Misplaced Pages

#970029

63-632: In 1817, there was a village Alty-Kuduk (Six Wells) near the present city of Aralsk. This is currently a railway passing-track in the southern part of the city. Since the 1870s, this was recorded as the Aralsky settlement. The development of Aralsk began when the Orenburg-Tashkent railway was being constructed (1899-1905). In 1905, the railway station was constructed and continues to operate. The official history of Aralsk began that same year. In 1905, Russian merchants organized large fishing companies and formed

126-712: A Soviet Socialist Republic, it was ruled by the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR (QKP). On 25 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR declared its sovereignty on its soil. QKP first secretary Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected president in April of that year – a role he remained in until 2019. The Kazakh SSR was renamed the Republic of Kazakhstan on 10 December 1991, which declared its independence six days later, as

189-609: A base to attack Ak Mechet . Since the retreat of the Aral Sea since 1960, due to diversion of the rivers flowing into it for irrigation , mainly of cotton , during the Soviet era , Aral is now completely landlocked about 12 km from the northern remnant of the Aral Sea , though this is less than the 100 km distance observed before the completion of a dam in 2005. Aral has greatly diminished in population and socioeconomic significance, resulting in high levels of unemployment . For

252-461: A cold desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWk ) with cold winters and hot summers. [REDACTED] Media related to Aral, Kazakhstan at Wikimedia Commons Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic , also known as Soviet Kazakhstan , the Kazakh SSR , KaSSR , or simply Kazakhstan , was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of

315-598: A decisive economic impact that strongly influenced the destiny of Alma-Ata as the capital of the Kazakh ASSR . In 1930 the construction of the highway and railway to Alma-Ata was completed. On 29 April 1927, the government decided to transfer the capital of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from Kyzyl-Orda to Alma-Ata, within the RFSFR. This attracted more trade and people working with

378-531: A joint-stock firm in Aralsk. This was the beginning of fishery in the Aral Sea and shipbuilding plants soon followed in Aralsk. After the Revolution, the station “Aralskoye more (sea)” with the adjoining settlement received the name Aralsk. In 1938, Aralsk and the Aralsky district became a part of newly formed Kzyl-Orda oblast of Kazakh SSR and turned into the town. Aralsk is not to be confused with Fort Aralsk which

441-519: A military parade to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the Independence of the Republic. Almaty Weather Station's GM mostly records south-easterly wind (30%), its resistance increases during the summer (37%) and falls in winter (19%). Wind speeds exceed 15 m/s on about 15 days a year, on average. Industrially developed and densely populated areas in the south and southeast of Kazakhstan are situated in

504-456: A mobile app was launched in 2017. The area of the city has been expanded during recent years with the annexation of the suburban settlements of Kalkaman, Kok Tobe, Gorniy Gigant District (Mountain Giant). Numerous apartment blocks and office skyscrapers have transformed the face of the town, which has been built into the mountains. Squatter settlements such as Shanyrak have resisted eviction in

567-401: A period of about 67 days. Weather with temperature above 30 °C (86 °F) is average for about 36 days a year. In the center of Almaty, like any large city, there is a heat island . Therefore, frost in the city center starts about 7 days later and finishes 3 days earlier than in the northern suburbs. Annual precipitation is about 650 to 700 mm (25.6 to 27.6 in). April and May are

630-483: A scientific, cultural, historical, financial, and industrial centre. The new general plan of Almaty for 2030 was released in 1998. It is intended to create ecologically safe, secure, and socially comfortable living conditions in the city. The main objective is to promote Almaty's image as a garden-city. It proposes continued multi-storied and single-housing development, reorganization of industrial districts or territories, improving transport infrastructure, and expanding

693-568: Is characterized by the influence of mountain–valley circulation . This is especially evident in the northern part of the city, located directly in the transition zone of the mountain slopes to the plains. Annual average air temperature is equal to 10 °C (50 °F), the coldest month is January, −4.7 °C (24 °F) (on average), the warmest month (July) 23.8 °C (75 °F) (on average). In average years frost starts on about 14 October and ends on about 18 April, with sustained extreme cold from about 19 December to about 23 February,

SECTION 10

#1732848837971

756-656: Is located in south-eastern Kazakhstan, almost 1000 km from the capital Astana. Kyrgyzstan's capital Bishkek is 190 km to the west, while Ürümqi in China is almost 1000 km east. The region is also home to the Mynjylky mountain plateau , an elevated plain located at the source of the Malaya Almaatinka river at an altitude of 3000 meters above sea level. Almaty has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfa ) with hot summers and cold winters. It

819-487: Is officially a "city of republican significance". The city has been part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the area of music since November 2017. From 1929 to 1936, the city, then known as Alma-Ata, was the capital of the Kazakh ASSR . From 1936 to 1991, Alma-Ata was the capital of the Kazakh SSR . After Kazakhstan became independent in 1991, the city was renamed Almaty in 1993 and continued as

882-578: Is still the major commercial, financial, and cultural centre of Kazakhstan, as well as its most populous and most cosmopolitan city. The city is located in the mountainous area of southern Kazakhstan near the border with Kyrgyzstan in the foothills of the Trans-Ili Alatau at an elevation of 700–900 m (2,300–3,000 feet), where the Large and Small Almatinka rivers run into the plain. The city, just like Astana and Shymkent , does not belong to any region and

945-559: Is the largest city in Kazakhstan , with a population of over two million. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1929 to 1936, while the country was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR , then from 1936 to 1991, a union republic of the Soviet Union and finally from 1991, an independent state. In 1997, the government relocated the capital to Akmola (now called Astana). Almaty

1008-640: Is thought to be the apple's ancestral home. The wild Malus sieversii is considered a likely candidate for the ancestor of the modern domestic apple. During 1000–900 BC in the Bronze Age , the first farmers and cattle-breeders established settlements in the territory of Almaty. During the Saka period (from 700 BC to the beginning of the Christian era), these lands were occupied by the Saka and later Wusun tribes, who inhabited

1071-515: The Almaty Metro . The first line of the Almaty metro was launched on 1 December 2011, two weeks ahead of schedule. The extension of the line to Qalqaman was opened in 2015. Nevertheless, Almaty has developed a major problem with air pollution . Already in 1995, particulate emissions , then mostly from the city's thermal power station , exceeded Kazakh and EU standards by over 20 times. In 2008, Almaty

1134-682: The Kazakhs became a minority in the region. During the years 1941–1945 the industrial potential of the city increased significantly. Development increased during the postwar years. The population of the city grew from 104,000 in 1919 to 365,000 in 1968. By 1967 the city had 145 enterprises, with the bulk of these being light and food industries. The main industries in Alma-Ata were: food processing (36% of gross industrial output), based largely on locally abundant fruit and vegetable raw materials, light industry (31%), and heavy industry (33%). The main products of

1197-700: The Kazakhstan Hotel , and the Medeo Sports Complex. The supersonic transport Tupolev Tu-144 went into service on 26 December 1975, carrying mail and freight between Moscow and Alma-Ata in preparation for passenger services; these began in November 1977. The Aeroflot flight on 1 June 1978 was the 55th and last scheduled passenger flight of the Tu-144. Alma-Ata was the host city for a 1978 international conference on Primary Health Care . The Alma Ata Declaration

1260-453: The Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991. Located in northern Central Asia , it was created on 5 December 1936 from the Kazakh ASSR , an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR . At 2,717,300 square kilometres (1,049,200 sq mi) in area, it was the second-largest republic in the USSR, after the Russian SFSR . Its capital was Alma-Ata (today known as Almaty). During its existence as

1323-561: The Bolshaya and Malenkaya Almatinka rivers. Construction began on 4 February 1854 and was largely completed by autumn. The fort was a pentagonal wooden palisade with one side built along the Malaya Almatinka. Before the end of the year, it was renamed Fort Vernoe ( Верное , "Loyal"), sometimes rendered as Vyernoe at the time. The palisade was eventually replaced with a brick wall with embrasures. The fort's main facilities were erected around

SECTION 20

#1732848837971

1386-588: The Kazakh SSR. Kazakhs viewed his internationalist goals as a call for " Russification ". Beginning in 1937, the Soviet Government began a series of forced deportations of ethnic minorities, such as Soviet Koreans, the Volga Germans and various other minorities to the Kazakh SSR, a programme that ended only with Stalin's death in 1953. 48°N 68°E  /  48°N 68°E  / 48; 68 Almaty Almaty , formerly Alma-Ata ,

1449-711: The Kazakh defeated the Dzungar in the Anyrakay mountains, 70 kilometres (45 miles) northwest of Almaty. The Senior Kazakh Horde (Uly Zhuz) held jurisdiction over the region. During the eighteenth century, the city and region were roughly near the border of the Khanate of Kokand . It was then absorbed as part of the Russian Empire in the 1850s. To establish its control of the region, Russia built Fort Zailiyskoe ( Russian : Заилийское ) between

1512-568: The Ninth Soviet Congress of Turkestan called for the deportation of illegal settler colonists in the Northern parts of the country. The proposed land reform began in 1921 and lasted until 1927,targeting Russian settlers, Ukrainians and Cossacks in the region and from 1920 to 1922, Kazakhstan's Russian population dropped from approximately 2.7 to 2.2 million. A further 15,000 Cossack settler colonists were deported between 1920 and 1921 as part of

1575-593: The Soviet Union began, the removal of the Korean population from the Russian Far East to Kazakhstan. Over 170,000 people were forcibly relocated to the Kazakh and Uzbek SSRs . Kazakhstani Korean scholar German Kim assumes that one of the reasons for this deportation may have been Stalin's intent to oppress ethnic minorities that could have posed a threat to his socialist system or he may have intended to consolidate

1638-460: The Soviet Union and formed the Commonwealth of Independent States in its place which Kazakhstan joined. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist as a sovereign state on 26 December 1991 and Kazakhstan became an internationally recognized independent state. On 28 January 1993, the new Constitution of Kazakhstan was officially adopted. According to the 1897 census, the earliest census taken in

1701-536: The Soviet Union during World War II , the city has a high proportion of ethnic Russians and Uyghurs . The city lies in the foothills of Trans-Ili Alatau (or Zailiysky Alatau) in the extreme south-east. It has a relatively mild climate with warm and dry summers and quite cold winters. Since the city is in a tectonically active area, it has an endemic risk of earthquakes . Although most tremors do not cause any significant damage, Almaty has suffered some large destructive earthquakes. The name Almaty has its roots in

1764-541: The Soviet Union on 16 December 1991 ( Kazakhstan Independence Day ). On 28 January 1993, the government renamed the city from the Russian Alma-Ata to the Kazakh name Almaty . In 1997 the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev approved the decree to transfer the capital from Almaty to Astana in the north of the country. On 1 July 1998 a law was passed to establish the special status of Almaty as

1827-601: The Soviet Union passed through the Karaganda Corrective Labor Camp (KarLag) between 1931 and 1959, with an unknown number of deaths. During the 1950s and 1960s, Soviet citizens were urged to settle in the Virgin Lands of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. The influx of immigrants , mostly Russians , skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. As a result,

1890-483: The border regions with China and Japan by using them as political bargaining chips. Additionally, historian Kim points out that 1.7 million people perished in the Kazakh famine of 1931–33 , while an additional one million people fled from the Republic, causing a labour shortage in that area, which Stalin sought to compensate for by deporting other ethnicities there. Over one million political prisoners from various parts of

1953-513: The campaign was eventually abandoned in the 1960s. In the early days of the Soviet Union, Kazakh culture was both developed and restrained, and later many Kazakh cultural figures were imprisoned, exiled, or killed in Joseph Stalin 's purges. However, after the Stalinist era , Nikita Khrushchev 's efforts to reinvigorate internationalism and furtherly weaken Kazakh culture were controversial in

Aral, Kazakhstan - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-476: The capital until 1997, when the capital was moved to Akmola (renamed Astana in 1998, Nur-Sultan in 2019, and again Astana in 2022). Since then Almaty has been referred to as the "southern capital" of Kazakhstan. Almaty remains the largest, most developed, and most ethnically and culturally diverse city in Kazakhstan . Due to development by the Soviet Union and relocation of workers and industries from European areas of

2079-667: The city was almost completely destroyed with over 770 brick buildings collapsing as a result of the 1911 Kebin earthquake . In 1918 following the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Bolshevik government, Soviet power was established in Verny. The city and the region became part of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (RSFSR). On 5 February 1921, Verny was renamed Alma-Ata, one of

2142-542: The city's ancient names, by a joint consultation of regional government representatives, professional trade associations, and local faith-based groups. In 1926, the Council of Labor and Defence approved the construction of the Turkestan–Siberia Railway that was a crucial element of the future growth of Kazakhstan, especially in the east and southeast of the region. The Turkestan–Siberia Railway construction also had

2205-653: The disease was recognized as resulting from the release of weaponized smallpox from a nearby biological weapons test site. In less than 2 weeks, approximately 50,000 residents of Aral were vaccinated. Household quarantine of potentially exposed individuals was enacted, and hundreds were isolated in a makeshift facility at the edge of the city. All traffic in and out of the city was stopped, and approximately 54,000 square feet of living space and 18 metric tons of household goods were decontaminated by health officials. The original outbreak sickened ten people in Aral, of whom 3 died. Aral has

2268-587: The entire Soviet Union. Kazakh independence has caused many of these newcomers to emigrate. Following the dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev , the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan by the last Soviet general secretary , Mikhail Gorbachev , riots broke out for four days between 16 and 19 December 1986 known as Jeltoqsan by student demonstrators in Brezhnev Square in the capital city, Alma-Ata . Approximately 168–200 civilians were killed in

2331-417: The ethnic composition of the population of Kazakhstan were the 1920s and 1930s famines . According to different estimates of the effects of the Kazakh famine of 1930–1933 , up to 40% of Kazakhs (indigenous ethnic group) either died of starvation or fled the territory. Official government census data report the contraction of Kazakh population from 3.6 million in 1926, to 2.3 million in 1939. Upon

2394-458: The face of these development plans. Almaty was the site of a notorious terrorist attack in July 2016, when Jihadist Ruslan Kulikbayev killed eight police officers and two civilians in a shootout and car chase. Kulikbayev was wounded during the shootout and later sentenced to death for the attack. In March 2020, the first cases of COVID-19 were reported in the city. Soon, Almaty was transformed, as

2457-685: The government dramatically affected the city's population and structures. To better organize the home front and concentrate industrial and material resources, the government evacuated 26,000 people and numerous industries from the European theatre of war. Alma-Ata hosted over 30 industrial facilities removed from the European section of the USSR , eight evacuated hospitals, 15 institutes, universities and technical schools; and around 20 cultural institutions. Motion picture production companies from Leningrad , Kyiv , and Moscow were also moved to Alma-Ata at this time. This brought in so many ethnic Russians that

2520-556: The government in August . Nazarbayev then condemned the failed coup. As a result of those events, the Kazakh SSR was renamed to the Republic of Kazakhstan on 10 December 1991. It declared independence on 16 December (the fifth anniversary of Jeltoqsan ), becoming the last Soviet constituency to secede. Its capital was the site of the Alma-Ata Protocol on 21 December 1991 that dissolved

2583-663: The government, stimulating intensive development in the city. On 31 January 1928, Leon Trotsky , leader of the 1917 October Revolution , accompanied by his wife Natalia Sedova and his son Lev Sedov , was exiled to Alma-Ata by Joseph Stalin , then head of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in Moscow. Trotsky was expelled from Alma-Ata to Turkey in February 1929, and went into exile in Mexico City. The Alma-Ata airport

Aral, Kazakhstan - Misplaced Pages Continue

2646-481: The large central square for training and parading. In 1867, the settlement around the fort was large enough that it was reorganized as the town of Almatinsk ( Алматинск ). Before the end of the year, this was renamed Verny ( Верный , Vernyj ). On 28 May 1887, at 4 a.m., an earthquake almost totally destroyed Verny in 11–12 minutes. By 1906 the population of the city had grown to 27,000, two-thirds of whom were Russians and Ukrainians. On 3 January 1911

2709-408: The last 25 years it has not been possible to see the sea from the town. There are also serious health problems for the local population caused by airborne toxic chemicals exposed to the wind by the retreating waters and, possibly, from chemical and biological agents unsafely stored on the island of Vozrozhdeniya . In 1971, a massive public health response to a smallpox outbreak in Aral ensued once

2772-515: The last republic to secede from the USSR on 16 December 1991. The Soviet Union was officially dissolved on 26 December 1991 by the Soviet of the Republics . The Republic of Kazakhstan, the legal successor to the Kazakh SSR , was admitted to the United Nations on 2 March 1992. The republic was named after the Kazakh people, Turkic -speaking former nomads who sustained a powerful khanate in

2835-456: The medieval settlement Almatau , that existed near the present-day city. A disputed theory holds that the name is derived from the Kazakh word for 'apple' (алма), and is often translated as "full of apples". Originally it was Almatau which means Apple Mountain. There is great genetic diversity among the wild apples in the region surrounding Almaty; the region west of the Tian Shan mountains

2898-588: The pandemic led the city into a changed behavior. The government imposed lockdowns of most institutions. In January 2022, Almaty was plunged into unrest as part of a national political crisis . There are 8 official Almaty city districts :     Alatau district     Almaly district     Auezov district     Bostandyk district     Jetysu district     Medeu district     Nauryzbay district     Turksib district Almaty

2961-535: The period of Saka and Wusun governance, Almaty became an early education center. In the 15th–18th centuries, the city was in decline as trade activities were decreasing on this part of the Silk Road . European nations were conducting more overseas trade by shipping. This period was one of crucial ethnic and political transformations. The Dzungar invaded, dominating the Kazakh people for a period. The Kazakhs fought to protect their land and preserve independence. In 1730

3024-477: The population. During the 1930s Kazakh nomads suffered starvation after disruption of their traditional living patterns. (see: Asharshylyq ) In 1936 the Architecture and Planning Bureau developed a plan to enhance Alma-Ata as the new cultural capital of the Kazakh SSR . The plan was based on the existing rectangular system of districts. They were to be strengthened and reconstructed. During World War II

3087-628: The process of returning control and sovereignty of land to the Kazakhs. On 19 February 1925 Filipp Goloshchyokin was appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party in the newly created Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic. From 1925 to 1933 he ran the Kazakh ASSR with virtually no outside interference. He played a prominent part in the construction of the Turkestan-Siberia railway, which

3150-430: The region before Russian and later Soviet domination. Established on 26 August 1920, it was initially called Kirghiz ASSR ( Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ) and was a part of the Russian SFSR . On 15–19 April 1925, it was renamed Kazak ASSR (subsequently Kazakh ASSR ) and on 5 December 1936 it was elevated to the status of a Union-level republic, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic . In September 1920,

3213-510: The region were: From 1966 to 1971, 1,400,000 square metres of public and cooperative housing were built. Annually, around 300,000 square metres of dwellings were under construction. Most of the buildings constructed during this time were earthquake-proof multi-story buildings. The Soviet government tried to diversify architectural forms to create a more varied cityscape. During this period, many schools, hospitals, cultural, and entertainment facilities were constructed, including Lenin's Palace,

SECTION 50

#1732848837971

3276-564: The region, Kazakhs constituted 81.7% of the total population (3,392,751 people) within the territory of contemporary Kazakhstan. The Russian population in Kazakhstan was 454,402, or 10.95% of total population; there were 79,573 Ukrainians (1.91%); 55,984 Tatars (1.34%); 55,815 Uyghurs (1.34%); 29,564 Uzbeks (0.7%); 11,911 Moldovans (0.28%); 4,888 Dungans (0.11%); 2,883 Turkmens ; 2,613 Germans ; 2,528 Bashkirs ; 1,651 Jews ; and 1,254 Poles . The most significant factors that shaped

3339-548: The start of the Second World War , many large factories were relocated to the Kazakh SSR. The Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site and Baikonur Cosmodrome were also built here. After the war, the Virgin Lands Campaign was started in 1953. This was led by Nikita Khrushchev , with the goal of developing the vast lands of the republic and helping to boost Soviet agricultural yields. However it did not work as promised,

3402-650: The territory north of the Tian Shan mountain range with evidence of these times found in the numerous burial mounds ( tumuli ) and ancient settlements, especially the giant burial mounds of the Saka tsars. The most famous archaeological finds have been "The Golden Man", also known as "The Golden Warrior", from the Issyk Kurgan ; the Zhalauly treasure, the Kargaly diadem, and the Zhetysu arts bronzes (boilers, lamps, and altars). During

3465-553: The uprising. The events then spilled over to Shymkent , Pavlodar , Karaganda and Taldykorgan . On 25 March 1990, Kazakhstan held its first elections with Nursultan Nazarbayev , the chairman of the Supreme Soviet elected as its first president . Later that year on 25 October, it then declared sovereignty. The republic participated in a referendum to preserve the union in a different entity with 94.1% voted in favour. It did not happen when hardline communists in Moscow took control of

3528-419: The use of the Kazakh language declined but has started to experience a revival since independence, both as a result of its resurging popularity in law and business and the growing proportion of Kazakhs. The other nationalities included Ukrainians , Germans , Jews , Belarusians , Koreans and others; Germans at the time of independence formed about 8% of the population, the largest concentration of Germans in

3591-537: The wettest months, during which about a third of the city's annual precipitation is received. It is not uncommon to see snow or a cold snap hitting Almaty as late as the end of May. For example, in the last quarter century, such snowfalls were recorded on 13 May 1985, 1 May 1989, 5 May 1993 and 18 May 1998. The record latest snowfall in Almaty was on 17 June 1987. Almaty sometimes experiences winter rain, despite heavy preceding snowfall and low temperatures. The most memorable winter rain took place on 16 December 1996 during

3654-532: The zones where the maximum magnitudes of expected earthquakes are from 6.0 to 8.3 (the intensity of I0=8–10). The south seismic active zone of Kazakhstan is a part of the North Tian-Shan ridge system. The main city of Almaty is located near the Zailiski Alatau mountain base. In recorded history prior to the late 19th century, three catastrophic earthquakes are known to have taken place there. The following are

3717-412: Was about 120 km south. In 1847 Russia built Raimsk, later called Fort Aralsk, near the mouth of the Syr Darya . In either 1848 or 1853 or 1855 Raimsk was abandoned and Fort Aralsk moved upriver to Fort Number One, or Kazalinsk . Further upriver were forts No. 2 and 3 which were the old Kokandi forts of Karmaktschy and Kumish-Kurgan. Fort Aralsk was used to launch ships to map the Aral Sea and as

3780-437: Was adopted, marking a paradigm shift in global public health. On 16 December 1986, the Jeltoqsan riot took place in the Brezhnev Square (now Republic Square) in response to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev 's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunayev . On 7 September 1988, the subway Almaty Metro project started construction; the subway was opened on 1 December 2011 after 23 years. Kazakhstan declared its independence from

3843-445: Was constructed to open up Kazakhstan's mineral wealth. After Joseph Stalin ordered the forced collectivization of agriculture throughout the Soviet Union, Goloshchyokin ordered that Kazakhstan's largely nomadic population was to be forced to settle in collective farms. This caused the deadly Kazakh famine of 1930–1933 in Kazakhstan which killed between 1 and 2 million people. In 1937 the first major deportation of an ethnic group in

SECTION 60

#1732848837971

3906-557: Was opened in 1930, opening up a direct connection from Alma-Ata to Moscow , the center of the Soviet government . Alma-Ata became the main entry by air to Kazakhstan , a status which it retains today. Transformation of this small town into the capital of the Kazakh SSR was accelerated by the large-scale construction of new administrative and government facilities and housing. The Great Purge of 1936–38 extended to Kazakhstan , where numerous intellectuals, activists, leaders, teachers and others were killed. The Soviet government dominated

3969-443: Was ranked the 9th most polluted city in the world. A 2013 study identified cars as a major source of pollution, and it was noted since 2003 and 2013 morbidity had increased by a factor of 1.5, and that the city takes the first place in the republic on respiratory, endocrine and blood diseases, cancer and bronchial asthma , even though there are no major industrial installations. An independent local air quality monitoring system with

#970029