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40-608: Araba may refer to: Places and jurisdictions [ edit ] the Ancient Arab Kingdom of Hatra , a Roman-Parthian buffer state in modern Iraq Basque name of Álava , a province and medieval bishopric (now Latin titular see) in the autonomous Basque Country, northern Spain Arabah , a section of the Great Rift Valley Other uses [ edit ] Araba (album) ,

80-509: A governor of the rank of praeses , and it was also the seat of the dux Mesopotamiae , who ranked as vir illustris and commanded (c. 400) the following army units: as well as, 'on the minor roll', apparently auxiliaries: According to Sozomen 's Ecclesiastical History , "there were some very learned men who formerly flourished in Osroene, as for instance Bardaisan , who devised a heresy designated by his name, and his son Harmonius . It

120-571: A 1999 album by Mustafa Sandal Araba (carriage) , a carriage (such as a cab or coach) used in Turkey and neighbouring countries; also spelled aroba Araba Formation , in palaeozoic geology Araba people , an indigenous Australian people of Queensland, Australia Araba language , an Australian language Araba (title) , a chieftaincy title that may be held by a Yoruba priest of the oracle. See also [ edit ] Arava (disambiguation) Arraba (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

160-527: A Christian. It was around 200 CE that Abgar IX adopted Christianity, thus enabling Edessa to become the first Christian state in history whose ruler was officially and openly a Christian. The fame of Edessa in history rests, however, mainly on its claim to have been the first kingdom to adopt Christianity as its official religion. According to the legend current for centuries throughout the civilized world, Abgar Ukkama wrote to Jesus, inviting him to visit him at Edessa to heal him from sickness. In return he received

200-469: A church at Edessa in 201. It is testimony to the personality of Abgar the Great that he is credited by tradition with a leading role in the evangelization of Edessa. Modern scholars have taken basically two very different approaches to this legend (which obviously reflects the general search for apostolic origins, characteristics of the fourth century). Some would dismiss it totally, while others prefer to see it as

240-515: A period under the rule of the Parthian Empire, it was absorbed into the Roman Empire in 114 as a semiautonomous vassal state, and incorporated as a simple Roman province in 214. There is an apocryphal legend that Osroene was the first state to have accepted Christianity as state religion , but there is not enough evidence to support that claim. Though most of Osroene's rulers were from

280-557: A retrojection into the first century of the conversion of the local king at the end of the second century. In other words, Abgar (V) the Black of the legend in fact represents Abgar (VIII) the Great (c. 177-212), contemporary of Badaisan. Attractive though this second approach might seem, there are serious objections to it, and the various small supportive evidence that Abgar (VIII) the Great became Christian disappears on closer examination. More significant than Bardaisan's conversion to Christianity

320-576: A settlement was founded there under the Neo-Assyrian Empire or the Achaemenid Empire , but that remains speculative. The earliest known records that mention Hatra are from the late 1st-century. The early rulers of Hatra used the title of marya "lord", but starting from the 170s, they started using the title of malka "king", often in the form of "King of the Arabs". This elevation of titulature

360-456: Is called "an Arab phylarch " by Plutarch , while Abgar V is described as "king of the Arabs " by Tacitus . The Edessene onomastic contains many Arabic names. The most common one in the ruling dynasty of Edessa being Abgar, a well-attested name among Arabic groups of antiquity . Some members of the dynasty bore Iranian names, while others had Arabic names. Judah Segal notes that

400-530: Is considered to be related to the Roman incorporation of Edessa in 165, which resulted in Hatra being the westernmost part of the Parthian Empire, and thus of higher strategic importance. In the first and second century, Hatra was ruled by a dynasty of Arab princes. It rose to prominence as the capital of Hatra and became an important religious center as a result of its strategic position along caravan trade routes. Hatra

440-516: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kingdom of Hatra The name of "Hatra" appears various times in the Aramaic Hatrene inscriptions as 𐣧𐣨𐣣𐣠 ( ḥṭrʾ , vocalized as: Ḥaṭrāʾ ), probably meaning "enclosure, hedge, fence". The history of Hatra before the Parthian Empire is obscure. It has been suggested that

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480-719: Is one of the first Arab states to be established outside of the Arabian Peninsula , preceded by Osroene (132 BC–216 AD) and the Kingdom of Emesa (64 BCE–300s CE), and followed by the Ghassanids (220–638) and the Lakhmids (300–602), buffer states of the Roman and Sasanian Empires , respectively. Hatra had withstood sieges by Roman emperors Trajan and Septimius Severus and the Sasanian king Ardashir I . The kingdom finally fell after

520-471: Is related that this latter was deeply versed in Grecian erudition, and was the first to subdue his native tongue to meters and musical laws; these verses he delivered to the choirs" and that Arianism , a more successful heresy, met with opposition there. It was around 200 CE that Abgar IX adopted Christianity, thus enabling Edessa to become the first Christian state in history whose ruler was officially and openly

560-520: Is uncertain; it may have extended to Nisibis or even to Adiabene in the first century AD. Ḥarrān, however, only 40 km south of Edessa, always maintained its independent status as a Roman colonia. Edessa, the capital of the ancient kingdom, was a fortress of considerable strength and a staging post both large and nearest to the Euphrates. It was an important road junction; an ancient highway, along which caravans carried merchandise from China and India to

600-503: The Abgarid dynasty of Arab origin, the kingdom's population was of mixed culture, being Syriac -speaking from the earliest times. Though Arab cults were attested at Edessa (the twins Monimos and Azizos ), its cultural setting was fundamentally Syriac , alongside strong Greek and Parthian influences. Thus, according to Maurice Sartre : "It would hence be absurd to regard Edessa as solely an Arab city, for its culture owed very little to

640-685: The Assyrian , who came to Edessa from Hadiab ( Adiabene ). He made a trip to Rome and returned to Edessa around 172–173. Tatian was the editor of the Diatessaron , which was the primary sacred text of Syriac -speaking Christianity until in the 5th century the bishops Rabbula and Theodoret suppressed it and substituted a revision of the Old Syriac Canonical Gospels (as in the Syriac Sinaiticus and Curetonian Gospels ). Then, Edessa

680-676: The Fall of Hatra to the Sasanians under Shapur I , who destroyed the city. Hatra was part of the Parthian commonwealth, a term used by historians to refer to cultures that were under Parthian control, but mainly populated by non-Iranians. Although the Hatran language and its cults were very similar to that of the rest of Aramaic-speaking world in Mesopotamia and Syria , the Parthian Empire had heavily influenced

720-662: The Sasanian emperor, Khosrow II ( r.   590–628), took Osroene. It was briefly reconquered by the Byzantines, but in 638 it fell to the Arabs as part of the Muslim conquests . Osroene, or Edessa, was one of several states that acquired independence from the collapsing Seleucid Empire through a dynasty of the nomadic Nabataean Arab tribe from Southern Canaan and North Arabia, the Osrhoeni, from 136 BC. Osroene's name either derives from

760-457: The Kingdom of Osroene enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 214. The kingdom's population was of mixed culture, being Syriac -speaking from the earliest times. The city's cultural setting was fundamentally Syriac , alongside strong Greek and Parthian influences, though some Arab cults were also attested at Edessa. The ruling Abgarid dynasty was deposed by

800-535: The Parthians in 53 BC, but Roman historians allege that he betrayed Crassus by leading him to deviate from his safe route along the river and instead into an open desert, where the troops suffered from the barrenness and thus were vulnerable to cavalry attack. Abgar is said to have met with Surenas , the Parthian general, and informed him of the Roman movements. The enormous and infamous Battle of Carrhae followed and destroyed

840-583: The Romans during the reign of Roman Emperor Caracalla ( r.   211–217), probably in 214 or 216, and Osroene was incorporated as a province , but it was briefly reestablished during the reign of Roman emperor Gordianus III (238–244). Christianity came early to Osroene. From 318, Osroene was a part of the Diocese of the East . By the 5th century, Edessa had become a main center of Syriac literature and learning. In 608,

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880-574: The Romans, however, which led to the Roman general Lucius Quietus sacking Edessa and putting an end to Osrhoene's independence in 116. In 123, during the reign of Hadrian , the Abgarid dynasty was restored with the installation of Ma'nu VII, and Osroene was established as a client kingdom of the Empire. After the Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 under Marcus Aurelius , forts were built and a Roman garrison

920-467: The Sasanian emperor, Shapur II , in the 4th century. The independence of the state ended probably in c.  214 ; during Caracalla 's reign the monarchy was abolished by the Roman Empire and Osroene was incorporated it as a province ( colonia ). It was a frontier province, lying close to the Persian empires with which the Romans were repeatedly at war, and was taken and retaken several times. As it

960-530: The West, meeting there a north–south road connecting the Armenian Highlands with Antioch. Inevitably, Edessa figured prominently on the international stage. In 64 BC, as Pompey waged war on the Parthian Empire , Abgar II of Osrhoene had sided with the Romans when Lucius Afranius occupied Upper Mesopotamia . The king was initially an ally of the Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus in his campaign against

1000-401: The blessing of Jesus and subsequently was converted by the evangelist Addai. There is, however, no factual evidence for Christianity at Edessa before the reign of Abgar the Great, 150 years later. Scholars are generally agreed that the legend has confused the two Abgars. It cannot be proved that Abgar the Great adopted Christianity; but his friend Bardaiṣan was a heterodox Christian, and there was

1040-730: The culture and political system of Hatra, as attested by epigraphic and archaeological findings. Many Parthian titles are known to have been used, many which were also used in slightly different variants in Armenia as well as some in Parthia . This includes titles such as naxwadār (also attested in Armenian as naxarar ), which was seemingly used as a personal name in Hatra. Other titles include pasāgrīw (heir-apparent), bitaxs (possibly viceroy), asppat (head of cavalry), ašpazkan (chamberlain), hadarpat (possibly chiliarch ), naxširpat (chief of

1080-530: The entire Roman army. Just prior to the battle, Abgar made a pretext to ride away. However, modern historians have questioned whether Abgar intended to betray the Romans and instead may have simply been leading them along an old Arab trade route. According to a Syriac source, Abgar died later that year. In the early 2nd century AD, King Abgar VII joined the Emperor Trajan 's campaign into Mesopotamia and entertained him at court. The king later rebelled against

1120-534: The hunt), and dahicpat , a word used as an epithet of the god Nergol . Not all the titles are solely Parthian, as some of the seem to have been derived from Old Persian . Regardless, these titles are attested in all the western parts of the Parthian Empire, which indicates that the Hatran court was shaped to imitiate that of the Parthian royal court. Like the rest of the Parthian commonwealth, Iranian personal names are also well attested in Hatra. The ruling family adopted

1160-401: The name of this tribe, or from Orhay ( Urhay ), the original Aramaic name of Edessa . Arab influence had been strong in the region. Osroene endured for four centuries, with twenty-eight rulers occasionally named "king" on their coins. Most of the kings of Osroene were called Abgar or Manu and settled in urban centers. Osroene was generally allied with the Parthian Empire . After

1200-546: The names ending in "-u" are "undoubtedly Nabatean". The Abgarid dynasts spoke "a form of Aramaic ". It was in the region in which the legend of Abgar V originated. The area of the kingdom was perhaps roughly coterminous with that of the Roman province of Osrhoene. The great loop of the Euphrates was a natural frontier to the north and west. In the south Batnae was capital of the semi-autonomous principality of Anthemusias until its annexation by Rome, in AD 115. The eastern boundary

1240-572: The nomadic Arabs of the region". Later, within the Roman Empire, Edessa was the most important center of Syriac Christianity . Under the Nabataean dynasties, Osroëne became increasingly influenced by Syriac Christianity , and was a centre of local reaction against Hellenism. In his writings, Pliny the Elder refers to the natives of Osroene and Commagene as Arabs and the region as Arabia . Abgar II

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1280-447: The remaining territory was incorporated into the Roman province of Osroene. According to legends (without historical justification), by 201 AD or earlier, under King Abgar the Great, Osroene became the first Christian state. It is believed that the Gospel of Thomas emanated from Edessa around 140. Prominent early Christian figures have lived in and emerged from the region such as Tatian

1320-515: The same names used by the Arsacid kings, such as Worod , Walagash and Sanatruq. The local populace also dressed in Parthian clothing , used Parthian jewellery and bore Parthian weapons . Various gods were honored in the kingdom, including those of Sumero-Akkadian, Greek, Aramean, an Arabian religions. Osroene Osroene or Osrhoene ( / ɒ z ˈ r iː n iː / ; Ancient Greek : Ὀσροηνή )

1360-446: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Araba . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Araba&oldid=1225957626 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1400-425: The world's first Christian monarch and Edessa the first Christian state. More than anything else, a major precedent had been set for the conversion of Rome itself. // The stories of the conversions of both Abgar V and Abgar VIII may not be true, and have been doubted by a number of Western authorities (with more than a hint at unwillingness to relinquish Rome's and St Peter's own primogeniture?). But whether true or not.

1440-780: Was again brought under Roman control by Decius and it was made a center of Roman operations against the Sasanian Empire . Amru , possibly a descendant of Abgar, is mentioned as king in the Paikuli inscription , recording the victory of Narseh in the Sassanid civil war of 293. Historians identify that Amru as Amru ibn Adi , the fourth king of the Lakhmids , which was then still based in Harran , not yet moved to al-Hirah in southern Mesopotamia. Many centuries later, Dagalaiphus and Secundinus duke of Osrhoene, accompanied Julian in his war against

1480-512: Was an ancient region and state in Upper Mesopotamia . The Kingdom of Osroene , also known as the "Kingdom of Edessa " ( Classical Syriac : ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝ / "Kingdom of Urhay"), according to the name of its capital city (now Şanlıurfa , Turkey ), existed from the 2nd century BC, up to the 3rd century AD, and was ruled by the Abgarid dynasty . Generally allied with the Parthians ,

1520-405: Was on the frontier it had a Roman legion stationed there. Legio III Parthica and its Castrum (homebase) may have been Rhesaina , but that is uncertain. Following Emperor Diocletian 's tetrarchy reform during his reign (284-305), it was part of the diocese of the East , in the praetorian prefecture of the same name . According to the late-4th-century Notitia Dignitatum , it was headed by

1560-462: Was stationed in Nisibis . In 195, following a civil war in which the kingdom had supported his rival Pescennius Niger , Septimius Severus mounted an invasion and annexed the territory as a new province, making Nisibis the capital. However, the emperor did allow the king, Abgar XI, to retain the city of Edessa and a small territory surrounding it. In 213, the reigning king was deposed by Caracalla , and

1600-468: Was the conversion -reported by Bardaisan - of Abgar the Great himself." The conversion is controversial, but whether or not he became a Christian, Abgar had the wisdom to recognise the inherent order and stability in Christianity a century before Constantino did. Ho encouraged it as essential for maintaining Edessa's precarious balance between Rome and Iran. Thus, it is Abgar the Great who lays claim to being

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