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33-504: His best-known paintings depict peasants working in the fields. His paintings of flocks of sheep were especially popular with American patrons, so popular that a price differential developed between scenes of "sheep coming" and "sheep going". Anton Mauve was born on 18 September 1838 in Zaandam , a town in the Dutch province of North Holland . A year after his birth, his father Willem Carel Mauve ,

66-530: A Mennonite chaplain, was sent to Haarlem , the capital city of the province where Mauve grew up. He was apprenticed to the painter Pieter Frederik van Os followed by Wouter Verschuur . In his further development he worked with Paul Gabriël, painting from nature, and they regularly stayed and worked together at Oosterbeek , the 'Dutch Barbizon '. He was a friend of renowned Dutch landscape painters Jozef Israëls and Willem Maris and, encouraged by their example, he abandoned his early highly finished manner for

99-419: A dug-over patch of ground in an orchard, a wicker fence and two peach trees in full bloom, pink against a sparkling blue sky with white clouds and in sunshine. You may well see it, since I’ve decided to send this one to Jet Mauve. I’ve written on it 'Souvenir de Mauve Vincent & Theo'. Mauve's mother Elisabeth Margaretha Hirschig was a first cousin twice removed of Anton Hirschig , the young Dutch artist who

132-489: A freer, looser method of painting, and the brilliant palette of his youthful work for a tender lyric harmony which is generally restricted to delicate greys, greens, and light blue. Most of Mauve's work depicts people and animals in outdoor settings. In his Morning Ride in the Rijksmuseum , for example, fashionable equestrians at the seacoast are seen riding away from the viewer. An unconventional detail, horse droppings in

165-428: A scenario where two monozygotic (identical) twins have children with another pair of monozygotic twins, the resulting double cousins would test as genetically similar as siblings. Couples that are closely related have an increased chance of sharing genes, including mutations that occurred in their family tree. If the mutation is a recessive trait , it will not reveal itself unless both father and mother share it. Due to

198-552: A son, Anton (1876–1962), who also became a painter. In the last two years of his life, Mauve settled in the village of Laren in the region surrounding Hilversum called the Gooi area. The group of painters who settled there, including Jozef Israëls and Albert Neuhuys, came to be known collectively as the Larense School and the region around the Gooi was dubbed 'Mauve land' as far afield as

231-454: A type of cousin relationship if they share a common ancestor, and are separated from their most recent common ancestor by two or more generations. This means neither person is an ancestor of the other, they do not share a parent (are not siblings ), and neither is a sibling of the other's parent (are not the other's aunt / uncle nor niece/nephew ). In the English system the cousin relationship

264-719: A year. During that time, he made 25 paintings of the area, including Houses on the Achterzaan , Bateaux en Hollande pres de Zaandam and A windmill at Zaandam . The first European McDonald's restaurant opened in Zaandam in 1971. The Albert Heijn supermarket chain (founded in nearby Oostzaan in 1887), now grown into the Ahold Delhaize retail company, is headquartered in Zaandam. Chocolate manufacturer Verkade also hails from Zaandam. There were 6,910 business establishments in Zaandam in 2019. Football club AZ (Alkmaar Zaanstreek)

297-433: Is David's maternal cousin and David is Emma's paternal cousin. On the other hand, parallel and cross cousins are reciprocal relationships. Parallel cousins are descended from same-sex siblings. A parallel first cousin relationship exists when both the subject and relative are maternal cousins, or both are paternal cousins. Cross cousins are descendants from opposite-sex siblings. A cross first cousin relationship exists when

330-416: Is further detailed by the concepts of degree and removal . The degree is the number of generations subsequent to the common ancestor before a parent of one of the cousins is found. This means the degree is the separation of the cousin from the common ancestor less one. Also, if the cousins are not separated from the common ancestor by the same number of generations, the cousin with the smallest separation

363-461: Is one-eighth. For each additional removal of the cousin relationship, consanguinity is reduced by half, as the generations of separation increase by one. For each additional degree of the cousin relationship, consanguinity is reduced by a quarter as the generations of separation increase by one on both sides. Half cousins have half the consanguinity of ordinary cousins as they have half the common ancestors (i.e. one vs two). Double cousins have twice

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396-433: Is specified, as removal measures the difference in generations between the two cousins. When the removal is not specified, no removal is assumed. Various governmental entities have established systems for legal use that can precisely specify kinship with common ancestors any number of generations in the past; for example, in medicine and in law, a first cousin is a type of third-degree relative . People are related with

429-478: Is the cousin of one's spouse or the spouse of one's cousin. Consanguinity is a measure of how closely individuals are related to each other. It is measured by the coefficient of relationship . Below, when discussing the coefficient of relationship, we assume the subject and the relative are related only through the kinship term. A coefficient of one represents the relationship one has with oneself. Consanguinity decreases by half for every generation of separation from

462-515: Is used as a tool to strengthen the family, conserve its wealth, protect its cultural heritage, and retain the power structure of the family and its place in the community. Some groups encourage cousin marriage while others attach a strong social stigma to it. In some regions in the Middle East , more than half of all marriages are between first or second cousins (in some of the countries in this region, this may exceed 70%). Just outside this region, it

495-498: Is used to determine the degree. The removal is the difference between the number of generations from each cousin to the common ancestor. Two people can be removed but be around the same age due to differences in birth dates of parents, children, and other relevant ancestors. For example, David and George are on opposing sides of the family tree and are first cousins (David is of the lowest order: one) with one removal (the cousins are of order one and two respectively; therefore,

528-485: The kinship system used in the English-speaking world, a cousin is a type of relationship in which relatives are two or more generations away from their most recent common ancestor. For this definition degrees and removals are used to further specify the relationship. Degree measures how distant the relationship is from the most recent common ancestor(s). If the cousins do not come from the same generation, removal

561-560: The most recent common ancestor , as there are two parents for each child. When there is more than one common ancestor, the consanguinity between each ancestor is added together to get the final result. Between first cousins, there are two shared ancestors each with four generations of separation, up and down the family tree: ( 1 2 ) 4 + ( 1 2 ) 4 {\displaystyle \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)^{4}+\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)^{4}} ; their consanguinity

594-656: The United States. Mauve influenced many other painters one of whom was the Scottish painter, Robert McGregor (1847–1922). Mauve died suddenly in Arnhem on 5 February 1888. Mauve was married to van Gogh's cousin Ariëtte (Jet) Sophia Jeannette Carbentus, and he was a major influence on van Gogh, who revered him. He is mentioned, directly or indirectly, in 152 of van Gogh's surviving letters. Van Gogh spent three weeks at Mauve's studio at

627-427: The association because of it. However, their relationship had already become strained by late January. Nevertheless, van Gogh continued to hold Mauve in very high esteem and dedicated one of his most iconic paintings to Mauve's memory after hearing of his sudden death. Now here, for instance, at this moment, I have 6 paintings of blossoming fruit trees. And the one I brought home today would possibly appeal to you — it’s

660-576: The city and the surrounding countryside, has about 76,804 residents. Zaandam was a separate municipality until 1974, when it became a part of the new municipality of Zaanstad. The history of Zaandam (formerly called Saenredam ) and the surrounding Zaan River region (the Zaanstreek ) is intimately tied to industry. In the Dutch Golden Age , Zaandam served as a large milling centre. Thousands of windmills powered saws that processed Scandinavian wood for

693-442: The consanguinity of ordinary cousins as they have twice the number of common ancestors (i.e. four vs two). Double first cousins share the same consanguinity as half-siblings. Likewise, double half cousins share the same consanguinity as first cousins as they both have two common ancestors. If there are half-siblings on one side and full siblings on the other, they would have three-halves the consanguinity of ordinary first cousins. In

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726-403: The difference in generations to the common ancestor is one). A maternal cousin is a cousin that is related to the mother's side of the family, while a paternal cousin is a cousin that is related to the father's side of the family. This relationship is not necessarily reciprocal, as the maternal cousin of one person could be the paternal cousin of the other. In the example Basic family tree , Emma

759-517: The end of 1881 and during that time he made his first experiments in painting under Mauve's tutelage, first in oils and then early the next year in watercolour (previously he had concentrated on drawing). Mauve continued to encourage him and lent him money to rent and furnish a studio, but later grew cold towards him and did not return a number of letters. In a letter to his brother Theo van Gogh dated 7 May 1882, van Gogh describes "a very regrettable conversation" in which Mauve told him their association

792-683: The foreground, attests his commitment to realism. In 1872, Mauve settled in The Hague where he became a leading member of the Hague School of painters and one of the founders of the Hollandsche Teekenmaatschappij in 1876, as well as playing a leading role in the development of the Pulchri Studio , The Hague's most influential art society at the time. In November 1874 he married Ariëtte (Jet) Carbentus (1856–1894), and together they had

825-405: The likelihood of immunological incompatibility during pregnancy. Cousin marriage is important in several anthropological theories, which often differentiate between matriarchal and patriarchal parallel and cross cousins. Currently about 10% and historically as high as 80% of all marriages are between first or second cousins. Cousin marriages are often arranged . Anthropologists believe it

858-447: The resulting children would be double half first cousins and would share one grandparent on each side. While there is no agreed upon term, it is possible for cousins to share three grandparents if a pair of half siblings had children with a pair of full siblings. Step-cousins are either stepchildren of an individual's aunt or uncle, nieces and nephews of one's step-parent, or the children of one's parent's step-sibling. A cousin-in-law

891-486: The risk that the trait is harmful, children of high-consanguinity parents have an increased risk of recessive genetic disorders . See inbreeding for more information. Closely related couples have more children. Couples related with consanguinity equivalent to that of third cousins have the greatest reproductive success . This seems counterintuitive as closely related parents have a higher probability of having offspring that are unfit , yet closer kinship can also decrease

924-424: The shipbuilding and paper industries. A statue that commemorates this industry was commissioned from sculptor Slavomir Miletić , and the statue, De houtwerker ("The Woodworker"), was installed on 20 June 2004. Zaandam is historically linked with the whaling industry. In 1697, Tsar Peter I of Russia spent some time in Zaandam, where he studied shipbuilding. He stayed in a little wooden house built in 1632 but

957-775: The subject and the relative are maternal cousin and paternal cousin to each other. In the basic family tree example, David and Emma are cross cousins. Double cousins are relatives who are cousins from two different branches of the family tree. This occurs when siblings , respectively, reproduce with different siblings from another family. This may also be referred to as "cousins on both sides". The resulting children are related to each other through both their parents and are thus doubly related. Double first cousins share both sets of grandparents . Half cousins are descended from half siblings and would share one grandparent. The children of two half siblings are first half cousins. If half siblings have children with another pair of half siblings,

990-442: Was "over and done with" adding by way of explanation that van Gogh had a vicious character. Van Gogh continued his letter by expressing his sorrow, and then launches defiantly into a passionate defence of his relationship with Clasina "Sien" Maria Hornik (Sien) , a pregnant prostitute he had befriended. The presumption must be that Mauve had heard of the relationship (although van Gogh's letter does not say so expressly) and broke off

1023-508: Was a fellow lodger with van Gogh at the Auberge Ravoux at the time of van Gogh's death. Zaandam Zaandam ( Dutch pronunciation: [zaːnˈdɑm] ) is a city in the province of North Holland , Netherlands . It is the main city of the municipality of Zaanstad and received city rights in 1811. It is located on the river Zaan , just north of Amsterdam . The statistical district Zaandam, which encompasses both

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1056-522: Was founded in Zaandam on May 10, 1967. There are two railway stations in Zaandam: Zaandam railway station and Zaandam Kogerveld railway station . Plans exist by the province of North Holland to extend the Amsterdam Metro to Zaandam. Cousin A cousin is a relative that is the child of a parent's sibling; this is more specifically referred to as a first cousin . More generally, in

1089-594: Was soon forced to leave because he attracted too much attention from the local population. He moved to Amsterdam, where he studied at one of the wharves of the Dutch East India Company . His home in Zaandam was preserved and turned into a museum, the Czar Peter House . A statue honoring him was placed on the nearby Dam Square in 1911, and was declared a Rijksmonument . In 1871, the impressionist painter Claude Monet lived in Zaandam for approximately half

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