Sylvester IV , born Maginulf , was a claimant to the Papacy from 1105 to 1111 in opposition to Paschal II . A priest before his election, he was probably a native of Rome . He had the backing of the Roman militia and initially of the Holy Roman Emperor , Henry IV , who later forced him to abdicate. Today he is regarded as an antipope .
20-502: Before his election as pope, Maginulf was the archpriest of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria , which suggests that he was a native of Rome . He cannot be linked to the line of antipopes— Clement III , Theodoric and Adalbert —who opposed the Reformist papacy from 1080 to 1101. While the elections of Theodoric and Adalbert were relatively minor affairs, the election of Maginulf signalled a crisis in
40-544: A bodyguard before finally settling in Osimo under the protection of Margrave Werner. The next five years are completely unknown. Sylvester only comes again into view in the spring of 1111, when the German king Henry V used him as a pawn in his negotiations with Paschal. Henry, who wanted Paschal to crown him emperor, forced Sylvester to renounce the Papacy on 12 or 13 April 1111. Sylvester
60-457: Is a list of churches of Rome cited in Misplaced Pages articles or with related files on Wikimedia Commons. The churches are grouped according to the time of their initial construction: the dates are those of the first record of each church. The reader, however, should not expect the current fabric of the buildings to reflect that age, since over the centuries most have undergone reconstruction. Almost all
80-546: The Colonna and Pierleoni families. This, coupled with the involvement of the Roman aristocracy in his election, suggests that the motivations were less ideological than rooted in local politics. According to Werner, there were meetings in Rome attended by bishops and cardinals, after which Maginulf, a man of learning and upright character, was elected pope. The head of the Roman militia, Berto,
100-454: The presbyters participating, as well as the tituli who were present at that time: In the time of Pope Alexander II (1061-1073) those priests who served at St. Peter's Basilica were referred to as the seven cardinals of S. Peter's: septem cardinalibus S. Petri . The four basilicas had no cardinal, since they were under the direct supervision of the Pope. The Basilica of St. John Lateran was also
120-886: The Church of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria in Rome, specifically to the Chapel of St. Cosmo and Damian. The chapel was not operational, but after many years his daughter, Mattea, managed to make the chapel functional. The Church is currently in the possession of the Order of Clerics Regular Minor , which utilizes the attached convent as their Generalate House. Conradus Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi Tomus I, editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 49; Tomus II, editio altera (Monasterii 1914), p. 66 Tomus III (Monasterii 1923), p. 72. [lists of Cardinal-Deacons] Churches of Rome There are more than 930 churches in Rome , which makes it
140-614: The City of Rome, quasi dioecesis . It is known that in 336, Pope Julius I had set the number of presbyter cardinals to 28, so that for each day of the week, a different presbyter cardinal would say mass in one of the four major basilicas of Rome, St. Peter's , Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls , Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore , and Basilica of St. John Lateran . In Stephan Kuttner's view, "...the Roman cardinal priests and bishops were 'incardinated' for permanent (though limited) purposes into
160-518: The General Curia of the Clerics Regular Minor , the orders global headquarters. "In Pescheria" refers to its location close to the fish market built in the ruins of the ancient Porticus Octaviae . The relics of St. Symphorosa and her seven sons were transferred to the Church of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria at Rome by Pope Stephen II in 752. A sarcophagus was found here in 1610, bearing
180-500: The church. The inscriptions found in S. Angelo, a valuable source illustrating the history of the Basilica, have been collected and published by Vincenzo Forcella. In the second chapel to the left inside the church are frescoes of the Madonna with Child and Angels attributed to Benozzo Gozzoli (c. 1450). During the late 14th century, Matteo de Baccari dedicated part of his inheritance to
200-436: The city with the largest number of churches in the world. Almost all of these are Catholic . Taking into account the number of churches deconsecrated or otherwise transformed, the total figure rises to about 1,500 churches. The first churches of Rome originated in places where Christians met. They were divided into three main categories: Pope Marcellus I (A.D. 306–308) is said to have recognized twenty five tituli in
220-585: The great ally of the Emperor Otto III a hundred years earlier. The conspirators who had elevated the new pope sent word to Margrave Werner, requesting imperial support. Werner marched on Rome with imperial (German) troops and took possession of the Lateran , forcing Paschal II to flee to Tiber Island according to the Annales Romani , although Paschal addressed a letter from Saint Peter's Basilica . Sylvester IV
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#1732851868565240-422: The inscription: Hic requiescunt corpora SS. Martyrum Simforosae, viri sui Zotici (Getulii) et Filiorum ejus a Stephano Papa translata . This inscription refers to Saint Getulius and Saint Symphorosa , purported to be husband and wife, who had seven sons, who were also martyred. The remains of these saints were transferred to Sant'Angelo by Pope Stephen II in 752. The revolutionary "tribune" Cola di Rienzo
260-595: The noblemen who supported his election: Stefano Oddone and his brothers, Nicola Cencio Baroncio and his son Pietro, Romano di Romano Baroncio and his brothers and nephews, and Enrico di Sant'Eustachio and his sons. This is the earliest record of Stefano Oddone, called the Norman , in the sources. Margrave Werner of Ancona , in a letter to the Emperor Henry IV , describes his election as beginning with some clergy who were dissatisfied with Paschal's simoniacal favoritism of
280-440: The patriarchal basilicas while remaining bound nonetheless to the churches of their original ordination." Only the tituli were allowed to distribute sacraments. The most important priest in a titulus was given the name of Cardinal . Pope Marcellus I (at the beginning of the 4th century) confirmed that the tituli were the only centres of administration in the Church. In AD 499, a synod held by Pope Symmachus listed all
300-560: The pontificate of Pope Paschal II and was widely noted in contemporary chronicles: Annales Ceccanenses , Annales Leodienses , the Annalista Saxo , Ekkehard of Aura , Sigebert of Gembloux . Members of the Roman aristocracy gathered in the Pantheon , then the church of Santa Maria Rotonda , and elected Maginulf in opposition to Paschal II in November 1105. The Annales Romani records
320-582: The seat of the bishop of Rome . Traditionally, pilgrims were expected to visit all four basilicas, and San Lorenzo fuori le mura , Santa Croce in Gerusalemme , and San Sebastiano fuori le mura which constituted the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome . In the Great Jubilee in 2000, the seventh church was instead Santuario della Madonna del Divino Amore as appointed by Pope John Paul II . This
340-626: Was allowed to live out the rest of his life in Osimo under the protection of Werner. According to the Annales Romani , Werner acted out of pity, but there was probably some political calculation involved in willingness to control an ex-pope. Sant%27Angelo in Pescheria Sant'Angelo in Pescheria or in Piscaria is a church in Rome . Dating from the 8th century, it is now used as the conventual church of
360-459: Was born near Sant'Angelo. He launched his effort to seize control of Rome from the vicinity of the church in 1347. The Roman Ghetto was established nearby in the rione Sant'Angelo in 1555 by order of Pope Paul IV . The Ghetto was abolished in 1870 after the reunification of Italy or Risorgimento , and the Ghetto wall was demolished in 1888. The rione Sant'Angelo , numbered as XI, is named after
380-698: Was consecrated in the Lateran Basilica on 18 November 1105. The following day a battle broke out in the streets of Rome. There were two pitched battles: one near the Lateran Basilica and another in the Circus Maximus . Both equites (cavalry) and pedites (infantrymen) were involved in the fighting. Sylvester's infantry are said to have chased Paschal's cavalry throughout Santa Maria Nova , leaving over sixty horses dead. Sylvester IV soon ran short on funds to pay his soldiers and left Rome for Tivoli with
400-587: Was required to force Maginulf to accept the honour. According to Paschal's biography in the Liber pontificalis , Maginulf's election was the work of the Devil. In a letter, Paschal cites his failure to give sufficient "gifts" to the Romans for the election of Maginulf. After his election Maginulf took the papal name of Sylvester IV. This was a deliberate ploy to garner imperial sympathy, since it hearkened back to Pope Sylvester II ,
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