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30-465: Aqua Augusta may refer to two Roman aqueducts: Aqua Augusta (Naples) supplying the Bay of Naples Aqua Augusta (Rome) supplying Rome Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Aqua Augusta . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

60-538: A Roman colony from 195 BC. The Roman conquest of the east and the need for a port to trade made it the Mediterranean port of Rome, even though it was 150 miles away. It took the name Puteoli whose roots are in the Latin puteus (well or cistern). An alternative etymology of Puteoli derives from the Latin puteo (to stink), referring to the sulfuric fumes in the area, most notably from Solfatara . Puteoli became

90-578: A private connection and so it seems that imperial favour was also a factor in accessing the Augusta's water. During the war with Sextus Pompey , Augustus ordered the construction of the Portus Julius harbour just west of Puteoli. Later, this harbour was seen as less ideal because of silting problems and a new major naval base was built further west at Misenum to become the basis of the western Mediterranean fleet. Large quantities of fresh water were needed for

120-583: A sea crossing was needed to the island of Nisida . The aqueduct passed underground 400m south of the Roman baths at Agnano with its own branch, and a few metres north of the amphitheatre of Pozzuoli with a 70m branch to the aqueduct. The Serino aqueduct was constructed during the Augustan period of the Roman Empire, probably from 33 BC when Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (close friend and ally of Emperor Augustus )

150-854: Is a city and comune (municipality) of the Metropolitan City of Naples , in the Italian region of Campania . It is the main city of the Phlegrean Peninsula . Pozzuoli began as the Greek colony of Dicaearchia ( Greek : Δικαιαρχία ) founded in about 531 BC in Magna Graecia with the consent of nearby Cumae when refugees from Samos escaped from the tyranny of Polycrates . The Samnites occupied Dicaearchia in 421 BC after conquering Cumae and may have changed its name to Fistelia. It enjoyed considerable political and commercial autonomy favoured by

180-425: Is likely that there were several supplementary sources at other points in the network, including the branches from Avellino and at Scalandrone near Baiae . One of its main terminations was the enormous Piscina Mirabilis cistern at the naval base and port of Misenum . Since the aqueduct traversed such a distance, many difficulties were encountered when building it: several long tunnels were cut through mountains;

210-469: Is the city's patron saint . The seven eagle heads on the coat of arms of the town of Pozzuoli are said to represent seven of these martyrs. November 16 was the official feast day for Saint Proculus. St Proculus was affectionately nicknamed ' u pisciasotto ("the pants-pisser") because November 16 was often a day of rain . The townspeople also celebrated his feast day on the second Sunday in May. The city

240-489: The Appian Way to Rome. There was a Nabataean community in the city that built a sanctuary at the port; it likely ended in the early second century CE when the site was filled with concrete. In 37 AD, Puteoli was the location for a political stunt by Emperor Gaius Caligula , who, on becoming Emperor, ordered a temporary floating bridge to be built using trading vessels, stretching for over two miles (3.2 km) from

270-641: The 6 km-long (3.7 mi) Monti di Forino tunnel crossed a watershed in the Apennines (one of the longest Roman tunnels), and a 2 km-long (1.2 mi) tunnel crossed into the Sarno plain; also at the Crypta Neapolitana road tunnel and the Grotta di Cocceio road tunnel. A 3.5 km-long (2.2 mi) raised section on arches was built at Pomigliano d’Arco . There was ground movement due to seismic activity and

300-771: The Hellenistic necropolis. Also a new piece of the ancient aqueduct has been identified uphill from via Foria in the “Miracoli” district where the channel runs underground for 220 m. It features prominently in the novel Pompeii by Robert Harris , whose protagonist is a water engineer ("Aquarius") sent from Rome to maintain the aqueduct in AD 79 during the time around the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . 40°47′43″N 14°4′49″E  /  40.79528°N 14.08028°E  / 40.79528; 14.08028 Pozzuoli Pozzuoli ( Italian: [potˈtswɔːli] ; Neapolitan : Pezzulo [pətˈtsuːlə] ; Latin : Puteoli )

330-556: The aqueduct covered in ash, and 3.5 km (2.2 mi) of the duct, the Pomigliano d’Arco arcade, collapsed prior to the actual eruption. This cut off the supply of water to all the towns except Nola and Acerrae. The poor administrative and economic situation in Campania at this time, and Italy in general, prevented major repairs to the Augusta and after this time only other aqueducts in the area were referred to. In modern times, parts of

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360-445: The aqueduct dated to Augustus and not to Claudius as previously thought. The destinations listed on the tablet are: Nola , Acerrae , Atella , Naples , Pozzuoli , Baiae , Cumae , and Misenum . The cities of Pompeii , Herculaneum and Stabiae were also originally supplied by the aqueduct but, being buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD , they did not appear on this list. The next major eruption in 472 AD left

390-591: The aqueduct including the Piscina Mirabilis were vital to the region's survival as air-raid shelters during World War II. There are few visible remains of the aqueduct today, although much of it still exists below ground. Traces of the original structure may be found at a number of sites in and around Naples. These include: Recently, arches of the twin aqueduct have been revealed in cellars of buildings in Rione Sanità , in 6 via Arena alla Sanità, and are open to

420-592: The base itself and for the ships which may have been one of the reasons the new aqueduct was built. Such a major monument required constant maintenance; there were major repairs in the Flavian period (1st century AD) with the addition of parallel tunnels and the Emperor Constantine also engaged in a massive restoration documented on an inscription tablet discovered in Serino and dated to AD 324. Its text proved that

450-439: The bay. From August 1982 to December 1984, the city experienced hundreds of tremors and bradyseismic activity , which peaked on 4 October 1983, damaging 8,000 buildings in the city centre and displacing 36,000 people, many permanently. The events raised the sea bottom by almost 2 m, and rendered the Bay of Pozzuoli too shallow for large craft. There was similar seismic activity in 2023. The town's attractions include: It

480-599: The branches, the total length of the aqueduct was approximately 145 km (90 mi), making it the longest Roman aqueduct system in the Roman world, with the possible exception of the Gadara Aqueduct , until the 5th century AD when the Valens Aqueduct was extended in Constantinople . The Aqua Augusta was one of the most difficult and costly aqueducts ever constructed by an ancient civilisation due to its length and

510-563: The difficult terrain it crossed. Despite its size and complexity, the Aqua Augusta is today largely unknown as a major monument because most of it is underground. The aqueduct's main source ( caput aquae ), the Fons Augusteus (now known as Acquaro-Pelosi), was in the Terminio -Tuoro mountains near the modern town of Serino not far from the city of Avellino and at 376 m above sea level. It

540-682: The excellent position of its port with the Campanian hinterland. The Roman occupation of Campania after the end of the 1st Samnite War from 341 BC marked the start of the Romanisation of the Greek-Samnite city. During the Second Punic War (218-201 BC), Rome recognised the strategic importance of the port of Puteoli and reinforced the defences and introduced a garrison to protect the town from Hannibal, who failed to capture it in 215. They made it

570-642: The great emporium for the Alexandrian grain ships and other ships from all over the Roman world. It also was the main hub for goods exported from Campania , including blown glass , mosaics , wrought iron , and marble . Lucilius wrote in about 125 BC that it was second only to Delos in importance, then the greatest harbour of the ancient world. Many inscriptions show that a polyglot population established companies ( stationes ) for trade and transport and formed professional guilds for arts, crafts and religious associations for foreign cults; they included Greeks from

600-419: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aqua_Augusta&oldid=932692727 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Aqua Augusta (Naples) The eastern parts of the route of the aqueduct are well known thanks to

630-538: The islands and the coast of Asia, Jews and later Christians. Under the Roman Empire, it was the greatest emporium of foreign trade in all of Italy. Trade with Tyre was so important that the Tyrians established a factory there in 174 (C.I. no. 5853). The Roman naval base at nearby Misenum housed the largest naval fleet in the ancient world. It was also the site of the Roman Dictator Sulla 's country villa and

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660-515: The pier's storm damage in 139. Nero's abortive attempt to build the Fossa Neronis canal from Puteoli to Rome may have prolonged its life. As a reward for their support in the fight against Vitellius , Vespasian (r. 69-79 AD) installed more veterans there, assigned the city a part of the Capuan territory and gave it the title Colonia Flavia which it retained. Hadrian died at Baiae in 138 and

690-581: The place where he died in 78 BC. Cicero had a house in Puteoli and a villa nearby on the shore of the Lucrine Lake . Pliny mentions Puteoli as the site of a famed cochlearium created by Fulvius Hirpinus , known for raising exquisite snails . The local volcanic sand, pozzolana (Latin: pulvis puteolanus , "dust of Puteoli") formed the basis for the first effective concrete , as it reacted chemically with water. Instead of just evaporating slowly off,

720-400: The public. They run from north to south for a long section at a separation of 10m and then come as close as 2m in the southern part. The western channel is Augustan, whereas the eastern part was added later. They sparked increased interest in research, which has led to more exploration of the line of the monumental aqueduct. An immense cistern on the line of the channels has been found next to

750-518: The town to the famous neighboring resort of Baiae , across which he proceeded to ride his horse, in defiance of an astrologer 's prediction that he had "no more chance of becoming Emperor than of riding a horse across the Gulf of Baiae". With the development of the port of Ostia begun by Claudius in 42 AD, completed by Nero in 54 and enlarged by Trajan between 100 and 106, the fortunes of Puteoli began to decline, although Antoninus Pius repaired

780-553: The water would turn this sand / lime mix into a mortar strong enough to bind lumps of aggregate into a load-bearing unit. This made it possible to construct the cupola of the Pantheon , which is still the world's largest un reinforced concrete dome . The apostle Paul landed in Pozzuoli on his way to Rome , 170 miles (274 kilometres) away, stayed for seven days ( Acts 28:13, 14), and then began with his companions his journey by

810-496: The writings of two Italian engineers, who were asked to see if it could be brought back in use as the main water supply of Naples in the 16th and 19th centuries. The western part beyond Naples was less known until recent research. There were ten branches, seven of which were for cities while three were for some of the numerous luxurious villas in this area popular with rich Romans, such as the Villa Pollio at Posillipo . Including

840-462: Was curator aquarum in Rome, principally in order to refurnish the Roman fleet of Misenum and secondarily to supply water for the increasing demand of the important commercial harbour of Puteoli as well as for big cities such as Cumae and Neapolis. There is evidence that a large number of private users were members of the Rome senatorial class. In Rome, a letter from the emperor was required to gain

870-506: Was at Cicero 's villa at Puteoli, though his body was later transferred to Rome. Two aqueducts eventually served Puteoli; the Campanian aqueduct dating from the 1st c. BC at the latest, and also the Aqua Augusta . Several cisterns still exist, including the very large Piscina di Cardito. Saint Proculus (San Procolo) was martyred here with his companions in the fourth century, and

900-609: Was taken and plundered by Alaric I in 410, by Genseric in 455, and by Totila in 545, from which it took centuries to recover. Charles Lyell visited Pozzuoli in 1828 and studied the Macellum columns. Since 1946, the town has been the home of the Accademia Aeronautica , the Italian Air Force Academy, which was first situated on the island of Nisida , then from 1962 on a purpose-built hilltop campus overlooking

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