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64-465: The Apostrophe Protection Society is a UK-based society with "the specific aim of preserving the correct use of this currently much abused punctuation mark" across the English-speaking world. Founded in 2001, it is now chaired by Bob McCalden. The Apostrophe Protection Society was founded in 2001 by John Richards, a retired sub-editor , in response to his observations of widespread incorrect use of

128-547: A background in statistics is not necessary to become a copy editor, the training and background in understanding quantitative data can allow copy editors to further prevent inaccuracies in data related works. In the United States, copy editing is often taught as a college journalism course, though its name varies. The courses often include news design and pagination . In the United States, The Dow Jones Newspaper Fund sponsors internships that include two weeks of training. Also,

192-492: A better chance at getting published. Statistics are an aspect of copy editing that may be helpful to understanding a broader range of topics. Understanding how to read and interpret data allows copy editors to more accurately help authors which allows them to have a greater chance of publishing their work. According to Marisha Fonseca, who wrote a study on the correlation between understanding statistics in copy-editing, there are many articles that contain statistical flaws. Although

256-412: A book. Each web page is identified by a distinct Uniform Resource Locator (URL). When the user inputs a URL into their web browser , the browser retrieves the necessary content from a web server and then transforms it into an interactive visual representation on the user's screen. If the user clicks or taps a link , the browser repeats this process to load the new URL, which could be part of

320-466: A desire for perfection with the need to meet deadlines. Many copy editors have a college degree, often in journalism, communications, or the language of the writing that they edit. Additionally, some copy editors take it upon themselves to gain a background in topics that would further help their career. For instance, some copy editors may seek knowledge and background in statistics to help catch mistakes related to data within an article to help authors have

384-404: A digital on-screen space. Each medium (in print and on screen) has its own affordances, and although a copy editor may prefer one editing process over the other, copy editors are practically required to use both techniques. Traditional markup copyediting, or hard-copy editing, is still important because screening tests for employment may be administered in hard copy. Also, the author whose text

448-749: A fast turnover of information. Additional details such as color printing, page size, and layout are determined by the allotted budget. Web-based publications, such as BuzzFeed and Slate , do not have enough room in their budgets to keep sufficient staff to edit their massive, daily rushes of content. Therefore copy chief Emmy Favila says lower-priority posts are published without copyedits at Buzzfeed. Slate does not edit its blog posts before publication, but all of its news articles are copy edited before publication, say Slate copy chief Lowen Liu and deputy editor Julia Turner. In response to such high demands for fast-produced content, some online publications have started publishing articles first and then editing later,

512-459: A number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. Another strike from the year 1934 was the strike at the Macaulay Company, reportedly the first-ever strike to occur at a publishing firm. At the conclusion of the second Macaulay strike, which occurred three months after the first,

576-432: A number of tasks. Each processor has its advantages and disadvantages based on the users' preferences, but primarily allows users to share, edit and collaborate on documents. Additionally, Google Docs users can invite others via email to view, comment, and edit any file of their choosing, and those who were invited can view and edit the document together in real time. Unlike Google Docs, whose files can only be shared through

640-489: A process known as back-editing. Editors prioritize stories to edit based on traffic and whether the content was originally reported for needing edits. Web page A web page (or webpage ) is a document on the Web that is accessed in a web browser . A website typically consists of many web pages linked together under a common domain name . The term "web page" is therefore a metaphor of paper pages bound together into

704-473: A publisher to hire copy editors to print a hard copy, make edits, and then make changes is no longer the most efficient process. The position of copy editors is at risk because software can correct grammatical errors more quickly and cheaply. Professionals feared that the introduction of digital editing software would end copyediting careers. Copy editors are still employed and needed for heavy edits, such as fact-checking and content organization, which are beyond

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768-494: A version history feature which tracks changes made to documents and lets users revert to earlier versions. Useful in many word processors, a track changes feature allows users to make changes to a document and view them separately from the original document. In Microsoft Word, users can choose whether to show or hide changes by clicking track changes under the Review ribbon. Those editing documents can leave comments by clicking wherever

832-416: Is a digital version of a text that the copy editor is editing, the latter can more easily search words, run spell checkers , and generate clean copies of messy pages. The first thing copy editors must do when editing on screen is to copy the author's files, as the original document must be preserved. Each word-processing program provides various options for how an editor's markups are shown on screen and on

896-468: Is acceptable. This practice is complicated further by volatile language conventions as recorded by books on grammar and usage, the authors of which often disagree. Content editing consists of reorganizing or restructuring a document. This involves any inconsistent parts of the content as well as any variances. Content editors can fix the content by either rewriting it or heavily editing it. The copy editor will often point out especially difficult passages to

960-413: Is also why the copy editor should write legibly and neatly. Copy editors working hard copy write their corrections in the text directly, leaving the margins for querying. Usually, the copy editor is asked to write in a bright color so that the author and other parties can easily recognize the editor's changes. Every year, more editing projects are being done on computers and fewer in print. Also, if there

1024-487: Is called " ghostwriting ".) Furthermore, copy editors are expected to query structural and organizational problems, but they are not expected to fix these problems. In addition, copy editors do not normally engage in " developmental editing ", which includes helping an author develop an idea into a publishable manuscript, overhauling a rough draft, identifying gaps in subject coverage, devising strategies for more-effective communication of content, and creating features to enhance

1088-415: Is intended to help correct, rather than chide, offenders. Richards said he had a standard, polite letter that explained the basic rules for apostrophe use, which he sent to supporters to forward to offending businesses and other organisations. One issue that the society intervened in more than once was the tendency of businesses originally named after people not to include apostrophes in their names. In 2006,

1152-606: Is not obsolete. Teresa Schmedding, president of the American Copy Editors Society (ACES) and a deputy managing editor at the Daily Herald in Chicago, thinks that copy editors are "a natural fit" for digital journalism and social media because, though publishing has been made available to almost anyone, quality and credibility is brought to content only by copy editors. Copy editors must now consider multimedia aspects of

1216-427: Is still under copyright , the copy editor should remind the author to acquire permission to reprint those quotations. The same goes for the reprinting of tables, charts, graphs, and illustrations that have appeared in print. Rules vary for the reproduction of unpublished materials (letters, diaries, etc.) There are basic procedures that every copy editor must follow: copy editors need a system for marking changes to

1280-505: Is truer in journalism than it is in book publishing . Hank Glamann, the co-founder of the American Copy Editors Society , made the following observation about ads for copy editor positions at American newspapers: We want them to be skilled grammarians and wordsmiths and write bright and engaging headlines and must know Quark. But, often, when push comes to shove, we will let every single one of those requirements slide except

1344-679: The American Press Institute , the Poynter Institute , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , UC San Diego Extension, and conferences of the American Copy Editors Society offer mid-career training for newspaper copy editors and news editors (news copy desk supervisors). Most US newspapers and publishers give copy-editing job candidates an editing test or a tryout. These vary widely and can include general items such as acronyms, current events, math, punctuation, and skills such as

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1408-645: The Digital Age , the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut-outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe InDesign , QuarkXPress , Affinity Publisher or Scribus . Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of

1472-519: The apostrophe . The original members of the society were Richards and his son Stephen. By June 2001, following an article in The Daily Telegraph , there were 257 members. Initially, the society's work focused on the town of Boston, Lincolnshire , where Richards lived. Its first successful correction was getting the local library to write "CDs" instead of "CD's". The society's website includes many claimed examples of apostrophe "abuse"; it says it

1536-472: The Apostrophe Protection Society and its website transferred to Bob McCalden on 5 February 2022. Sub-editor Although copy editors are generally expected to make simple revisions to smooth awkward passages, they do not have a license to rewrite a text line by line, nor do they prepare material on an author's behalf. (Creating original content to be published under another person's name

1600-511: The Apostrophe Protection Society objected in strong terms. Richards described the move as "a terrible example", "retrograde", and "utter chaos". In 2013, the society objected to a similar change being made by Mid Devon District Council and the council reversed its decision a week later. Following that apparent success in May, in June Richards backed a campaign begun by "The Apostrophe Vigilante" to have

1664-482: The HTML file. The vast majority of pages have JavaScript programs , enabling a wide range of behavior. The newer WebAssembly language can also be used as a supplement . The most sophisticated web pages, known as web apps , combine these elements in a complex manner . From the perspective of server-side website deployment, there are two types of web pages: static and dynamic . Static pages are retrieved from

1728-561: The abilities of the software. With grammar software and journalists who can edit, copy editors are seen as a luxury in publishing. The potential for a company to use editing software may also require the copy editor to only perform heavy editing and querying. Though the steps for copyediting are the same, the execution has been adapted for digital environments. The technological development of cloud storage allows contemporary copy editors and writers to upload and share files across multiple devices. Online word processors allow users to perform

1792-400: The age of technology, the field of copy-editing has grown to include digital editing of various forms of media. Contemporary copy editors now have to review and understand current technology to help authors gain credibility in today's digital age. One of the problems with copy-editing is that it may slow the publication of the text. With the digital publishing era came an increased demand for

1856-569: The apostrophe reinstated in the name of Princes Street in Edinburgh, from which it had been removed in the 1830s. As of 2019, that campaign has not been successful. Other complaints involved the renaming of Dundee Council's Children and Families' Service to remove the apostrophe, and a temporary road sign in Hartlepool that read "Parking Bay's Suspended". In 2001, Richards won the satiric Ig Nobel Prize for "his efforts to protect, promote, and defend

1920-453: The author's meaning. This includes material "that might form the basis for a lawsuit alleging libel, invasion of privacy, or obscenity". Some see censoring biased language as political correctness , so it is important that the copy editor distinguish between the two. To do this, the copy editor will permit intentional "politically incorrect" views and censor only marginalized, offensive, or exclusive language. Most manuscripts will require

1984-405: The author's text (marking), a process for querying the author and the editorial coordinator ( querying ), a method for keeping track of editorial decisions (recordkeeping), and procedures for incorporating the author's review of the copyediting into a final document (cleanup). These systems were originally developed in an era before that of the computer, but over time these procedures were adapted for

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2048-440: The author, who will resolve the issues. Although copy editors are not responsible for factual correctness of the document, they can provide comments for the author on any information that they know to be untrue, such as year discrepancies or misleading ideas. Such fact-checking is acceptable for copy editors who know the document's subject matter. The copy editor must also point out any biased language without infringing on

2112-402: The beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during

2176-407: The copy editor is editing may prefer hard-copy markup, and copy editors need to know traditional markup in case documents and materials cannot be exchanged electronically. When editing in hard copy, all participating parties (the editor, author, typesetter, and proofreader) must understand the marks the copy editor makes, and therefore a universal marking system that signifies these changes exists. This

2240-480: The copy editor to correlate the parts within it. Copy editors must carry out the following tasks in this process: Some manuscripts may require special cross-checking. For example, in a how-to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Typecoding is the process of identifying which sections of the manuscript are not regular running text. These portions of text, known as elements, include

2304-564: The copy editor would read a printed or written manuscript, manually marking it with editor's " correction marks ". At sizable newspapers, the main copy desk was often U-shaped; the copy desk chief sat in the "slot" (the center space of the U) and was known as the "slot man", while copy editors were arrayed around him or her on the outside of the U, known as the "rim". In the past, copy editors were sometimes known humorously as "rim rats". Chief copy editors are still sometimes called "the slot". But nowadays,

2368-406: The copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. The biggest difference between monastic copyists and copy editors is that copy editors leave edits as suggestions that can be rejected by the writer. These printing houses established procedures for editing, preparing the text, and proofreading the first typeset galley proofs . Specialist correctors ensured that texts followed the standards of

2432-532: The current website or a different one. The browser has features , such as the address bar , that indicate which page is displayed. A web page is a structured document . The core element is a text file written in the HyperText Markup Language (HTML). This specifies the content of the page, including images and video . Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) specify the presentation of the page. CSS rules can be in separate text files or embedded within

2496-405: The differences between plural and possessive". In December 2019, when Richards was 95, he announced that the society was shutting down, saying that, despite its efforts, "fewer organisations and individuals are now caring about the correct use of the apostrophe". John Richards died on 30 March 2021, aged 97. A tribute appeared on the legacy Apostrophe Protection Society website. The ownership of

2560-508: The digital era, copy editors would mark errors and inconsistencies with a red pen, using a markup language of symbols which were universally known. The traditional copy editor was once defined as editing for grammar, spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics of style. Copy-editing symbols cannot be used in digital editing because they are not supported by tools such as track changes. With more posting online and less printing on paper, hard-copy can no longer keep pace with digital publishing. For

2624-484: The final product and make it more competitive in the marketplace. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor . An organization's highest-ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing,

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2688-420: The following: It is the copy editor's job to typecode (or make note of) all manuscript elements for the publication designer. Hard-copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On-screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. Finally, if the manuscript contains long quotations from a published work that

2752-474: The following: Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual , The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style . Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in

2816-458: The last one because you have to know that in order to push the button at the appointed time. Besides an outstanding command of the language, copy editors need broad general knowledge for spotting factual errors; good critical thinking skills in order to recognize inconsistencies or vagueness; interpersonal skills for dealing with writers, other editors, and designers; attention to detail; and a sense of style. They must also set priorities and balance

2880-465: The length and tone of their queries, as querying too often or seldom, cryptically, or sarcastically can result in a negative relationship between the copy editor and the author. A copy editor's goals may change, depending on the publication for which they work; however, there are a few constituencies that must always be served – the author (the person who wrote or compiled the manuscript), the publisher (the person or company that pays for production), and

2944-408: The manuscript is more often read on a computer display and text corrections are entered directly. The nearly universal adoption of computerized systems for editing and layout in newspapers and magazines has also led copy editors to become more involved in the design and the technicalities of production. Technical knowledge is therefore sometimes considered as important as writing ability, though this

3008-585: The middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode ); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett-Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed

3072-404: The nationwide drive towards unionization had entered the publishing industry and was "sweeping through all the major publishing houses". As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of

3136-596: The original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild ... [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against

3200-482: The printout. On-screen editing mainly differs from hard-copy editing in the fact that the copy editor should edit more cleanly on screen, refraining from saving parts of words, and be careful in maintaining proper line spacing . Copy editors often need to query their authors in order to address questions, comments, or explanations: most of these can be done in the margins of the text, or the comment section when on screen. The copy editor must consider when to query and

3264-421: The publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Mechanical editing is the process of closely reading a piece of writing for consistency, either internally or in accordance with the publisher's house style. According to Einsohn, mechanical editors work with such things as the following: Gilad also mentions

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3328-401: The readers (the audience for whom the material is being produced). These parties (together with the copy editor) work to achieve the same goal, namely, to produce an error-free publication and improve the reader experience by reducing extraneous cognitive load. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves

3392-402: The revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on-screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on

3456-508: The society called for apostrophes to be used in the names of Harrods , Selfridges , and Currys . In 2012, Waterstones decided to remove the apostrophe it had used until then, a move to which Richards objected, saying "It's just plain wrong. It's grammatically incorrect. If Sainsbury's and McDonald's can get it right, then why can't Waterstone's?". Place names and signage also came in for criticism. In 2009, when Birmingham City Council decided to remove apostrophes from all its street signs,

3520-433: The story, such as video, images, audio, and search engine optimization , which may be included in digital publications. Digital editing now requires copy editors to understand SEO , HTML, CSS , and RSS feeds, as well as creative tools like Adobe Illustrator . This shows that the age of copy editing has now surpassed traditional methods of editing. The basics of checking grammar and punctuation are still necessary, but in

3584-465: The term is subeditor (or "sub-editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages . Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication,

3648-805: The text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds , social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML . What should be accounted for is that, in this digital age, information is constantly being released, which has led to a decline in the editing of the online versions. Editors of the website BuzzFeed commented that sometimes they "simply can't get [to] every post before it's published". While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers". Traditionally,

3712-539: The time. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins , was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved

3776-478: The training and skills that would help a copy editor are expected to change in the future. Copy editing is an important step in the editing process. It is useful to differentiate it from other forms of editing to understand its unique role and significance. Understanding these distinctions is useful for authors, publishers, and editors to ensure that each piece of content undergoes the appropriate level of scrutiny and refinement before reaching its audience. Before

3840-469: The use of Associated Press style , headline writing, infographics editing, and journalism ethics . Copy editors can also be trained in other software programs to ensure accuracy within a writer's work. Whether using programs like illustrator, publisher, or photoshop, copy editors can obtain skills in using different types of software to help catch further errors that may be present in a writer's work. Due to new developments in technology and its various uses,

3904-509: The user desires to leave a comment and clicking New Comment under the review ribbon or by highlighting text and clicking New Comment. Users can apply revisions and choose which level of markups to view under the Show Markup dropdown menu in the Review ribbon. Users can also choose to accept or reject changes by clicking either Accept or Reject in the Review Ribbon. The field of copy editing

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3968-423: The usual sense tend to rely on in-house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. The goal of the copy editor is to enforce inviolable rules while respecting personal stylistic preferences. This can be difficult, as some writers view grammatical corrections as a challenge to their intellectual ability or professional identity. Therefore, copy editors are encouraged to respect the author's preference if it

4032-454: The web app, Dropbox shares from a desktop app. Dropbox users can share documents as links or as shared folders. Users can create shared folders and add others to the folder. Files in a shared folder will appear in the other user's Dropbox and all involved users receive notifications when edits are made to a file in the folder. Adobe's Buzzword allows users to share files, with the user's choice from varying levels of editing access and includes

4096-829: The work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. Copy editors were employed at various publishing houses, magazines, journals, and by private authors seeking revisions to their work. Some copy editors were even employed by public relations and advertising firms who valued strong editing practices in their business. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since

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