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49-570: The Apple Adjustable Keyboard is an ergonomic keyboard introduced by Apple Computer, Inc. in 1993 for the Macintosh family of personal computers . The keyboard attaches to the computer via the Apple Desktop Bus port. The last Apple computer released compatible with this keyboard without using a USB to ADB adapter was the Power Macintosh G3 (Blue and White) , as it was the last one with

98-420: A scissor-switch mechanism and features a detached number pad. The arrangement of the six-key nav/edit cluster is nonstandard, although the arrow keys are still laid out as an inverted-T. The Sculpt Ergonomic keyboard and mouse connect to the computer wirelessly using a 2.4 GHz radio through a proprietary USB dongle. The receiver and keyboard communicate using 128-bit AES encryption and are permanently paired at

147-461: A Klockenburg keyboard) is similar to a split keyboard, but the middle is tented up so that the index fingers are higher than the little fingers while typing. Key Ovation makes the Goldtouch ergonomic keyboard which is an adjustable angled split keyboard. On some ergonomic keyboards, the tenting angle is increased to 90° so the user types with their hands perpendicular to the ground, thumbs-up, similar to

196-477: A retail price of US$ 149.95 (equivalent to $ 220 in 2023). The biggest difference between the 7000 and 4000 keyboards, aside from wireless functionality, is the position of the status lights (Num Lock, Caps Lock, Scroll Lock, and F Lock). On the Natural Ergonomic 4000, these lights are on the wrist rest , centered vertically under the spacebar. In their place, on the Natural Ergonomic 7000 keyboard, resides

245-409: A retail price of US$ 64.95 (equivalent to $ 101 in 2023). This keyboard provides a significantly changed ergonomic design, including an integrated leatherette wrist rest , noticeably concave key banks, and a removable front stand to generate negative slope, which helps to straighten the wrist and allows the fingers to drop naturally onto the keys. The multimedia keys have again been redesigned, and

294-462: A retail price of US$ 64.95 (equivalent to $ 121 in 2023). Like the original Natural Keyboard, the Elite was manufactured by Key Tronic, who also assisted in its development. The Elite features a nonstandard layout of the six-key navigation/edit key cluster normally found above the cursor keys ( Ins / Del , Home / End , and PgUp / PgDn ). Another common criticism of

343-409: A room or to lean back on a chair while also being able to type in front or away from the computer. Some variations of handheld ergonomic keyboards also include a trackball mouse that allow mouse movement and typing included in one handheld device. A few ergonomic keyboards do not have the typical one key per letter, such as a keyer or a keyless ergonomic keyboard. For example, DataHand eliminates

392-541: A row of program shortcut keys along the top edge of the keyboard (above F1  —  F12 and the numeric keypad), including multimedia keys and power management keys . Vista and Windows 7 have the ability to customize shortcut key behavior without additional software when using the "internet keyboard" keyboard layout. Some other modern operating systems, such as FreeBSD and most Linux distributions, have comparable configuration options. The Natural Keyboard Pro also included an internal two-port USB hub , which

441-469: A single battery indicator light. The Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Desktop 7000 comes with a USB wireless dongle that connects both the mouse and the keyboard. The attachment to elevate the front of the keyboard is separate in the box. The Natural Ergonomic Desktop 7000 bundle also comes with batteries, a very brief user guide, a disk containing the Microsoft Intellitype and Intellipoint software, and

490-472: A single flat plane. Contoured- or dished-surface keyboards like the Maltron (1977) or the newer Kinesis Advantage line (1992+) are fixed split keyboards with tenting that place the keys into two curved depressions set approximately at shoulder width. The function keys, navigation keys, and modifiers such as ⇧ Shift , PgUp , etc. are set between the key groups for use with the thumbs. For these keyboards,

539-672: A variety of ergonomic keyboards for computers. The oldest is the Microsoft Natural Keyboard , released in 1994, the company's first computer keyboard . The newest models are the Sculpt Ergonomic Keyboard (2013), the Surface Ergonomic Keyboard (2016), and the Microsoft Ergonomic Keyboard (2019). In January 2024, Microsoft announced that it would license the design and manufacturing of

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588-404: Is also significantly quieter to type on, with less of the distinctive "click clack" noise that is common with older keyboards; as it is likely uses cheaper membrane key switches (as opposed to mechanical), which tend to be quieter but have twice as much travel before depression. The space bar, however, has been reported by several reviewers to be unusually noisy and difficult to depress. The 4000

637-680: Is available in two variants, Business and Retail. The exact differences are not known, although product descriptions imply that the packaging is different, and prices are often slightly higher for the Business edition. In June 2007, Microsoft introduced the Natural Wireless Ergonomic Keyboard 7000 as part of the Natural Ergonomic Desktop 7000 bundle, which includes the Natural Wireless Laser Mouse 7000 at

686-589: The Microsoft Office Keyboard . Another common criticism is that although the bunched arrow keys of previous generation has been fixed by returning to the standard inverted T layout, the six-key nav/edit cluster has been changed to a 2x3 vertical layout, with Ins moved to the F-Lock function of PrtScn/SysRq , and Del key expanded to double height. On the Natural Multimedia Keyboard,

735-590: The Surface Studio . The shape of the Surface Ergonomic keyboard is similar to the Sculpt, but the six-key navigation block returns to the standard two-row, three-column arrangement, and the number pad is integrated into right side of the Surface Ergonomic. The Surface is gray and the wrist pad is covered with Alcantara instead of the gloss black finish and vinyl wrist pad of the Sculpt. The Surface has also dropped

784-463: The Apple Desktop Bus. The Apple Adjustable Keyboard came with contoured plastic wrist rests, and a separate keypad with function keys and arrow keys . This was the third and last time Apple offered a separate numeric keypad . Unlike its predecessors, it was not sold separately. The keyboard also included volume buttons and a record button on the right side of the keyboard. It was hinged at

833-446: The Elite is that the arrow keys' inverted-T layout has been changed into a cross-like layout, with left/right arrows keys side by side and up/down keys bracketing them from above and below, increasing the distance between the vertical keys. Another significant change was the keyboard's adjustable feet. While the original Microsoft Natural Keyboard had feet in the front to generate reverse tilt, the Elite and its successors have their feet in

882-466: The Kinesis Advantage 360, Dactyl Manuform, and MoErgo Glove80. With a relatively small market, many are custom-built or sold as kits to be assembled by the user, with extensive customization options. Handheld ergonomic keyboards are designed to be held like a game controller, and can be used as such, instead of laid out flat on top of a table surface. They allow the user the ability to move around

931-523: The Microsoft Ergonomic Keyboard and Sculpt Ergonomic Keyboard to Incase , as part of an effort to focus more on its Surface -branded accessories. These products will be branded under the Incase name, but as designed by Microsoft. In general, ergonomic keyboards are designed to keep the user's arms and wrists in a near-neutral position, which means the slant angle (the lateral rotation angle for

980-617: The Natural Keyboard Elite, was introduced. As with most Microsoft keyboards, software (Microsoft IntelliType ) is bundled with the keyboard for both Mac OS X and Windows, allowing users to customize the function keys and modify keys fairly extensively. The Microsoft Natural Keyboard has had several upgrades and refreshes since its introduction. The first of these was the Natural Keyboard Elite , introduced in February 1998 at

1029-746: The Natural Wireless Laser Mouse 7000, which uses the same physical design as the Natural Wireless Laser Mouse 6000 with a different radio frequency. Microsoft introduced the Sculpt Ergonomic keyboard in August 2013 as part of the Sculpt Ergonomic Desktop bundle with the Sculpt Ergonomic mouse at a retail price of US$ 129.95 (equivalent to $ 170 in 2023). The keyboard was made available separately in "Business" packaging for US$ 80.95 (equivalent to $ 106 in 2023). The wireless keyboard uses

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1078-542: The back. The Natural Keyboard Elite was manufactured in at least two different color schemes; white with black lettering and black with white lettering. The third iteration was the Natural Keyboard Pro , introduced in June 1999 at a retail price of US$ 74.95 (equivalent to $ 137 in 2023). The Natural Keyboard Pro restored the standard inverted-T layout of the cursor keys and six-key nav/edit cluster 2×3 layout, and added

1127-487: The distance between the two halves of the keyboard. This ensures the elbows are not too close together when typing. On the other hand, adjustable split keyboards sometimes intimidate potential users, who may fear they may exacerbate or become more susceptible to repetitive strain injuries; fixed split keyboards like the Microsoft Natural have sold well in comparison. The angled split keyboard (sometimes referred to as

1176-496: The exception of physically split keyboards which have "sharply angled keyboard faces". There is evidence, however, that such keyboards are not well tolerated. Narrow studies examining hand position at rest neglect many other possible factors. For example, one should be aware that the effect of “ergonomic” keyboards is to change the musculoskeletal region exposed to risk, instead of eliminating hazardous postures. Microsoft ergonomic keyboards Microsoft has designed and sold

1225-400: The factory. Because of this, the dongle cannot be replaced and must occupy a USB port; this feature has attracted criticism as a Bluetooth connection would free up a USB port and ensure the keyboard could still be used even if the dongle was misplaced. Microsoft state the proprietary wireless connection eliminates any delay in waking the computer. Rather than using feet to elevate the back of

1274-418: The hand position adopted by accordion players. Because electric typewriters and computer keyboards no longer need to accommodate a mechanical linkage, the keys can be set in vertical columns without staggering, minimizing lateral finger movements when moving between rows. This vertical layout rearranges the keys into linear columns. If the rows remain aligned horizontally, the resulting ortholinear layout puts

1323-576: The horizontal desk surface) is 20 to 30°. The first generation of the Microsoft ergonomic keyboards, named the Natural Keyboard , was released in September 1994, designed for Microsoft Windows 95 and Novell Netware. It was designed for Microsoft by Ziba Design with assistance and manufacturing by Key Tronic . The Microswitch division of Honeywell , which was responsible for that company's keyboards and

1372-406: The increased width, which extends the reach needed to use the mouse for right-handed users. The Microsoft Ergonomic keyboard was introduced in 2019 and is the successor to the 4000 keyboard. Like the 4000, it is black, wired, contains three sections (from left to right, alphanumeric, navigation, and numeric keypad), and is not backlit. It loses the zoom toggle, the back/forward button under

1421-471: The indicator lights (Num Lock/Caps Lock/Scroll Lock) were moved to the receiver rather than the keyboard to conserve power. Some products boxed and marketed with this name feature keyboards labeled Microsoft Wireless Natural MultiMedia Keyboard and included a wireless receiver that has both PS/2 and USB connectors. In September 2005, Microsoft introduced the Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 at

1470-488: The keyboard, split keyboards typically change the angles and the distance between each section to ensure the user's wrists remain straight. There are three relevant angles: The distance between the sections usually is selected to reduce or eliminate the shoulder adduction that brings the user's hands toward the center of the keyboard, which on conventional keyboards with no opening angle can also result in an awkward wrist angle. Ergonomic split keyboards can be fixed, where

1519-475: The keyboard, the Sculpt Ergonomic keyboard comes with a reverse-tilt riser that snaps on to the bottom front edge of the keyboard using magnets. During development, the Sculpt keyboard was codenamed "Manta Ray" for its resemblance to the animal. The Microsoft Surface Ergonomic keyboard was announced in October 2016 at a retail price of US$ 129.95 (equivalent to $ 165 in 2023), alongside other accessories for

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1568-428: The keys in each half relative to the axis of the home row in a conventional keyboard) is approximately 10 to 12.5°, the slope (the angle of the keytop surfaces starting from the front edge closer to the user towards the top of the keyboard, relative to a horizontal plane) is -7.5°, and the tent or gable angle of each half (the angle of the keytops from the center of the keyboard towards its left and right edges, relative to

1617-687: The keys on an orthogonal grid. Other designs use vertical columns with staggered rows to compensate for the difference in finger lengths. A keyboard with vertical columns can require an adjustment period as the user retrains their finger movements. Some keyboards combine a split design with vertical or semi-vertical columns. Examples include the Truly Ergonomic keyboard (fixed split, staggered rows), ErgoDox (adjustable split, staggered rows), ZSA Moonlander, and Zergotech Freedom (adjustable split, semi-staggered rows) keyboards. The preceding split and vertical column keyboards arranged each key cluster onto

1666-412: The keys. For instance, typing on a conventional keyboard layout can force the user into shoulder elevation, wrist ulnar deviation, and head rotation. Consideration of physical ergonomics suggests the most relaxed typing position is one in which the keyboard user's forearms are parallel to the ground, with wrists held straight. To facilitate this posture, Klockenberg published a study in 1926 that suggested

1715-403: The layout may have been influenced by telegraph operators. The offset in the columns between rows was designed to accommodate the physical links between each key and the internal mechanisms of the typewriter; as typing duties transitioned to electric (motorized) typewriters and then computers, the layout was retained to ease the transition for users that had already been trained to type. However,

1764-420: The legacy mechanical layout has numerous idiosyncrasies, including the staggered column layout, which can force the user into uncomfortable, repetitive movements and postures. Several potential solutions have been proposed since at least 1926. Ergonomic keyboards, in essence, are created with the aim of minimizing discomfort in users' wrists and reducing unnecessary finger movements by rearranging or repositioning

1813-577: The need for any wrist motion or finger extension; each finger has five separate switches triggered by buttons or paddles. Advances in speech recognition have made it possible to eliminate the use of a keyboard altogether, particularly on smaller devices that lack traditional keyboard interfaces. It is widely claimed that an ergonomic keyboard may reduce muscle strain and reduce risk of carpal tunnel syndrome or other kinds of repetitive strain injury . With respect to "split" keyboards, quality studies that demonstrate injury reductions are lacking, with

1862-459: The option to add the magnetic front riser for negative slope. In addition, the Surface Ergonomic is connected wirelessly over Bluetooth instead of using a proprietary dongle. One reviewer noted the typing action of the Surface scissor switches was "more satisfying with improved quality" than the Sculpt. Paul Thurrott criticized the Surface Ergonomic keyboard for dropping the front riser option and

1911-511: The primary key clusters for two-handed typists should be split into left and right halves which are set at an angle to each other, allowing the wrists to remain straight. A more detailed study was published in 1972 by Kroemer, suggesting that an adjustable split keyboard may reduce user pain. During the 1970s, several studies were published suggesting that data entry operators were at risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries. Split keyboards group keys into two or more sections. By separating

1960-475: The resulting bowl-like key surfaces are intended to minimize and make consistent the finger extension required to strike keys away from the home row. In general, contoured keyboards also incorporate a vertical column layout with staggered rows for each hand. In this configuration, minimal movement of arms and wrists is required. Some keyboards combine vertical key columns and contoured surfaces with fully-adjustable (independent) split key clusters. Examples include

2009-439: The six-key nav/edit cluster has been fixed by returning to the standard 3×2 horizontal rectangular layout. The F Lock key now defaults to "on", providing the original function key features rather than the new "enhanced" functions, and retains its setting across reboots. The 4000 has the indicator lights for Caps lock, etc. moved back to between the banks of keys, although they are now below the space bar, rather than above. The 4000

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2058-425: The status indicator lights for Num lock , Scroll lock , and Caps lock were moved from between the banks of alphanumeric keys to a more traditional location above and to the right of the backspace key. The Natural Multimedia Keyboard was manufactured in at least three different color schemes, including white with blue accents, black with silver accents, and white with black accents. The Wireless Optical Desktop Pro

2107-495: The top, allowing the user to adjust the angle between the right and left sides of the keyboard. The split came between the key pairs: 5/6, T/Y, G/H, and B/N. The space bar floated midway between the two parts. The keyboard uses Alps SKFS switches, which provide tactile feedback with a slightly "clicky" feel. Ergonomic keyboard The common QWERTY keyboard layout is credited to the mechanical typewriter designed by C. Latham Sholes and patented in 1878; research indicates

2156-551: The two halves of the alphanumeric section. Although it was not the first ergonomic keyboard, it was the first widely available sub-$ 100 offering. The keyboard gained popularity quickly, exceeding Microsoft's forecast of 100,000 units sold by the end of 1994. Microsoft soon asked Key Tronic to ramp up production to 100,000 per month in 1995, and the Natural Keyboard sold over 600,000 per month at its peak. Over 3 million units had been sold by February 1998, when its successor,

2205-505: The user cannot change the relative angles and distance between the sections, or adjustable, which usually has two independent modules that allow these to be tailored exactly to the user. Fixed split keyboards are necessarily designed to accommodate a wide range of users, and can be set up rapidly to replicate a similar interface in different settings, but may not fit a specific user exactly. For example, people with broad shoulders may benefit from an adjustable split keyboard's ability to customize

2254-449: Was acquired by Key Tronic in early 1994, is also credited with design input. The keyboard uses a fixed-split design, with each half of the alphanumeric section separated, laterally rotated, and tilted upwards and down from the center of the keyboard. This key arrangement was ergonomically designed to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome and other repetitive strain injuries associated with typing for long periods of time. Another innovation

2303-455: Was commonly used to connect other input devices such as a mouse or trackball, but this was dropped in subsequent iterations. In September 2002, Microsoft introduced the redesigned Natural Multimedia Keyboard (sometimes styled as MultiMedia ) at a retail price of US$ 54.95 (equivalent to $ 93 in 2023). The Natural Multimedia Keyboard reworked the row of multimedia buttons and included the controversial F Lock feature, originally debuted in

2352-635: Was introduced alongside the Natural MultiMedia Keyboard in September 2002 at a retail price of US$ 104.95 (equivalent to $ 178 in 2023), That Desktop bundle included a wireless version of that keyboard, a wireless optical mouse (sold separately as the Wireless Optical Mouse blue ), a USB receiver, and an adapter to convert the USB plug to PS/2 for older systems. The finish of the mouse and keyboard were changed to black with silver accents, and

2401-544: Was the integrated wrist pad helping to ensure correct posture while sitting at the computer and further reducing strain on the neck, arms and wrists. This keyboard also introduced three new keys purposed for Microsoft's upcoming operating system : two Windows logo keys ( ⊞ Win ) between the Ctrl and Alt keys on each side, and a ≣ Menu key between the right Windows and Ctrl keys. The three Num Lock/Caps Lock/Scroll Lock status lights are arranged vertically between

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