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58-521: The Appendix Probi ("Probus' Appendix") is the conventional name for a series of five documents believed to have been copied in the seventh or eighth century in Bobbio , Italy. Its name derives from the fact that the documents were found attached to a copy of the Instituta Artium , a treatise named after (but probably not written by) the first-century grammarian Marcus Valerius Probus . The Appendix

116-561: A belt of northeast-southwest mountains on the coast of northwest Italy folded by transverse thrusting from sedimentary rock . The streams draining it run primarily in a northeastern direction perpendicular to the line of the folds and project into the Po river an average of 50 km (31 mi) from the source. The eroded landscape of the north Apennines covers about 2,800 km (1,100 sq mi). For much of their lengths, these heavily braided streams run through montane terrain that

174-564: A carelessly transcribed water-damaged manuscript of the 7th or 8th century which is kept at the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III as MS Lat. 1 (formerly Vindobonensis 17). Note that the format is "[correct spelling], not [incorrect spelling]". Scribal abbreviations have been expanded. Bobbio Bobbio is the administrative center of the Unione Montana Valli Trebbia e Luretta . It

232-618: A centre of learning during the Middle Ages , and was renowned for its Scriptorium and library. In the 10th century, there were 700 codices; but its decline in the 15th century led to the dispersal of the library. The monastery was officially suppressed by the French in 1803. This monastery was in part the model for the great monastery in Umberto Eco 's 1980 novel The Name of the Rose . In 1014 Bobbio

290-467: A literary competition open to young Italian and foreign writers of fiction and poetry. The competition from young unsigned talent and contribute to emerge and become known and appreciated by audiences and critics. Or experts will be recognized and awards for top entries there will be opportunities for public amenities, while those who are established as the winner will get free advertising and inclusion in all contexts of narrative. Piazza Santa Fara parallel in

348-473: A much sought-after course for the Christmas Eve or the celebrated maccheroni hand made pasta done with the aid of the knitting needle and served with a tasty beef stew sauce. In the right season it is possible to taste the flavoured products of the surrounding woods such as mushrooms and truffles. And last but not least the numerous locally produced wines all of excellent quality. Tradition says that were

406-478: A number of critters (squirrel, dormouse, hedgehog, hare, badger, fox, wolf, wild boar, pheasant, partridge, and many birds) and where a great variety of trees and flowers grow (aromatic herbs, broom, beech, oak, pine, chestnut, spruce, larch). Known to the ancients as Bobium or Ebovium , the town underwent many settlements from the Neolithic Age up to the contemporary one. Several archaeological finds testify to

464-470: A result, it became one of the principal centres of religious culture in medieval Italy, home to a library and basilica. The possessions of the abbey in the Lombard and Carolingian eras spanned the north of Italy. Bobbio is a coveted tourist destination known for its history of art and culture, for nature lovers, and for its ancient monuments. It has from antiquity been a crossroads between different cultures such as

522-409: Is also known for the sausage : salami, Cups, bacon, Piacenza PDO , sausages of various kinds, and cotechini and zampone . Some art historians, including Carla Glori , have suggested that Bobbio and its three-arched Ponte Gobbo (which was destroyed in 1472) are the landscape in the background of Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa . Bobbio is recognized as a City of Art and Culture . From 2006

580-554: Is at roughly 800 m (2,600 ft). Across a small ridge to the west, on which sits Torriglia, and slightly further downslope is the source of the Scrivia river. Over a ridge to the northeast is the Brugneto reservoir, water supply for Genoa . The reservoir was created in 1959 by damming Brugneto stream, which formerly joined its waters to the Trebbia, but now only does so when the reservoir

638-594: Is full. A ridge running north from Prelà connects to Monte Druso, then to Monte Cremado, and finally to Monte Antola at 1,597 m (5,240 ft). From its peak on a clear day can be seen Genoa, Corsica , the Tuscan Archipelago and the Alps . From its source the river flows towards north-east for 118 km (73 mi) until it reaches the Po just to the west of Piacenza . The Alta Val Trebbia ("High Trebbia Valley") includes

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696-438: Is minimally developed, is known for its wildlife, and remains in a pristine state. The sediment eroded from the mountains is deposited in alluvial fans and terraces in the Po valley, which is heavily populated and in ancient times flooded regularly. Diking has prevented much of the flooding but now due to confinement of deposition within the stream beds significant lengths of stream run entirely above ground, in places as high as

754-504: Is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). Bobbio is located in the heart of Val Trebbia, a valley described by Ernest Hemingway as "the most beautiful in the world". The town is nestled at the foot of Monte Penice , 1,460 metres (4,790 ft) above sea level, on the left bank of the river Trebbia. Its history is identified with the Abbey founded in 614 by St. Columbanus an Irish missionary, and as

812-522: Is the village of Coli, situated between pinewoods and pasture fields. The river Trebbia is the backbone of Bobbio and its surrounding territory. It springs in Liguria on Mount Prelà and flows 120 kilometres (75 mi) to reach the river Po . Its waters are fresh, clean and run between stones and rocks outlining a twisting journey through overhangs and waterfalls. The Trebbia valley is known among international scholars for its geology. Common activities on

870-544: Is within the endemic range of Moltoni's warbler , a subspecies of Sylvia cantillans better known in the western Mediterranean islands. The birds forage for insects in mixed shrubland of varying heights and both broad-leaved and coniferous composition. The other birds include Buteo buteo , Falco tinnunculus , Accipiter nisus , Pernis apivorus , Cinclus cinclus , Charadrius dubius , Motacilla alba , Motacilla flava , Alcedo atthis , Alectoris rufa and Picus viridis . The northern Apennines are

928-698: The Contea of Bobbio and Voghera ; in 1516 the area formed the Marchesate of Bobbio . The town became part of the domains of the House of Savoy in 1748 after the Wars of Succession and formed the Province of Bobbio . In 1796 the French arrived in Italy and only four years later Napoleon suppressed the monastery and sold its treasures. From 1815 to 1859 Bobbio and its province were included in

986-654: The Middle Pleistocene . The loess initially accumulated on gravelled terraces deriving from native rock. Judging from the archaeological evidence, the Trebbia valley has been continuously occupied since the end of the Acheulian in the Paleolithic , about 150000 years ago. In the Mesolithic various summer camps for high-altitude hunting were located in the valley. Neolithic cultures were at first diverse (4500 BC). Later in

1044-517: The Province of Pavia in southernmost Lombardy follows the Trebbia for about 2,000 m (6,600 ft) where it bends around Ponte Organasco, so that some of the river and bottom lands are in Lombardy. Further downstream the valley opens to accommodate Corte Brugnatella and then closes to form steep sides again. Receiving the Torrente Carlone from the left it enters Bobbio on the left bank. Here

1102-571: The monferrina , the jig two. The choir takes its name from Gerbert of Aurillac who was the abbot of the monastery of St. Columban in Bobbio around the year one thousand and later became Pope with the name of Sylvester II . Gerbert was not only a scholar of astronomy , mathematics and philosophy , but also of music . Founded by Don Michele Tosi in the 60s the choir reconstituted itself after more than 20 years of inactivity in November 1998, thanks to

1160-520: The torrents Aveto and Perino (from the right) and the torrent Boreca (from the left). The source of the river, the Trebbia river spring, is in the Ligurian Apennines on the south slopes of Monte Prelà , to the south of Monte Antola in the comune of Torriglia , Province of Genoa . Monte Prelà, 1,407 m (4,616 ft) high, is part of the Antola massif. The spring is not on the peak but

1218-646: The Department of Genoa, then passed to Pavia and finally in 1923 to Piacenza. On 7 July 1944, the partisan resistance in Italy conquered the town, formed the Republic of Bobbio and governed it autonomously until it was crushed by the Germans on 27 August, the same year. The bishopric dates from 1014. On 30 September 1986, the Diocese was suppressed and merged with Archdiocese of Genoa . Since 1989, Bobbio has been united with

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1276-554: The Diocese of Piacenza to form the Diocese of Piacenza-Bobbio . Recent historical-artistic studies and confirmed scientific hypotheses have shown that the landscape that is the background to Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa is taken from Bobbio. The landscape that forms the background to the picture is that of Bobbio seen from the Malaspina Dal Verme Castle, according to the scientific researcher Carla Glori. Furthermore, on

1334-570: The Longobard Age, the army leader Sundrarit enjoyed the income of the salt-works sited on the right side of the river Trebbia . Now in San Martino, 1.5 km. from the centre of the town, the spa building Therm of Bobbio , first opened in July 1904 and is currently undergoing restoration for the creation of a modern health centre and a spa where you will be treated diseases of the respiratory system and

1392-738: The Neolithic, at about 4000 BC, the Square-mouthed pottery culture began to prevail; at about 3000 BC, the Chassey-Lagozza culture of the Chalcolithic . The Bronze Age population resided in settlements located at positions with natural defenses. Etruscan elements began in the Iron Age , about the 5th century BC. Celtic artifacts immediately preceded the Roman presence. Along its eastern banks in 218 BC

1450-458: The Perino Valley or the ancient characteristic villages of Aglio and Pradovera. On the same road but in the direction of Genova and 4 kilometres (2 mi) from Bobbio is San Salvatore, a little village with a wonderful view of the river's meanderings. A few kilometres upstream is Marsaglia and Brugnello, with the ancient Church of Brugnello overlooking the river Trebbia. From Bobbio, taking

1508-608: The Piacentine, Ligurian, Piedmontese and Pavian. The historical centre and heart of the city has maintained the characteristics of the medieval village. One town landmark, the Ponte Vecchio, called Ponte Gobbo (Hunchback Bridge), also known as the Devil's Bridge , is an ancient stone bridge of Roman origin, which crosses the river Trebbia in eleven irregular arches. The Shrine of Our Lady of Penice, located on top of Monte Penice , dominates

1566-508: The Po. Geologically the course of the lower Trebbia and that of the Po is unstable except where stabilized by man. Nearly the whole course of the river is paralleled by the Strada statale della Val Trebbia , highway SS45, running between Piacenza and Genoa. It encounters the river at Rivergaro and winds with it through the mountains, breaking away just below the source to bend southwest over the ridges to Genoa. The following trees are predominant in

1624-528: The basis of these historical-artistic studies, she is identified as Bianca Giovanna Sforza, the girl portrayed in the painting by Leonardo da Vinci. On the right side is the Palazzo Vescovile ("Bishop's Palace", 11th century), partially renewed in 1448; there is also the garden of the cathedral. On the left side is the Bobbio historical archives : sited into the premises of the Old Seminary , founded in

1682-538: The community. In addition to the provinces of the four dances (famously jig Bobbio Bala Ghidon ), there are tracks for the Carlin May – Cantamaggio , with variant of the feast of the Santa Croce , marriage, Lever ( Leva Levon to Santa Maria) and that recall places and events related to the past (the song Draghin ). The dances, in addition to waltz , polka and mazurka you can meet archaic dances such as: Alexandria,

1740-614: The districts. Positioned in the heart of four provinces ( Alessandria in Piedmont – Genoa , in Liguria – Pavia , in Lombardy – Piacenza , in Emilia-Romagna ), Bobbio can boast a very old musical tradition, linked to the use of an instrument, the piffero ( oboe popular double-reed), which accompanied by accordion , brings a vast repertoire of songs that marked the various stages of life of

1798-527: The efforts of former choir members and of young maestro Edo Mazzoni. The repertoire includes 30 items comprising traditional mountain songs, folklore and songs. The local gastronomy is influenced by the different traditions of the near regions: Liguria, Piemonte, Lombardia and Emilia. As part of the kitchen Piacenza, Bobbio occupies a prominent position could include a series of original local dishes and desserts that are passed down from many generations: The snails of Bobbio that from survival food have become

Appendix Probi - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-468: The film judged the best among those proposed. To review films that work as he moved in the cloister of Saint Columban, where traditionally takes the event. In parallel, the laboratory continues Farecinema that will become a film school and acting, and the town of Bobbio and has also become a movie set with the possibility of participation of extras also taken from the street. From 2008 the local newspaper publisher and Pontegobbo piacentino Freedom indicate

1914-543: The following species: Juniperus communis , Rubus fruticosus , Rubus idaeus , Polygala chamaebuxus , Daphne mezereum , Vaccinium myrtillus , Cornus mas , Euonymus europaea , Cytisus sessilifolius , Erica arborea , Ruscus aculeatus , Clematis vitalba , Lonicera caprifolium , Crataegus oxyacantha , Rosa canina , Spartium junceum . The ferns are Polypodium volgare , Asplenium ruta-muraria , Dryopteris filix-mas , Pteridium aquilinum , Notholaena marantae . The Val Trebbia

1972-723: The forests of Val Trebbia: Fagus silvatica at 800 m (2,600 ft) to 1,500 m (4,900 ft); over 1500 m: Sorbus aucuparia , Sorbus aria , Laburnum anagyroides , Acer pseudoplatanus , Abies alba , Larix decidua , Alnus incana , Populus tremula ; below 1,000 m (3,300 ft): Quercus cerris , Quercus sessiflora , Quercus pubescens , Ostrya carpinifolia , Carpinus betulus , Fraxinus ornus , Acer campestre , Ulmus campestris , Populus alba , Populus canescens , Alnus glutinosa , Prunus avium , Pirus communis , Malus communis , Corylus avellana ; below 800 m (2,600 ft): Castanea sativa . The shrubbery includes

2030-551: The high valley ends and the valley becomes the Val Trebbia. The river goes on under a good many small communities located up on the flanks of the hills before reaching the next good-sized town on it, Travo , and then Rivergaro . Here the val ends. It widens and merges with the Pianura Padana , "plain of the Po", beyond Rivergaro and a few miles later encounters the suburban communities on the west side of Piacenza before entering

2088-547: The landscape, and is also visited in winter for its ski resorts. Historians have speculated that Bobbio was the town in which Leonardo da Vinci completed the Mona Lisa . Carla Glori in December 2011 has published her book Enigma Leonardo:decifrazioni e scoperte where the background of the portrait has been identified as the landscape of Bobbio. Bobbio is 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Piacenza and from there it can be reached by

2146-489: The many gateways to the medieval city existing in the 12th century: Alcarina, Fringuella, Agazza, Legleria and Nova. The event is held on the 2nd Sunday of August is organized by Pro Loco, open in the early afternoon from the historical procession that will wind from the Castle along the downtown streets to St. Fara Square, saw representatives from each district compete in the historic city centre in various contests of skill to decree

2204-604: The mid-12th century, they keep precious parchments and fragments of ancient codes dated from the 9th century to the 15th century. Available on microfilm the reproduction of all documents referred to Bobbio. Two museums are located within the abbey complex, one devoted to the abbey and one to the town. Among the exhibits is a much-admired carved ivory "bucket" of the 4th century AD. In the outskirts of Bobbio, there are many water springs rich in sodium chloride, bromine and iodine. When their curative properties were not known these waters were exploited to obtain salt. Indeed, already during

2262-437: The next town, Ottone . Below Ottone Val Boreca enters from the left opposite the frazione of Losso. The Boreca is a mountain brook falling from the heights of the "four provinces" region generally too small to be shown on maps but visible in satellite photographs. Just below Zerba (from which it is accessed) its waters are impounded by a dam diverting them through the turbines of a hydroelectric power station. The border with

2320-428: The point of view and landscape view, provided the attention to driving, in several sections, where allowed, they should stop to admire the territory of considerable value in each season, useful to bring a good camera. Trebbia The Trebbia (stressed Trèbbia ; Latin : Trebia ) is a river predominantly of Liguria and Emilia Romagna in northern Italy . It is one of the four main right-bank tributaries of

2378-457: The porch of Saint Columban, the event is held in Piazza managed by Pontegobbo Books, with the chance to meet and buy works of historical fiction local tourism. The Palio is a manifestation of medieval origin, which sees the challenge of the contrada members in various contests of skill, for the conquest of the cloth that crowns the winning contrada. The five historic districts of Bobbio are named after

Appendix Probi - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-593: The presence of Liguri , Boii ( Gauls of Celtic origin), and from the 4th century BC the Romans . But the history of Bobbio is tied to the existence of the Abbey founded in 614 by the Irish monk Saint Columbanus (It. Colombano), who received the district from the Longobard King Agilulf . Bobbio Abbey increased its possessions and became one of the principal seats of culture and religion of Northern Italy and

2494-792: The river Po , the other three being the Tanaro , the Secchia and the Panaro . Along its eastern banks in 218 BC was fought one of the battles of the Second Punic War : the Battle of Trebbia , where Hannibal defeated a Roman consular army. The 1,150-square-kilometre (440 sq mi) drainage basin is divided among Emilia Romagna, 770 square kilometres (300 sq mi), Liguria, 349 square kilometres (135 sq mi), and Lombardy , 31 square kilometres (12 sq mi). Its principal tributaries are

2552-475: The river include hiking, swimming, sunbathing, canoeing, canyoning and fishing. Trout, balbels and chubs can be found in the river. The territory around Bobbio is characterized by the Apennines, which influence the climate, contributing cool air in summer and protecting the town from cold winds and fog in winter. On the surrounding mountains are find cultivated fields and pastures, and the woods are habitats for

2610-628: The rooftops. This is a development of the previous thousand years. The native rock differs between the two banks. On the left is mainly sedimentary rock, the Monte Antola limestone, which is actually a marlstone . On the right is both sedimentary and metamorphic rock : ophiolite , serpentinite , basalt , jasper . Val Trebbia is covered with a blanket of rich soil reddish or brown in color from hematite an average of 4 m (13 ft) deep. It consists of loess deposited in layers during periods of glacial maxima beginning about 400000 years ago in

2668-458: The same monks arrived with Saint Columbanus who started the growing of the vine after it was abandoned during the dark age of Middle age. Bobbio is located at the foot of Ligurian Apennines, in the territory known as Colli Piacentini , near DOC for the production of typical wines such as Gutturnio , Trebbianino Trebbia Val, Barbera, Bonarda , Ortrugo , Malvasia, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot (other: Riesling, Dolcetto, Muscat and Merlot). Bobbio

2726-467: The skin. The town of Bobbio has its own film festival director Marco Bellocchio is born from the Laboratory Farecinema , and would eventually become the film competition Bobbio Film Festival. "Farecinema – meet the authors" is the brainchild of Maestro Marco Bellocchio who wanted to create in his hometown, Bobbio, a laboratory for teaching the art of film direction. Already the first edition

2784-430: The state road n. 45, which connects Piacenza to Genova. From Pavia, the route to Bobbio is via road n. 461 and Pass Penice. From Bobbio, the road to Piacenza is only a few minutes from Barberino Orrido, an overlook of the river Trebbia . Continuing in the same direction you enter the village of Mezzano Scotti, and a few kilometres afterwards, the little village called Perino. It is an ideal starting point for visiting

2842-512: The state road n. 461 for Pavia after 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) you reach Passo Penice (1145 m) where there is a ski resort on the top of the Monte Penice (1460 m). This is the location of the ancient Virgin Penice Sanctuary with a view of the region; a few kilometres downhill, near Ceci, is a cross country ski run. On the other side of the river just 10 kilometres (6 mi) from Bobbio

2900-434: The summer, as the manifestation Summer bobbies and Thursday bobbies . Among the hundreds of events we can indicate the most followed: Addition, every Saturday morning on the main square, is held the traditional and ancient fair-market , with stalls and markets of various kinds with local produce and Agrobiologica. From reports the efficiency of communications: in particular the main artery SS 45 Val Trebbia , in fact, it

2958-513: The valley down to Bobbio . It straddles eight comuni of the Province of Genoa: Torriglia, Rondanina , Propata , Fascia , Montebruno , Rovegno , Fontanigorda and Gorreto . Each of these contains numerous hamlets, some on the river, most on the slopes. Gorreto is on the Ligurian side of the border with Piacenza province . Past Gorreto the Trebbia flows under a few mountain villages arriving at

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3016-610: The winner. The contrada members dressed in the colours of belonging will compete in five challenges: Racing Towers, Launch egg, Rat race Castellana and finally the Greasy Pole in the Cathedral Square. For the younger ones, there is the Palio of the Child. The final prize giving with the delivery of the "Palio" concludes the challenge, while at night in every square frame will hold their dinners of

3074-632: Was awarded the Bandiera arancione (it. orange Flag) by Touring Club Italiano , as the high-medieval centre of tourist interest, which stands for excellence and hospitality, and it is also inserted into the World Tourism Organization . From 2008 is also part of the club The most beautiful villages in Italy (it. I Borghi più belli d'Italia), which included 149 villages throughout the Italian territory. The events are yearly, many are concentrated in

3132-628: Was erected a City and Episcopal See and surrounded by city walls that form the Contea of Bobbio . The city lay in the region of Liguria but in 1230 Piacenza conquered Bobbio and its dominion lasted until the 14th century when the Contea of Bobbio passed, first, under the rule of the Malaspina , and then under the rule of the Visconti , the dukes of Milan. In 1387 the city passed to the Dal Verme family and formed

3190-432: Was fought one of the battles of the Second Punic War : the Battle of Trebbia , where Hannibal defeated a Roman consular army. The name of the river is first known from Polybius , who wrote in the middle Roman Republic , but used materials dating to earlier. Which people first assigned it and during which period remains unclear. Without knowing the probable language the few etymologies are highly speculative. In 1799

3248-415: Was held, parallel to the laboratory, an evening film festival open to the public with a film club at the end of screenings where people participated representing the film projected. In 2005 becomes the exhibition Festival, taking the name of "Bobbio Film Festival" and Marco Bellocchio establishing the award "The Hunchback of Gold" in reference to symbols of Bobbio, the medieval Ponte Gobbo , which will reward

3306-486: Was likely composed in Rome around the first half of the fourth century AD. It is specifically the third of the five documents that has attracted scholarly attention, as it contains a list of 227 spelling mistakes, along with their corrections, which shed light on the phonological and grammatical changes that the local vernacular was experiencing in the early stages of its development into Romance . The text survives only in

3364-405: Was partly renovated, but still stretches of road with a strong characterization of other times with the logical consequences, lend, so the utmost care when you are in travel it is advised caution and moderation in the rate since the stroke, especially among Rivergaro and Perino, very twisty corners with poor visibility and bumpy surface. The section of road mentioned above are quite interesting from

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