly subject to compression (A), while in the beam a bending moment is present, with compression at the top and tension at the bottom (B). In the past, when arches were made of masonry pieces, the horizontal forces at

6222-572: The arch will cause vertical movements at the peak pin joint but will have no appreciable effect on the bases," which further simplifies foundational design. The arch became popular in the Roman times and mostly spread alongside the European influence, although it was known and occasionally used much earlier. Many ancient architectures avoided the use of arches, including the Viking and Hindu ones. True arches, as opposed to corbel arches , were known by

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6324-503: The arches themselves got lighter, but the horizontal thrust can be further relieved by a tie connecting the ends of an arch. When evaluated from the perspective of an amount of material required to support a given load, the best solid structures are compression-only; with the flexible materials, the same is true for tension-only designs. There is a fundamental symmetry in nature between solid compression-only and flexible tension-only arrangements, noticed by Robert Hooke in 1676: "As hangs

6426-535: The arches using segments of a circle is due to simplicity of layout and construction, not their structural properties. Consequently, the architects historically used a variety of other curves in their designs: elliptical curves , hyperbolic cosine curves (including catenary ), and parabolic curves . There are two reasons behind the selection of these curves: The hyperbolic curve is not easy to trace, but there are known cases of its use. The non- circumferential curves look similar, and match at shallow profiles, so

6528-452: The beginning of holy space. Romanesque portals and archivolts are most often rounded, as seen in Roman architecture . This was significant to the role of the church as both a building and congregational place as during the medieval Romanesque period most people were not able read, so these sculptures were able to depict important events central to the Christian faith and convey ideologies of

6630-754: The best examples provided by the Wells Cathedral . Strainer arches can be " inverted " (upside-down) while remaining structural. When used across railway cuttings to prevent collapse of the walls, strainer arches may be referred to as flying arches . A counter-arch is built adjacent to another arch to oppose its horizontal action or help to stabilize it, for example, when constructing a flying buttress . The large variety of arch shapes (left) can mostly be classified into three broad categories: rounded , pointed , and parabolic . "Round" semicircular arches were commonly used for ancient arches that were constructed of heavy masonry, and were relied heavily on by

6732-457: The church that the public may have otherwise been unable to understand. Gothic architecture, predominately found between in mid-twelfth century and the sixteenth century was the successor to Romanesque architecture, and is often viewed as the birth of Christian architecture . This is seen in the symbolism of both the artistic and architectural features of Gothic portals and their archivolts. The classic pointed arch of Gothic portals and archivolts

6834-471: The church, Jesus and several members of his family. The Vézelay Abbey was built in France in the ninth century on a hill in the village of Vézelay by Benedictine Monks and became a UNESCO world heritage site in 1979. This classification is due to its well preserved Burgundian Romanesque art and its importance as a religious site to Christians in the Middle Ages. The portal has a rounded arch, classic to

6936-510: The corbel arch was used already in the Egyptian and Mycenaean architecture in the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC . Like a corbel arch, the triangular arch is not a true arch in a structural sense. Its intrados is formed by two slabs leaning against each other. Brick builders would call triangular any arch with straight inclined sides. The design was common in Anglo-Saxon England until

7038-400: The curves that represent a compromise that combines both the catenary and the funicular curve for particular non-uniform distribution of load. The practical free-standing arches are stronger and thus heavier at the bottom, so a weighted catenary curve is utilized for them. The same curve also fits well an application where a bridge consists of an arch with a roadway of packed dirt above it, as

7140-497: The designation of ariya-puggala ('noble person'). Buddha described the Four stages of awakening of a person depending on their level of purity. This purity is measured by which of the ten samyojana ('fetters') and klesha have been purified and integrated from the mindstream . These persons are called (in order of increasing sanctity) Sotāpanna , Sakadagami , Anāgāmi , and Arahant . The range of denominations provide

7242-633: The details differ. Sanctification in Christianity usually refers to a person becoming holy, while consecration in Christianity may include setting apart a person, building , or object, for God. Among some Christian denominations there is a complementary service of " deconsecration ", to remove something consecrated of its sacred character in preparation for either demolition or sale for secular use. In rabbinic Judaism sanctification means sanctifying God's name by works of mercy and martyrdom , while desecration of God's name means committing sin . This

7344-451: The different aspects of Jesus Christ’s life, like his Grandparents Anne (whom the portal is dedicated to) and Joachim , and his parents Mary and Joseph . The archivolts of the Saint-Anne portal are pointed, a classic feature of Gothic archways. The archivolts are lined with several small sculptures of people, these sculptures have been identified as coming from both the twelfth and thirteenth century. Several restorations have been performed on

7446-425: The ends of an arch caused the need for heavy abutments (cf. Roman triumphal arch ). The other way to counteract the forces, and thus allow thinner supports, was to use the counter-arches , as in an arcade arrangement, where the horizontal thrust of each arch is counterbalanced by its neighbors, and only the end arches need to buttressed . With new construction materials (steel, concrete, engineered wood ), not only

7548-694: The eschewing of television and radio. Among the names of God in the Quran is Al-Quddus ( القدوس ): found in Q59:23 and 62:1 , the closest English translation is 'holy' or 'sacred'. (It shares the same triliteral Semitic root , Q-D-Š , as the Hebrew kodesh .) Another use of the same root is found in the Arabic name for Jerusalem: al-Quds , 'the Holy'. The word ħarām ( حرام ), often translated as 'prohibited' or 'forbidden',

7650-607: The facade of the St Mark's Basilica , the arch became a fixture of the English Decorated style , French Flamboyant , Venetian , and other Late Gothic styles. Ogee arch is also known as reversed curve arch , occasionally also called an inverted arch . The top of an ogee arch sometimes projects beyond the wall, forming the so-called nodding ogee popular in 14th century England ( pulpitum in Southwell Minster ). Each arc of

7752-405: The fixed arch. The three-hinged arch is not only hinged at its base, like the two-hinged arch, yet also at its apex. The additional apical connection allows the three-hinged arch to move in two opposite directions and compensate for any expansion and contraction. This kind of arch is thus not subject to additional stress from thermal change. Unlike the other two kinds of arch, the three-hinged arch

7854-622: The flexible line, so but inverted will stand the rigid arch", thus the study (and terminology) of arch shapes is inextricably linked to the study of hanging chains, the corresponding curves or polygons are called funicular . Just like the shape of a hanging chain will vary depending on the weights attached to it, the shape of an ideal (compression-only) arch will depend on the distribution of the load. There are multiple ways to classify an arch: A sequence of arches can be grouped together forming an arcade . Romans perfected this form, as shown, for example, by arched structures of Pont du Gard . In

7956-407: The following elements: A (left or right) half-segment of an arch is called an arc , the overall line of an arch is arcature (this term is also used for an arcade ). Archivolt is the exposed (front-facing) part of the arch, sometimes decorated (occasionally also used to designate the intrados). If the sides of voussoir blocks are not straight, but include angles and curves for interlocking,

8058-609: The interior of hall churches , arcades of separating arches were used to separate the nave of a church from the side aisle, or two adjacent side aisles. Two-tiered arches , with two arches superimposed, were sometimes used in Islamic architecture , mostly for decorative purposes. An opening of the arch can be filled, creating a blind arch . Blind arches are frequently decorative, and were extensively used in Early Christian , Romanesque , and Islamic architecture. Alternatively,

8160-439: The late 11th century ( St Mary Goslany ). Mayan corbel arches are sometimes called triangular due to their shape. Few transformations can be applied to arch shapes. If one impost is much higher than another, the arch (frequently pointed ) is known as ramping arch  [ fr ] , raking arch , or rampant arch (from French : arc rampant ). Originally used to support inclined structures, like staircases , in

8262-611: The late 12th and early 13th centuries ( Salisbury Cathedral ). If the centers are closer to another, the result is a wider blunt arch . The intrados of the cusped arch (also known as multifoil arch , polyfoil arch , polylobed arch , and scalloped arch ) includes several independent circle segments in a scalloped arrangement. These primarily decorative arches are common in Islamic architecture and Northern European Late Gothic, can be found in Romanesque architecture . A similar trefoil arch includes only three segments and sometimes has

8364-507: The later Parthian Empire (247 BC–AD 224). This architectural tradition was continued by the Sasanian Empire (224–651), which built the Taq Kasra at Ctesiphon in the 6th century AD, the largest free-standing vault until modern times. An early European example of a voussoir arch appears in the 4th century BC Greek Rhodes Footbridge . Proto-true arches can also be found under

8466-552: The lintel blocks are divided into Jews on the left, led by Peter holding the keys just to the left of Christ, and gentiles on the right, led by Paul seated immediately to the right of Christ. That the gentile audience of the passage is frequently enjoined to enter the Church in a state of peace is also visualized, through the depiction of the leading (gentile) figure on the right lintel relinquishing his sword blade-downward, in an emphatically pacifist gesture. The Benedictine Monks that founded

8568-624: The most sacred of hindu texts were written on the banks of Sarasvati river which were codified during the Kuru kingdom in present-day Haryana . Among other secondary sacred rivers of Hinduism are Narmada and many more. Among the sacred mountains, the most sacred among those are Mount Kailash (in Tibet), Nanda Devi , Char Dham mountains and Amarnath mountain, Gangotri mountain. Yamunotri mountain, Sarasvotri mountain (origin of Sarasvati River ), Dhosi Hill , etc. In Theravada Buddhism one finds

8670-411: The opening can be filled with smaller arches, producing a containing arch , common in Gothic and Romanesque architecture. Multiple arches can be superimposed with an offset, creating an interlaced series of usually (with some exceptions) blind and decorative arches. Most likely of Islamic origin, the interlaced arcades were popular in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Rear-arch (also rere-arch )

8772-539: The other hand, involve mundane individual concerns. The word sacred descends from the Latin sacer , referring to that which is ' consecrated , dedicated' or 'purified' to the gods or anything in their power, as well as to sacerdotes . Latin sacer is itself from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂k- "sacred, ceremony, ritual". Although the terms sacred and holy are similar in meaning, and they are sometimes used interchangeably, they carry subtle differences. Holiness

8874-440: The other hand, involved mundane individual concerns. Durkheim explicitly stated that the dichotomy sacred/profane was not equivalent to good/evil . The sacred could be good or evil , and the profane could be either as well. In ancient Roman religion , the concept of sacrosanctity ( Latin : sacrosanctitas ) was extremely important in attempting to protect the tribunes of the plebs from personal harm. The tribunician power

8976-417: The ratio of the rise fixed at 1 ⁄ 2 of the span, but was applied to the pointed arches, too. The skew arch (also known as an oblique arch ) is used when the arch needs to turn in the horizontal plane, for example, when a bridge crosses the river at an angle different than 90°. A splayed arch is used for the case of unequal spans on the sides of the arch (when, for example, an interior opening in

9078-416: The removal of corpses to graveyards and similarly profane work, the city gates were left exempted from the rite. Indian-origin religion , namely Hinduism and its offshoots Buddhism , Jainism and Sikhism , have concept of revering and conserving ecology and environment by treating various objects as sacred, such as rivers, trees, forests or groves, mountains, etc. Sacred rivers and their reverence

9180-444: The same amount of material it can have larger span, carry more weight, and can be made from smaller and thus more manageable pieces. Their role in construction was diminished in the middle of the 19th century with introduction of the wrought iron (and later steel ): the high tensile strength of these new materials made long lintels possible. A true arch is a load-bearing arc with elements held together by compression. In much of

9282-625: The secondary meaning of the reshaping of a person through entire sanctification . The Holiness movement began within the United States Methodist church among those who thought the church had lost the zeal and emphasis on personal holiness of Wesley's day. Around the middle of the 20th century, the Conservative Holiness Movement , a conservative offshoot of the Holiness movement, was born. The Higher Life movement appeared in

9384-499: The specific artistic features of archivolts change frequently as a result of when and where they were designed and what kind of church they are a feature of. The shape of the arch is an example of this, in Gothic portals a pointed archway is iconic, while in Romanesque portals a rounded archway is to be expected. These rounded and pointed features are also seen inside the church, where Gothic churches have pointed vaults, and Romanesque churches have rounded ones. Archivolts first became

9486-480: The stairs of the temple of Apollo at Didyma and the stadium at Olympia . . The ancient Romans learned the semicircular arch from the Etruscans (both cultures apparently adopted the design in the 4th century BC ), refined it and were the first builders in Europe to tap its full potential for above ground buildings: The Romans were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the first in the world, to fully appreciate

9588-417: The subsequent significance of their mouldings and the designs of their archivolts was first observed on a wide scale on Romanesque churches, seen primarily in the eleventh century through to the early thirteenth century. The Romanesque period of church architecture is when stone sculpture began to become a common feature of church portals, specifically the use of Christ, on the archivolts and surrounds to signify

9690-572: The term holy refers to someone or something that is associated with a divine power , such as water used for baptism . The concept of things being made or associated with the sacred is widespread among religions , making people, places, and objects revered, set apart for special use or purpose, or transferred to the sacred sphere. Words for this include hallow , sanctify , and consecrate , which can be contrasted with desecration and deconsecration . These terms are used in various ways by different groups. Sanctification and consecration come from

9792-544: The thirteenth century. While it is generally accepted that the portals on the west facing side of Saint-Denis cathedral have most of the Early Gothic architectural features, as claimed by Pamela Blum, there is still some debate about whether the cathedral is more accurately characterised as Gothic or Romanesque due to the multiple restorations that have been done on the Cathedral in varying artistic and architectural styles since it

9894-424: The utilisation of church architecture came about simultaneously with the significant advances of categorising, maintaining and sharing large amounts of information that was happening in the twelfth century. The application of this in the design of archivolts is shown through the complex theological stories and messages that are represented by the detailed design of many archivolts. The complexity of church portals and

9996-504: The very early stages of Gothic architecture, there are still instances of features that characterise Romanesque architecture such as the use of drapery in the sculptures of the portal. Sainte-Anne portal situated on the west facade of the Notre Dame was built in Paris during the twelfth century in honour of Sainte-Anne, Mary ’s Mother and Jesus Christ’s Grandmother. The portal displays some of

10098-463: The wall is larger than the exterior one), the intrados of a round splayed arch is not cylindrical, but has a conical shape. A wide arch with its rise less than 1 ⁄ 2 of the span (and thus the geometric circle of at least one segment is below the springing line) is called a surbased arch (sometimes also a depressed arch ). A drop arch is either a basket handle arch or a blunt arch. The practical arch bridges are built either as

10200-415: The world introduction of the true arch was a result of European influence. The term false arch has few meanings. It is usually used to designate an arch that has no structural purpose, like a proscenium arch in theaters used to frame the performance for the spectators, but is also applied to corbelled and triangular arches that are not based on compression. A typical true masonry arch consists of

10302-567: Was built. The west-side of the cathedral is home to three church portals, all of which contain archivolts. In 1140 these three portals and the west-end of Saint-Denis Cathedral were consecrated . The archivolts of the Saint-Denis Cathedral are one of the earliest examples of the use of complex sculptures and inscriptions on church entrances as a means of communication in Gothic churches. As the archivolts of Saint-Denis Cathedral were designed in

10404-459: Was later arrogated to the emperors in large part to provide them with the role's sacred protections. In addition to sanctifying temples and similar sanctuaries, the Romans also undertook the ritual of the sulcus primigenius when founding a new city—particularly formal colonies —in order to make the entire circuit of the town's wall ritually sacred as a further means of protection. In order to allow

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