76-536: The Apple Monitor III (stylized monitor /// ) is a 12-inch green phosphor (A3M0039) or white phosphor (A3M0006) CRT -based monochrome monitor manufactured by Sanyo and later Hitachi for Apple Computer ; for the Apple III personal computer , introduced in 1980. As Apple's first monitor in their business line of machines, it preceded the Apple Monitor II by several years. The Apple Monitor III's main feature
152-441: A phosphorescent screen. The images may represent electrical waveforms on an oscilloscope , a frame of video on an analog television set (TV), digital raster graphics on a computer monitor , or other phenomena like radar targets. A CRT in a TV is commonly called a picture tube . CRTs have also been used as memory devices , in which case the screen is not intended to be visible to an observer. The term cathode ray
228-439: A video signal as a reference. In modern CRT monitors and TVs the beams are bent by magnetic deflection , using a deflection yoke . Electrostatic deflection is commonly used in oscilloscopes. The tube is a glass envelope which is heavy, fragile, and long from front screen face to rear end. Its interior must be close to a vacuum to prevent the emitted electrons from colliding with air molecules and scattering before they hit
304-419: A voltage multiplier for the current delivered by the flyback. For the inner funnel coating, monochrome CRTs use aluminum while color CRTs use aquadag ; Some CRTs may use iron oxide on the inside. On the outside, most CRTs (but not all) use aquadag. Aquadag is an electrically conductive graphite-based paint. In color CRTs, the aquadag is sprayed onto the interior of the funnel whereas historically aquadag
380-460: A wall socket ) or a battery to maintain an image on the display or change the image. This refresh typically occurs many times a second. If this is not done, for example, if there is a power outage , the pixels will gradually lose their coherent state, and the image will "fade" from the screen. The following flat-display technologies have been commercialized in 1990s to 2010s: Technologies that were extensively researched, but their commercialization
456-455: A CRT and limits its practical size (see § Size ). The funnel and neck glass comprise the remaining 30% and 5% respectively. The glass in the funnel can vary in thickness, to join the thin neck with the thick screen. Chemically or thermally tempered glass may be used to reduce the weight of the CRT glass. The outer conductive coating is connected to ground while the inner conductive coating
532-472: A CRT as a display device. The Braun tube became the foundation of 20th century TV. In 1908, Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton , fellow of the Royal Society (UK), published a letter in the scientific journal Nature , in which he described how "distant electric vision" could be achieved by using a cathode-ray tube (or "Braun" tube) as both a transmitting and receiving device. He expanded on his vision in
608-406: A CRT can be measured by the screen's entire area (or face diagonal ) or alternatively by only its viewable area (or diagonal) that is coated by phosphor and surrounded by black edges. While the viewable area may be rectangular, the edges of the CRT may have a curvature (e.g. black stripe CRTs, first made by Toshiba in 1972) or the edges may be black and truly flat (e.g. Flatron CRTs), or
684-515: A CRT is related to its screen size. Usual deflection angles were 90° for computer monitor CRTs and small CRTs and 110° which was the standard in larger TV CRTs, with 120 or 125° being used in slim CRTs made since 2001–2005 in an attempt to compete with LCD TVs. Over time, deflection angles increased as they became practical, from 50° in 1938 to 110° in 1959, and 125° in the 2000s. 140° deflection CRTs were researched but never commercialized, as convergence problems were never resolved. The size of
760-440: A CRT is usually made up of three parts: A screen/faceplate/panel, a cone/funnel, and a neck. The joined screen, funnel and neck are known as the bulb or envelope. The neck is made from a glass tube while the funnel and screen are made by pouring and then pressing glass into a mold. The glass, known as CRT glass or TV glass, needs special properties to shield against x-rays while providing adequate light transmission in
836-426: A cathode in the rear of the CRT, causing it to emit electrons which are modulated and focused by electrodes. The electrons are steered by deflection coils or plates, and an anode accelerates them towards the phosphor -coated screen, which generates light when hit by the electrons. Cathode rays were discovered by Julius Plücker and Johann Wilhelm Hittorf . Hittorf observed that some unknown rays were emitted from
SECTION 10
#1733104368076912-526: A cross hatch pattern. CRT glass used to be made by dedicated companies such as AGC Inc. , O-I Glass , Samsung Corning Precision Materials, Corning Inc. , and Nippon Electric Glass ; others such as Videocon, Sony for the US market and Thomson made their own glass. The funnel and the neck are made of leaded potash-soda glass or lead silicate glass formulation to shield against x-rays generated by high voltage electrons as they decelerate after striking
988-600: A mainstay of display technology for decades, CRT-based computer monitors and TVs are now obsolete . Demand for CRT screens dropped in the late 2000s. Despite efforts from Samsung and LG to make CRTs competitive with their LCD and plasma counterparts, offering slimmer and cheaper models to compete with similarly sized and more expensive LCDs, CRTs eventually became obsolete and were relegated to developing markets and vintage enthusiasts once LCDs fell in price, with their lower bulk, weight and ability to be wall mounted coming as pluses. Some industries still use CRTs because it
1064-426: A metal funnel insulated with polyethylene instead of glass with conductive material. Others had ceramic or blown Pyrex instead of pressed glass funnels. Early CRTs did not have a dedicated anode cap connection; the funnel was the anode connection, so it was live during operation. The funnel is coated on the inside and outside with a conductive coating, making the funnel a capacitor, helping stabilize and filter
1140-661: A relatively flat (for its day) cathode-ray tube setup and would be the first commercially released "flat panel" upon its launch in 1958; the Predicta was a commercial failure. The plasma display panel was invented in 1964 at the University of Illinois , according to The History of Plasma Display Panels. The MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, and presented in 1960. Building on their work, Paul K. Weimer at RCA developed
1216-464: A sheet of glass and the electrons were accelerated to a nearby sheet of glass with phosphors using an anode voltage. The electrons were not focused, making each subpixel essentially a flood beam CRT. They were never put into mass production as LCD technology was significantly cheaper, eliminating the market for such displays. The last large-scale manufacturer of (in this case, recycled) CRTs, Videocon , ceased in 2015. CRT TVs stopped being made around
1292-666: A speech given in London in 1911 and reported in The Times and the Journal of the Röntgen Society . The first cathode-ray tube to use a hot cathode was developed by John Bertrand Johnson (who gave his name to the term Johnson noise ) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western Electric , and became a commercial product in 1922. The introduction of hot cathodes allowed for lower acceleration anode voltages and higher electron beam currents, since
1368-444: A target, such as the phosphor screen or shadow mask of a color CRT. The velocity of the electrons depends on the anode voltage of the CRT; the higher the voltage, the higher the speed. The amount of x-rays emitted by a CRT can also lowered by reducing the brightness of the image. Leaded glass is used because it is inexpensive, while also shielding heavily against x-rays, although some funnels may also contain barium. The screen
1444-426: A tradeoff between the two. It consists of a metal clip that expands on the inside of an anode button that is embedded on the funnel glass of the CRT. The connection is insulated by a silicone suction cup, possibly also using silicone grease to prevent corona discharge . Flat-panel display A flat-panel display ( FPD ) is an electronic display used to display visual content such as text or images. It
1520-406: Is a flat panel display technology introduced by Samsung under this trademark. Other television set manufacturers such as Sony have used the same technology to enhance the backlighting of LCD TVs already in 2013. Quantum dots create their own unique light when illuminated by a light source of shorter wavelength such as blue LEDs. This type of LED TV enhances the colour gamut of LCD panels, where
1596-440: Is connected using the anode button/cap through a series of capacitors and diodes (a Cockcroft–Walton generator ) to the high voltage flyback transformer ; the inner coating is the anode of the CRT, which, together with an electrode in the electron gun, is also known as the final anode. The inner coating is connected to the electrode using springs. The electrode forms part of a bipotential lens. The capacitors and diodes serve as
SECTION 20
#17331043680761672-677: Is either too much effort, downtime, and/or cost to replace them, or there is no substitute available; a notable example is the airline industry. Planes such as the Boeing 747-400 and the Airbus A320 used CRT instruments in their glass cockpits instead of mechanical instruments. Airlines such as Lufthansa still use CRT technology, which also uses floppy disks for navigation updates. They are also used in some military equipment for similar reasons. As of 2022 , at least one company manufactures new CRTs for these markets. A popular consumer usage of CRTs
1748-399: Is for retrogaming . Some games are impossible to play without CRT display hardware. Light guns only work on CRTs because they depend on the progressive timing properties of CRTs. Another reason people use CRTs due to the natural blending of these displays. Some games designed for CRT displays exploit this, which allows them to look more aesthetically pleasing on these displays. The body of
1824-506: Is gradually reduced. This means that flat-screen CRTs may not be completely flat on the inside. The glass used in CRTs arrives from the glass factory to the CRT factory as either separate screens and funnels with fused necks, for Color CRTs, or as bulbs made up of a fused screen, funnel and neck. There were several glass formulations for different types of CRTs, that were classified using codes specific to each glass manufacturer. The compositions of
1900-408: Is present in consumer, medical, transportation, and industrial equipment. Flat-panel displays are thin, lightweight, provide better linearity and are capable of higher resolution than typical consumer-grade TVs from earlier eras. They are usually less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) thick. While the highest resolution for consumer-grade CRT televisions was 1080i , many interactive flat panels in
1976-432: Is produced by applying appropriate color filters (red, green and blue) to the individual subpixels. LC displays are used in various electronics like watches, calculators, mobile phones, TVs, computer monitors and laptops screens etc. Most earlier large LCD screens were back-lit using a number of CCFL (cold-cathode fluorescent lamps). However, small pocket size devices almost always used LEDs as their illumination source. With
2052-419: Is usually instead made out of a special lead-free silicate glass formulation with barium and strontium to shield against x-rays, as it doesn't brown unlike glass containing lead. Another glass formulation uses 2–3% of lead on the screen. Alternatively zirconium can also be used on the screen in combination with barium, instead of lead. Monochrome CRTs may have a tinted barium-lead glass formulation in both
2128-471: The Aiken tube was invented. It was a CRT in a flat-panel display format with a single electron gun. Deflection was electrostatic and magnetic, but due to patent problems, it was never put into production. It was also envisioned as a head-up display in aircraft. By the time patent issues were solved, RCA had already invested heavily in conventional CRTs. 1968 marked the release of Sony Trinitron brand with
2204-515: The Sony Qualia 005 was the first LED-backlit LCD . The Sony XEL-1 , released in 2007, was the first OLED television. Field-effect LCDs are lightweight, compact, portable, cheap, more reliable, and easier on the eyes than CRT screens. LCD screens use a thin layer of liquid crystal, a liquid that exhibits crystalline properties. It is sandwiched between two glass plates carrying transparent electrodes. Two polarizing films are placed at each side of
2280-486: The cathode (negative electrode) which could cast shadows on the glowing wall of the tube, indicating the rays were travelling in straight lines. In 1890, Arthur Schuster demonstrated cathode rays could be deflected by electric fields , and William Crookes showed they could be deflected by magnetic fields. In 1897, J. J. Thomson succeeded in measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of cathode rays, showing that they consisted of negatively charged particles smaller than atoms,
2356-434: The thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962. It was a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. The idea of a TFT-based LCD was conceived by Bernard J. Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968. B.J. Lechner, F.J. Marlowe, E.O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated the concept in 1968 with a dynamic scattering LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs. The first active-matrix addressed electroluminescent display (ELD)
Apple Monitor III - Misplaced Pages Continue
2432-590: The 2020s are capable of 1080p and 4K resolution. In the 2010s, portable consumer electronics such as laptops, mobile phones, and portable cameras have used flat-panel displays since they consume less power and are lightweight. As of 2016, flat-panel displays have almost completely replaced CRT displays. Most 2010s-era flat-panel displays use LCD or light-emitting diode (LED) technologies, sometimes combined. Most LCD screens are back-lit with color filters used to display colors. In many cases, flat-panel displays are combined with touch screen technology, which allows
2508-421: The CRT cathode wears out due to cathode poisoning before browning becomes apparent. The glass formulation determines the highest possible anode voltage and hence the maximum possible CRT screen size. For color, maximum voltages are often 24–32 kV, while for monochrome it is usually 21 or 24.5 kV, limiting the size of monochrome CRTs to 21 inches, or ~1 kV per inch. The voltage needed depends on
2584-461: The CRT. In 1954, RCA produced some of the first color CRTs, the 15GP22 CRTs used in the CT-100 , the first color TV set to be mass produced . The first rectangular color CRTs were also made in 1954. However, the first rectangular color CRTs to be offered to the public were made in 1963. One of the challenges that had to be solved to produce the rectangular color CRT was convergence at the corners of
2660-459: The CRT. In 1965, brighter rare earth phosphors began replacing dimmer and cadmium-containing red and green phosphors. Eventually blue phosphors were replaced as well. The size of CRTs increased over time, from 20 inches in 1938, to 21 inches in 1955, 25 inches by 1974, 30 inches by 1980, 35 inches by 1985, and 43 inches by 1989. However, experimental 31 inch CRTs were made as far back as 1938. In 1960,
2736-447: The LCD. By generating a controlled electric field between electrodes, various segments or pixels of the liquid crystal can be activated, causing changes in their polarizing properties. These polarizing properties depend on the alignment of the liquid-crystal layer and the specific field-effect used, being either Twisted Nematic (TN) , In-Plane Switching (IPS) or Vertical Alignment (VA). Color
2812-454: The QLED TV they produce can determine what part of the display needs more or less contrast. Samsung also announced a partnership with Microsoft that will promote the new Samsung QLED TV. Volatile displays require that pixels be periodically refreshed to retain their state, even for a static image. As such, a volatile screen needs electrical power, either from mains electricity (being plugged into
2888-495: The R&;D required and never built a working flat panel at that time. The first production flat-panel display was the Aiken tube , developed in the early 1950s and produced in limited numbers in 1958. This saw some use in military systems as a heads up display and as an oscilloscope monitor, but conventional technologies overtook its development. Attempts to commercialize the system for home television use ran into continued problems and
2964-408: The anode now only accelerated the electrons emitted by the hot cathode, and no longer had to have a very high voltage to induce electron emission from the cold cathode. In 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a CRT TV receiver with a mechanical video camera that received images with a 40-line resolution. By 1927, he improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was unrivaled until 1931. By 1928, he
3040-441: The anode voltage of the CRT, and significantly reducing the amount of time needed to turn on a CRT. The stability provided by the coating solved problems inherent to early power supply designs, as they used vacuum tubes. Because the funnel is used as a capacitor, the glass used in the funnel must be an excellent electrical insulator ( dielectric ). The inner coating has a positive voltage (the anode voltage that can be several kV) while
3116-408: The center of the screen with a 546 nm wavelength light, and a 10.16mm thick screen. Transmittance goes down with increasing thickness. Standard transmittances for Color CRT screens are 86%, 73%, 57%, 46%, 42% and 30%. Lower transmittances are used to improve image contrast but they put more stress on the electron gun, requiring more power on the electron gun for a higher electron beam power to light
Apple Monitor III - Misplaced Pages Continue
3192-429: The early 2010s, CRTs have been superseded by flat-panel display technologies such as LCD , plasma display , and OLED displays which are cheaper to manufacture and run, as well as significantly lighter and thinner. Flat-panel displays can also be made in very large sizes whereas 40–45 inches (100–110 cm) was about the largest size of a CRT. A CRT works by electrically heating a tungsten coil which in turn heats
3268-499: The first " subatomic particles ", which had already been named electrons by Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney in 1891. The earliest version of the CRT was known as the "Braun tube", invented by the German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1897. It was a cold-cathode diode , a modification of the Crookes tube with a phosphor -coated screen. Braun was the first to conceive the use of
3344-651: The first CRT with HD resolution, the Sony KW-3600HD, was released to the market. It is considered to be "historical material" by Japan's national museum. The Sony KWP-5500HD, an HD CRT projection TV, was released in 1992. In the mid-1990s, some 160 million CRTs were made per year. In the mid-2000s, Canon and Sony presented the surface-conduction electron-emitter display and field-emission displays , respectively. They both were flat-panel displays that had one (SED) or several (FED) electron emitters per subpixel in place of electron guns. The electron emitters were placed on
3420-467: The first CRTs to last 1,000 hours of use, which was one of the factors that led to the widespread adoption of TV. The first commercially made electronic TV sets with cathode-ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934. In 1947, the cathode-ray tube amusement device , the earliest known interactive electronic game as well as the first to incorporate a cathode-ray tube screen,
3496-463: The first manufacturers to stop CRT production was Hitachi in 2001, followed by Sony in Japan in 2004, Flat-panel displays dropped in price and started significantly displacing cathode-ray tubes in the 2000s. LCD monitor sales began exceeding those of CRTs in 2003–2004 and LCD TV sales started exceeding those of CRTs in some markets in 2005. Samsung SDI stopped CRT production in 2012. Despite being
3572-401: The furnace, to allow production of CRTs of several sizes. Only the glass used on the screen needs to have precise optical properties. The optical properties of the glass used on the screen affect color reproduction and purity in color CRTs. Transmittance, or how transparent the glass is, may be adjusted to be more transparent to certain colors (wavelengths) of light. Transmittance is measured at
3648-518: The image is still generated by the LCD. In the view of Samsung, quantum dot displays for large-screen TVs are expected to become more popular than the OLED displays in the coming years; Firms like Nanoco and Nanosys compete to provide the QD materials. In the meantime, Samsung Galaxy devices such as smartphones are still equipped with OLED displays manufactured by Samsung as well. Samsung explains on their website that
3724-417: The improvement of LEDs, almost all new displays are now equipped with LED backlight technology. The image is still generated by the LCD layer. A plasma display consists of two glass plates separated by a thin gap filled with a gas such as neon . Each of these plates has several parallel electrodes running across it. The electrodes on the two plates are at right angles to each other. A voltage applied between
3800-489: The melts were also specific to each manufacturer. Those optimized for high color purity and contrast were doped with Neodymium, while those for monochrome CRTs were tinted to differing levels, depending on the formulation used and had transmittances of 42% or 30%. Purity is ensuring that the correct colors are activated (for example, ensuring that red is displayed uniformly across the screen) while convergence ensures that images are not distorted. Convergence may be modified using
3876-589: The model KV-1310, which was based on Aperture Grille technology. It was acclaimed to have improved the output brightness. The Trinitron screen was identical with its upright cylindrical shape due to its unique triple cathode single gun construction. In 1987, flat-screen CRTs were developed by Zenith for computer monitors, reducing reflections and helping increase image contrast and brightness. Such CRTs were expensive, which limited their use to computer monitors. Attempts were made to produce flat-screen CRTs using inexpensive and widely available float glass . In 1990,
SECTION 50
#17331043680763952-543: The narrower width of the Apple II case. [REDACTED] Media related to Apple Monitor III at Wikimedia Commons h This computer hardware article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about Apple Inc. is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cathode-ray tube A cathode-ray tube ( CRT ) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns , which emit electron beams that are manipulated to display images on
4028-454: The other hand, static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable, such as displays that make use of e-ink technology , and as such retain content even when power is removed. The first engineering proposal for a flat-panel TV was by General Electric in 1954 as a result of its work on radar monitors. The publication of their findings gave all the basics of future flat-panel TVs and monitors. But GE did not continue with
4104-530: The outer coating is connected to ground. CRTs powered by more modern power supplies do not need to be connected to ground , due to the more robust design of modern power supplies. The value of the capacitor formed by the funnel is 5–10 nF , although at the voltage the anode is normally supplied with. The capacitor formed by the funnel can also suffer from dielectric absorption , similarly to other types of capacitors. Because of this CRTs have to be discharged before handling to prevent injury. The depth of
4180-557: The phosphor glow. An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles and PDAs. QLED or quantum dot LED
4256-443: The phosphors more brightly to compensate for the reduced transmittance. The transmittance must be uniform across the screen to ensure color purity. The radius (curvature) of screens has increased (grown less curved) over time, from 30 to 68 inches, ultimately evolving into completely flat screens, reducing reflections. The thickness of both curved and flat screens gradually increases from the center outwards, and with it, transmittance
4332-674: The same time. In 2012, Samsung SDI and several other major companies were fined by the European Commission for price fixing of TV cathode-ray tubes. The same occurred in 2015 in the US and in Canada in 2018. Worldwide sales of CRT computer monitors peaked in 2000, at 90 million units, while those of CRT TVs peaked in 2005 at 130 million units. Beginning in the late 1990s to the early 2000s, CRTs began to be replaced with LCDs, starting first with computer monitors smaller than 15 inches in size, largely because of their lower bulk. Among
4408-406: The screen and funnel, with a potash-soda lead glass in the neck; the potash-soda and barium-lead formulations have different thermal expansion coefficients. The glass used in the neck must be an excellent electrical insulator to contain the voltages used in the electron optics of the electron gun, such as focusing lenses. The lead in the glass causes it to brown (darken) with use due to x-rays, usually
4484-427: The screen may contain 12% of barium oxide , and 12% of strontium oxide . A typical CRT contains several kilograms of lead as lead oxide in the glass depending on its size; 12 inch CRTs contain 0.5 kg of lead in total while 32 inch CRTs contain up to 3 kg. Strontium oxide began being used in CRTs, its major application, in the 1970s. Before this, CRTs used lead on the faceplate. Some early CRTs used
4560-449: The screen or being very electrically insulating in the funnel and neck. The formulation that gives the glass its properties is also known as the melt. The glass is of very high quality, being almost contaminant and defect free. Most of the costs associated with glass production come from the energy used to melt the raw materials into glass. Glass furnaces for CRT glass production have several taps to allow molds to be replaced without stopping
4636-444: The size and type of CRT. Since the formulations are different, they must be compatible with one another, having similar thermal expansion coefficients. The screen may also have an anti-glare or anti-reflective coating, or be ground to prevent reflections. CRTs may also have an anti-static coating. The leaded glass in the funnels of CRTs may contain 21–25% of lead oxide (PbO), The neck may contain 30–40% of lead oxide, and
SECTION 60
#17331043680764712-624: The system was never released commercially. Dennis Gabor , better known as the inventor of holography , patented a flat-screen CRT in 1958. This was substantially similar to Aiken's concept, and led to a years-long patent battle . By the time the lawsuits were complete, with Aiken's patent applying in the US and Gabor's in the UK, the commercial aspects had long lapsed, and the two became friends. Around this time, Clive Sinclair came across Gabor's work and began an ultimately unsuccessful decade-long effort to commercialize it. The Philco Predicta featured
4788-436: The tube's face. Thus, the interior is evacuated to less than a millionth of atmospheric pressure . As such, handling a CRT carries the risk of violent implosion that can hurl glass at great velocity. The face is typically made of thick lead glass or special barium - strontium glass to be shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions. This tube makes up most of the weight of CRT TVs and computer monitors. Since
4864-407: The two electrodes one on each plate causes a small segment of gas at the two electrodes to glow. The glow of gas segments is maintained by a lower voltage that is continuously applied to all electrodes. By 2010, consumer plasma displays had been discontinued by numerous manufacturers. In an electroluminescent display (ELD), the image is created by applying electrical signals to the plates which make
4940-434: The user to interact with the display in a natural manner. For example, modern smartphone displays often use OLED panels, with capacitive touch screens . Flat-panel displays can be divided into two display device categories: volatile and static. The former requires that pixels be periodically electronically refreshed to retain their state (e.g. liquid-crystal displays (LCD)), and can only show an image when it has power. On
5016-457: The viewable area may follow the curvature of the edges of the CRT (with or without black edges or curved edges). Small CRTs below 3 inches were made for handheld TVs such as the MTV-1 and viewfinders in camcorders. In these, there may be no black edges, that are however truly flat. Most of the weight of a CRT comes from the thick glass screen, which comprises 65% of the total weight of
5092-549: Was a revolution in digital display technology, replacing the Nixie tube for numeric displays and becoming the basis for later LED displays. In 1977, James P Mitchell prototyped and later demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat-panel LED television display. Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke at Eastman Kodak built the first practical organic LED (OLED) device in 1987. In 2003, Hynix produced an organic EL driver capable of lighting in 4,096 colors. In 2004,
5168-421: Was created. From 1949 to the early 1960s, there was a shift from circular CRTs to rectangular CRTs, although the first rectangular CRTs were made in 1938 by Telefunken. While circular CRTs were the norm, European TV sets often blocked portions of the screen to make it appear somewhat rectangular while American sets often left the entire front of the CRT exposed or only blocked the upper and lower portions of
5244-469: Was developed by Hewlett-Packard (HP) and introduced in 1968. It was the result of research and development (R&D) on practical LED technology between 1962 and 1968, by a research team under Howard C. Borden, Gerald P. Pighini, and Mohamed M. Atalla , at HP Associates and HP Labs . In February 1969, they introduced the HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric Indicator. It was the first alphanumeric LED display, and
5320-673: Was limited or has been ultimately abandoned: Static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable . This means that the image they hold requires no energy to maintain, but instead requires energy to change. This results in a much more energy-efficient display, but with a tendency toward slow refresh rates which are undesirable in an interactive display. Bistable flat-panel displays are beginning deployment in limited applications ( cholesteric liquid-crystal displays, manufactured by Magink, in outdoor advertising; electrophoretic displays in e-book reader devices from Sony and iRex; anlabels; interferometric modulator displays in
5396-523: Was made using TFTs by T. Peter Brody 's Thin-Film Devices department at Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1968. In 1973, Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD). Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using TFTs in 1974. By 1982, pocket LCD TVs based on LCD technology were developed in Japan. The 2.1-inch Epson ET-10 Epson Elf
5472-428: Was painted into the interior of monochrome CRTs. The anode is used to accelerate the electrons towards the screen and also collects the secondary electrons that are emitted by the phosphor particles in the vacuum of the CRT. The anode cap connection in modern CRTs must be able to handle up to 55–60kV depending on the size and brightness of the CRT. Higher voltages allow for larger CRTs, higher image brightness, or
5548-462: Was the fine mesh on the CRT to reduce glare. It was also notable for having a very slow phosphor refresh, which adversely created a ghosting effect with any video movement. The Apple Monitor III was also compatible with the entire Apple II series and numerous other computers through its standard composite video input jack. A monitor stand for the Monitor III was available from Apple, to accommodate
5624-452: Was the first color LCD pocket TV, released in 1984. In 1988, a Sharp research team led by engineer T. Nagayasu demonstrated a 14-inch full-color LCD, which convinced the electronics industry that LCD would eventually replace CRTs as the standard television display technology . As of 2013 , all modern high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active-matrix displays. The first usable LED display
5700-425: Was the first to transmit human faces in half-tones on a CRT display. In 1927, Philo Farnsworth created a TV prototype. The CRT was named in 1929 by inventor Vladimir K. Zworykin . He was subsequently hired by RCA , which was granted a trademark for the term "Kinescope", RCA's term for a CRT, in 1932; it voluntarily released the term to the public domain in 1950. In the 1930s, Allen B. DuMont made
5776-475: Was used to describe electron beams when they were first discovered, before it was understood that what was emitted from the cathode was a beam of electrons. In CRT TVs and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned repeatedly and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster . In color devices, an image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of three electron beams , one for each additive primary color (red, green, and blue) with
#75924