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32-593: Appledore Island (formerly known as Hog Island ) is the largest of the Isles of Shoals located about seven miles off the Maine coast. It is part of the Town of Kittery , in York County . Appledore Island was originally settled by Europeans in the colonial era, when the ease of transport by water made farming on island economically efficient. A church was established in 1640. Near 1700,

64-534: A flat rock on the island. White Island and Seavey Island are located at the southern end of the Isles of Shoals, within the borders of the town of Rye, New Hampshire . During low tide, the two islands are connected by a land bridge. White Island is dominated by Isles of Shoals Light , now automated, and the keeper's house. The lighthouse , one of two on the New Hampshire coast, and associated buildings are now owned by

96-517: A garden. The place is found to be a good fishing-place for six ships, but more can not be well there, for want of convenient stage room, as this year's experience hath proved." In 1628 the Plymouth Pilgrims exiled Thomas Morton on the island due to his libertine activities with the Indians at Merrymount . The first town, "Apledoore", included all of the Isles of Shoals, and was incorporated by

128-502: A group consisting of volunteer individuals and families, participate in the care and upkeep of the two historic dwellings and grounds of the island. Malaga Island is a diminutive island just to the west of Smuttynose, connected to it by a breakwater . The original breakwater was built around 1820 by Captain Samuel Haley, who is reputed to have paid for its construction with proceeds from four bars of pirate silver that he found under

160-552: A group of small islands and tidal ledges situated approximately 6 miles (10 km) off the east coast of the United States, straddling the border of the states of Maine and New Hampshire . They have been occupied for more than 400 years, first by fishing communities and more recently as the site of private homes, a large seasonal hotel and a marine research facility. Some of the islands were used for seasonal fishing camps by Indigenous peoples and first settled by Europeans in

192-538: A popular summer hotel on Appledore Island . Laighton's daughter, Celia, married Levi at the age of fifteen and as Celia Thaxter became the most popular American female poet of the 19th century. She hosted an arts community on the island frequented by authors including Nathaniel Hawthorne , John Greenleaf Whittier , Oliver Wendell Holmes and Sarah Orne Jewett , and the Impressionist painter Childe Hassam . Having executed his last drawing three days previous,

224-737: Is a religious and educational conference center, owned by the Star Island Corporation, which is affiliated with the Unitarian Universalist Association and the United Church of Christ . During the summer, the island hosts a number of week-long and shorter conferences which make use of the Oceanic Hotel, Gosport House, the over 200-year-old chapel , and several buildings dating back to the original village. Short-term day visitors are also welcomed, although that may depend on

256-405: Is approximately 0.5 miles (0.8 km) from east to west, and 0.6 miles (1.0 km) from north to south. It was home to a large hotel, The Appledore House, during the 19th century. Built in 1847 and opened the following year, the hotel was lost to a fire in 1914. According to Celia Thaxter, as late as 1873, "Philip Babb, or some evil-minded descendant of his, haunted Appledore." Today, the island

288-511: Is now Maine. In 1696, the town was annexed by Kittery . In 1715 the township of Gosport was established by New Hampshire on Star Island. The Gosport community was fairly prosperous up until about 1778, when the islanders were evacuated to Rye, New Hampshire , due to the Revolutionary War . Though a small population remained, the islands were largely abandoned until the middle of the 19th century, when Thomas Laighton and Levi Thaxter opened

320-704: Is privately owned. League (unit) A league is a unit of length . It was common in Europe and Latin America , but is no longer an official unit in any nation. Derived from an ancient Celtic unit and adopted by the Romans as the leuga , the league became a common unit of measurement throughout western Europe. Since the Middle Ages, many values have been specified in several countries, ranging from 2.2 km (1.4 mi) to 7.9 km (4.9 mi). It may have originally represented, roughly,

352-584: Is the operating station of the Shoals Marine Laboratory , run cooperatively by Cornell University and the University of New Hampshire . The island is mostly owned by the Star Island Corporation . Second in size at 46 acres (19 ha), Star Island is located in New Hampshire within the borders of the town of Rye and is the only island served by a commercial boat from the mainland . It

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384-484: The pie (Spanish foot ) and on the precision of measurement, but was officially equivalent to 4,180 metres (2.6 miles ) before the legua was abolished by Philip II in 1568. It remains in use in parts of Latin America , where its exact meaning varies. In the early Hispanic settlements of New Mexico , Texas , California , and Colorado , a league was also a unit of area, defined as 25 million square varas or about 4,428.4 acres . This usage of league

416-548: The Boston painter William Morris Hunt drowned there in 1879, reportedly a suicide. Hunt's body was discovered by Celia Thaxter. William James visited the Isles of Shoals in 1873. His experiences were recalled in a letter to brother Henry James dated July 14-16 [1873]. At one point he reminisces, "I just lay around drinking the air and the light and the sounds. I succeeded in reading no word for three days, and then took Goethe 's Gedichte out on my walks, and with them in my memory,

448-571: The General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony on May 22, 1661. At that time, the province of New Hampshire and the province of Maine were both part of Massachusetts Bay Colony. By 1665, the name of the town had changed to "Iles of Shoales". Starting in 1680 and continuing for several years, there was a general migration of the population to Star Island in what is now New Hampshire, departing from Hog Island (now known as Appledore) in what

480-479: The Rye Complex of Maine and New Hampshire, intrusion of diorites, Acadian orogeny, diabase dikes, and glaciation. Evidence of these events can be seen in glacial scarps, evidence of abrasion, presence of dikes, glacial plucking, and more. For example, glacial plucking contributed to the whaleback shape of the island which is resultant of rock drumlin cliff faces. Isles of Shoals The Isles of Shoals are

512-501: The boat schedule. This is also a popular destination for sailboats wishing to tie up overnight in Gosport harbor. Smuttynose Island , at 25 acres (10 ha), is the third-largest island. It is allegedly the site of Blackbeard 's honeymoon, later for the shipwreck of the Spanish ship Sagunto in 1813, and then for the notorious 1873 murders of two young women. The latter is recalled in

544-431: The day. These included Edward MacDowell and his wife; American pianist William Mason , son of Lowell Mason , who played the grand piano in her salon daily; and John Knowles Paine , America's first serious composer of note. Childe Hassam painted Celia's magnificent garden in a style similar to Monet 's Giverny paintings. This rarefied atmosphere ended with Thaxter's death in 1894. The hotel burned in 1914, bringing down

576-467: The distance a person could walk in an hour . The league was used in Ancient Rome , defined as 1½ Roman miles (7,500 Roman feet , modern 2.2 km or 1.4 miles). The origin is the leuga Gallica (also: leu c a Callica ) , the league of Gaul . The Argentine league ( legua ) is 5.572 km (3.462 mi) or 6,666 varas : 1 vara is 0.83 m (33 in). On land,

608-509: The early 17th century. They became one of the many fishing areas for the young British and French colonies. This was one of the most northern fishing ports, the closest one to the south being Rockport, Massachusetts . The Isles of Shoals were named the "Smith Iles" by English explorer Capt. John Smith after sighting them in 1614. This name did not last once colonization of New England by the British began. The first recorded landfall of an Englishman

640-491: The entire settlement on this island moved to Star Island in New Hampshire to escape taxes imposed by Massachusetts (of which Maine was then a province ). The heyday of the island was the artists salon that thrived there in the late 19th century, before the advent of artists' colonies as we know them today. Celia Thaxter reigned over an impressive group of friends who were also the leading artists, musicians, and writers of

672-512: The final curtain on this heyday in American arts. A charming small original daybook from this time period was re-published in part, in 1992, titled The Isles of Shoals Remembered , by Caleb Mason . The island is home to Shoals Marine Laboratory , run cooperatively by Cornell University and the University of New Hampshire since the early 1970s. Appledore Island is owned predominantly by the Star Island Corporation . The most prominent feature on

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704-476: The island is a World War II concrete observation tower built to hold a radar installation. The dome intended to hold the radar no longer exists, and the radar unit was never installed. The maximum elevation of Appledore is approximately 80 feet above sea level. The majority of the island has a metamorphic makeup, with gneiss being the most prevalent. The formation of the island is thought to be characterized by five major geological events: namely, formation of

736-409: The league (Spanish legua ) is still used in the original sense of the distance that can be covered on foot in an hour, so that a league along a good road on level ground is a greater distance than a league on a difficult path over rough terrain. In Portugal , Brazil and other parts of the former Portuguese Empire , there were several units called league (Portuguese: légua ): The names of

768-607: The league is most commonly defined as three miles (4.83 km), although the length of a mile could vary from place to place as well as depending on the era. At sea, a league is three  nmi (3.452 mi; 5.556 km). English usage also included many of the other leagues mentioned below (for example, in discussing the Treaty of Tordesillas ). The French lieue  — at different times — existed in several variants, namely 10,000, 12,000, 13,200 and 14,400 French feet , about 3.25 to 4.68 km (2.02 to 2.91 miles). It

800-468: The north and once was used as a bombing range for the US Navy . It was sold by the Star Island Corporation to Maine Coast Heritage Trust in 2002, and was transferred to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2003. It is kept as a wildlife sanctuary . It is home to a seal colony and has never supported a human population. Cedar Island is connected by breakwaters to both Smuttynose Island and Star Island and

832-516: The several léguas referred to the number of units that made the length corresponding to an angle degree of a meridian arc . For compatibility after Portugal adopted the metric system, the metric légua of 5.0 km was used. In Brazil, the léguas is still used occasionally, where it has been described as about 6.6 km. The legua or Spanish league was originally understood as equivalent to 3 millas (Spanish miles ). This varied depending on local standards for

864-544: The site of a tern restoration project conducted by the Audubon Society of New Hampshire in recent years. Lunging, Duck, and Cedar islands are also part of the Isles of Shoals. Lunging, on the New Hampshire side of the border, formerly Londoner's Island, was the site of an early trading post for codfish . Today it is privately owned. Duck and Cedar are islands on the Maine side. Duck Island lies about 1 mile (1.6 km) to

896-533: The smell of the laurels and pines in my nose, and the rhythmic pounding of the surf upon my ear, I was free and happy again. The popularity of Laighton's Appledore House soon led to establishment of the Mid-Ocean House on Smuttynose Island, and the Oceanic Hotel, which is still in use today on Star Island. Appledore Island , in Maine, is the largest of the Isles of Shoals, at 95 acres (38 ha). Formerly known as Hog Island, and prior to that as Farm Island, it

928-697: The state of New Hampshire. The island hosts a coastal weather station which frequently records sustained hurricane-force winds from Nor'easter coastal storms in the winter, due to the exposed nature of the island. The lighthouse tower was restored in 2005 as the result of the efforts of a group of seventh graders in nearby North Hampton , known as the Lighthouse Kids (a chapter of the American Lighthouse Foundation). Poet Celia Thaxter grew up on this island before moving to Smuttynose Island and eventually Appledore Island . Seavey Island has been

960-483: The story, "A Memorable Murder" , by Celia Thaxter , in the 1997 novel, The Weight of Water , by Anita Shreve (and in the 2000 film ), and in the song, "The Ballad of Louis Wagner" by John Perrault . There are two small houses on the island. One of them, the Samuel Haley house, was once believed to be the oldest structure in the state of Maine. Smuttynose is not populated today, but the Stewards of Smuttynose Island,

992-567: Was that of explorer Captain Christopher Levett , whose 300 fishermen in six ships discovered that the Isles of Shoals were largely abandoned in 1623. "The first place I set my foot upon in New England was the Isle of Shoals, being islands in the sea about two leagues from the main," Levett wrote later. "Upon these islands I neither could see one good timber-tree nor so much good ground as to make

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1024-498: Was used along with the metric system for a while, but is long discontinued. A metric lieue was used in France from 1812 to 1840, with 1 metric lieue being exactly 4,000 m, or 4 km (about 2.5 mi). It is this unit that is referenced in both the title and the body text of Jules Verne 's novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (1870). In some rural parts of Mexico,

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