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33-468: In 1125 the place is referred to as Apls , a Celtic word for water . Appels is located near the river Scheldt and is home to Appels Veer , one of the oldest, still operating ferry slips and services in the country. Appels Veer was mentioned in a document confirming the transfer of rights to operate it from Guy of Dampierre , Count of Flanders, to Gregorius, Lord of Appels, in 1253. Every year, in July,

66-614: A branch of the Indo-European language family , descended from Proto-Celtic . The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, following Paul-Yves Pezron , who made the explicit link between the Celts described by classical writers and the Welsh and Breton languages. During the first millennium BC, Celtic languages were spoken across much of Europe and central Anatolia . Today, they are restricted to

99-796: A comment to Paul the Apostle's Epistle to the Galatians that "apart from the Greek language, which is spoken throughout the entire East, the Galatians have their own language, almost the same as the Treveri ". The capital of the Treveri was Trier , where Jerome had settled briefly after studying in Rome. In the 6th century AD, Cyril of Scythopolis suggested that the language was still being spoken in his own day when he related

132-466: A common Italo-Celtic subfamily. This hypothesis fell somewhat out of favour after reexamination by American linguist Calvert Watkins in 1966. Irrespectively, some scholars such as Ringe, Warnow and Taylor and many others have argued in favour of an Italo-Celtic grouping in 21st century theses. Although there are many differences between the individual Celtic languages, they do show many family resemblances. Examples: The lexical similarity between

165-481: A rich literary tradition . The earliest specimens of written Celtic are Lepontic inscriptions from the 6th century BC in the Alps. Early Continental inscriptions used Italic and Paleohispanic scripts. Between the 4th and 8th centuries, Irish and Pictish were occasionally written in an original script, Ogham , but Latin script came to be used for all Celtic languages. Welsh has had a continuous literary tradition from

198-496: A story that a monk from Galatia was temporarily possessed by Satan and unable to speak; when he recovered from the "possession", he could respond to the questioning of others only in his native Galatian tongue. Of the language only a few glosses and brief comments in classical writers and scattered names on inscriptions survive. Altogether they add up to about 120 words, including place and personal names. Scattered vocabulary terms mentioned by Greek authors include ἀδάρκα ( adarka ),

231-449: A type of plant; αδες ( ades ), "feet"; βαρδοί ( bardoi ), "singing poets, bards"; μάρκα ( marka ), "horse" and τριμαρκισία ( trimarkisia ), "three-horse battle group". Only three common nouns are certainly attested, and only two of them of Celtic origin. All are attested in Greek sources and are declined as if Greek. Both taskos and droungos are given by Epiphanius of Salamis in his Panarion in an effort to elucidate

264-523: Is almost certainly an independent branch on the Celtic genealogical tree, one that became separated from the others very early." The Breton language is Brittonic, not Gaulish, though there may be some input from the latter, having been introduced from Southwestern regions of Britain in the post-Roman era and having evolved into Breton. In the P/Q classification schema, the first language to split off from Proto-Celtic

297-562: Is an official language of Ireland and of the European Union . Welsh is the only Celtic language not classified as endangered by UNESCO . The Cornish and Manx languages became extinct in modern times but have been revived. Each now has several hundred second-language speakers. Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic form the Goidelic languages , while Welsh, Cornish and Breton are Brittonic . All of these are Insular Celtic languages , since Breton,

330-591: Is still quite contested, and the main argument for Insular Celtic is connected with the development of verbal morphology and the syntax in Irish and British Celtic, which Schumacher regards as convincing, while he considers the P-Celtic/Q-Celtic division unimportant and treats Gallo-Brittonic as an outdated theory. Stifter affirms that the Gallo-Brittonic view is "out of favour" in the scholarly community as of 2008 and

363-537: The 2000s led to the reemergence of native speakers for both languages following their adoption by adults and children. By the 21st century, there were roughly one million total speakers of Celtic languages, increasing to 1.4 million speakers by 2010. Gaelainn / Gaeilig / Gaeilic Celtic is divided into various branches: Scholarly handling of Celtic languages has been contentious owing to scarceness of primary source data. Some scholars (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) posit that

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396-474: The 3rd century BC up to at least the 4th century AD. Some sources suggest that it was still spoken in the 6th century. Galatian was contemporary with, and closely related to, Gaulish . The Galatian language, based on onomastic evidence (as no texts written in Galatian have yet been discovered), seems to have closely resembled Gaulish of western and central Europe. The language was introduced to Anatolia in

429-764: The 3rd century BC, when Celtic tribes – notably the Tectosages , Trocmii , and Tolistobogii – migrated south from the Balkans. According to the Greek historian Strabo , the Tectosages of Anatolia were related to the Volcae Tectosages of Gaul ; the parent tribe of both branches, the Volcae , originally lived in central Europe. Sometime in AD 48–55, the Apostle Paul wrote his Epistle to

462-581: The 6th century AD. SIL Ethnologue lists six living Celtic languages, of which four have retained a substantial number of native speakers. These are: the Goidelic languages ( Irish and Scottish Gaelic , both descended from Middle Irish ) and the Brittonic languages ( Welsh and Breton , descended from Common Brittonic ). The other two, Cornish (Brittonic) and Manx (Goidelic), died out in modern times with their presumed last native speakers in 1777 and 1974 respectively. Revitalisation movements in

495-613: The Galatians in Greek , the medium of communication in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire . This may mean that Galatians at the time were already bilingual in Greek, as St. Jerome later reports. However, scholars are divided as to whether Paul was writing to Greek Galatians or to the Hellenized descendants of the Celtic Galatians. Lucian of Samosata recorded in circa AD 180 that

528-550: The Gallic and Brittonic languages are P-Celtic, while the Goidelic and Hispano-Celtic (or Celtiberian) languages are Q-Celtic. The P-Celtic languages (also called Gallo-Brittonic ) are sometimes seen (for example by Koch 1992) as a central innovating area as opposed to the more conservative peripheral Q-Celtic languages. According to Ranko Matasovic in the introduction to his 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic : "Celtiberian ...

561-485: The Insular Celtic hypothesis "widely accepted". When referring only to the modern Celtic languages, since no Continental Celtic language has living descendants, "Q-Celtic" is equivalent to "Goidelic" and "P-Celtic" is equivalent to "Brittonic". How the family tree of the Celtic languages is ordered depends on which hypothesis is used: " Insular Celtic hypothesis " " P/Q-Celtic hypothesis " Eska evaluates

594-461: The Insular Celtic languages were probably not in great enough contact for those innovations to spread as part of a sprachbund . However, if they have another explanation (such as an SOV substratum language), then it is possible that P-Celtic is a valid clade, and the top branching would be: Within the Indo-European family, the Celtic languages have sometimes been placed with the Italic languages in

627-487: The Larzac piece of lead (1983), the analysis of which reveals another common phonetical innovation -nm- > -nu (Gaelic ainm / Gaulish anuana , Old Welsh enuein 'names'), that is less accidental than only one. The discovery of a third common innovation would allow the specialists to come to the conclusion of a Gallo-Brittonic dialect (Schmidt 1986; Fleuriot 1986). The interpretation of this and further evidence

660-454: The P-/Q-Celtic hypothesis. Proponents of each schema dispute the accuracy and usefulness of the other's categories. However, since the 1970s the division into Insular and Continental Celtic has become the more widely held view (Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; Schrijver 1995), but in the middle of the 1980s, the P-/Q-Celtic theory found new supporters (Lambert 1994), because of the inscription on

693-530: The break-up much earlier at 3200 BC ± 1500 years. They support the Insular Celtic hypothesis. The early Celts were commonly associated with the archaeological Urnfield culture , the Hallstatt culture , and the La Tène culture , though the earlier assumption of association between language and culture is now considered to be less strong. There are legitimate scholarly arguments for both the Insular Celtic hypothesis and

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726-572: The compound ebrwydd "swift"], Breton ebeul , foal), *māro- (cf. Gaulish -māros , Old Irish mór , Welsh mawr , Breton meur ) "great", and *rig(o)- , "king" (cf. Gaulish -rīx/-reix , Irish rí , Welsh rhi ; cognate with Gothic -reiks , Latin rēx ). Examples include: Tribal names include Ambitouti (Old Irish imm- , Welsh am "around"; Old Irish tuath , Welsh tut , "tribe"), Ριγόσαγες ( Rigosages , "King-Seekers"; cf. Old Irish saigid "goes towards, seeks out", Welsh haeddu , verbal suffix -ha- "seeking"), and Τεκτόσαγες ( Tectosages , cf.

759-494: The different Celtic languages is apparent in their core vocabulary , especially in terms of actual pronunciation . Moreover, the phonetic differences between languages are often the product of regular sound change (i.e. lenition of /b/ into /v/ or Ø). Galatian language Galatian is an extinct Celtic language once spoken by the Galatians in Galatia , in central Anatolia ( Asian part of modern Turkey ), from

792-474: The evidence as supporting the following tree, based on shared innovations , though it is not always clear that the innovations are not areal features . It seems likely that Celtiberian split off before Cisalpine Celtic, but the evidence for this is not robust. On the other hand, the unity of Gaulish, Goidelic, and Brittonic is reasonably secure. Schumacher (2004, p. 86) had already cautiously considered this grouping to be likely genetic, based, among others, on

825-1238: The largest county fair in Dendermonde is held in Appels. During that weekend an Ommegang featuring the Peird van Appels , a large processional giant depicting the magical horse Bayard , is celebrated. In 1934 a dredge found an oak ship fragment that became known as the Appels dragonhead . It was originally thought to be Viking and was sold to the British Museum . Closer investigation revealed it to be Late Roman Iron Age and most likely Saxon in origin. Celtic languages Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Celtic languages ( / ˈ k ɛ l t ɪ k / KEL -tik ) are

858-718: The name of the gnostic sect of the Tascodrugites . Although he has the correct meaning of droungos , he gives taskos as meaning "peg". It almost certainly means "badger". The word hus is not of Celtic origin, but was borrowed into Galatian from another language. The attested Galatian personal names are similar to those found elsewhere in the ancient Celtic-speaking world. Many are compound names containing common Celtic roots such as *brog- , "country, territory" (cf. Old Irish mruig , Welsh and Breton bro ; cognate with Latin margo and Gothic marka ), *epo- , "horse" (Old Irish ech , Welsh eb- [in ebol "pony" and

891-455: The northwestern fringe of Europe and a few diaspora communities . There are six living languages: the four continuously living languages Breton , Irish , Scottish Gaelic and Welsh , and the two revived languages Cornish and Manx . All are minority languages in their respective countries, though there are continuing efforts at revitalisation . Welsh is an official language in Wales and Irish

924-407: The only living Celtic language spoken in continental Europe, is descended from the language of settlers from Britain. There are a number of extinct but attested continental Celtic languages , such as Celtiberian , Galatian and Gaulish . Beyond that there is no agreement on the subdivisions of the Celtic language family. They may be divided into P-Celtic and Q-Celtic . The Celtic languages have

957-461: The primary distinction is between Continental Celtic and Insular Celtic , arguing that the differences between the Goidelic and Brittonic languages arose after these split off from the Continental Celtic languages. Other scholars (such as Schmidt 1988) make the primary distinction between P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages based on the replacement of initial Q by initial P in some words. Most of

990-468: The prophet Alexander of Abonoteichus was able to find Celtic-speaking interpreters for his oracles in Paphlagonia (immediately northeast of Galatia). The physician Galen of Pergamon in the late 2nd century AD complained that the commonly spoken Greek of his day was being corrupted by borrowings of foreign words from languages such as Galatian. In the 4th century, St. Jerome (Hieronymus) wrote in

1023-944: The related Volcae Tectosages tribe of Gaul, "Travel-seekers"; Old Irish techt , "going, proceeding", Welsh taith , "journey, voyage"). Attested divine names include βουσσουριγίος ( Bussurīgios ) and Σουωλιβρογηνός ( Suolibrogēnos ), both identified with the Greek king of the gods Zeus , and Ούινδιεινος ( Uindieinos ), perhaps the tutelary god of the Tolistobogian town Ούινδια ( Uindia ). Attested place names include Acitorīgiāco ("[Settlement of] Acitorīx "; compare Acitodunum in Gaul), Άρτικνιακόν ( Articniācon , "[Settlement of] Articnos " ["Bear-son"]), Δρυνέμετον ( Drunemeton ; < Proto-Celtic *dru- "oak" and, by extension, "great"; cf. Old Irish druí , Welsh dryw [< *dru-wid-s ], "druid, wise man" [literally "greatly wise"], Old Irish neimed , Welsh nyfed "holy place, [sacred] grove"),

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1056-487: The shared reformation of the sentence-initial, fully inflecting relative pronoun *i̯os, *i̯ā, *i̯od into an uninflected enclitic particle. Eska sees Cisalpine Gaulish as more akin to Lepontic than to Transalpine Gaulish. Eska considers a division of Transalpine–Goidelic–Brittonic into Transalpine and Insular Celtic to be most probable because of the greater number of innovations in Insular Celtic than in P-Celtic, and because

1089-711: Was Gaelic. It has characteristics that some scholars see as archaic, but others see as also being in the Brittonic languages (see Schmidt). In the Insular/Continental classification schema, the split of the former into Gaelic and Brittonic is seen as being late. The distinction of Celtic into these four sub-families most likely occurred about 900 BC according to Gray & Atkinson but, because of estimation uncertainty, it could be any time between 1200 and 800 BC. However, they only considered Gaelic and Brythonic. A controversial paper by Forster & Toth included Gaulish and put

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