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73-527: Antioquia ( Spanish pronunciation: [anˈtjokja] ) is one of the 32 departments of Colombia , located in the central northwestern part of Colombia with a narrow section that borders the Caribbean Sea . Most of its territory is mountainous with some valleys , much of which is part of the Andes mountain range. Antioquia has been part of many territorial divisions of former countries created within

146-561: A forcible expulsion of the remaining German population and mostly involuntary resettlement of the area with Soviet civilians. Russians were now presented as the most advanced and least chauvinist people of the Soviet Union. Large numbers of ethnic Russians and other Russian speakers were settled in the three Baltic countries – Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia – after their reoccupation in 1944 , while local languages, religion and customs were suppressed. David Chioni Moore classified it as

219-614: A municipal council ( concejo municipal ), both of which are elected by popular vote for four-year periods. Some departments have subdivisions above the level of municipalities, commonly known as provinces . The indigenous territories are at the third level of administrative division in Colombia, as are the municipalities. Indigenous territories are created by agreement between the government and indigenous communities. In cases where indigenous territories cover more than one department or municipality, local governments jointly administer them with

292-521: A "reverse-cultural colonization", where the colonized perceived the colonizers as culturally inferior. Colonization of the three Baltic countries was closely tied to mass executions, deportations and repression of the native population. During both Soviet occupations ( 1940–1941 ; 1944–1991 ) a combined 605,000 inhabitants of the three countries were either killed or deported (135,000 Estonians, 170,000 Latvians and 320,000 Lithuanians), while their properties and personal belongings, along with ones who fled

365-433: A domestic strategy when there is a widespread security threat within a nation and weapons are turned inward, as noted by Paul Virilio : Some instances of the burden of endo-colonization have been noted: The colonization of Mars is the proposed process of establishing and maintaining control of Martian land for exploitation and the possible settlement of Mars. Most colonization concepts focus on settling, but colonization

438-430: A governor ( gobernador ) and an Assembly ( Asamblea Departamental ), elected by popular vote for a four-year period. The governor cannot be re-elected in consecutive periods. Departments are country subdivisions and are granted a certain degree of autonomy. Departments are formed by a grouping of municipalities ( municipios , sing. municipio ). Municipal government is headed by mayor ( alcalde ) and administered by

511-500: A protective order over South East New Guinea, establishing an official colony in 1888. Germany however, annexed parts of the North. This annexation separated the entire region into the South, known as "The Territory of Papua" and North, known as "German New Guinea". Due to marginalisation produced by continuous Resettlement Policy, by 1969, political tensions and open hostilities developed between

584-691: A total of 125 municipalities. The nine subregions with their municipalities are: The population of Antioquia is 6,613,118 (2017 estimate), of which more than half live in the metropolitan area of Medellín . The racial composition is: During the 16th and 18th centuries, Antioquia received many immigrants from Spain (Especially the northern Spain ). Most Indigenous peoples died from the introduction of European diseases, and many of those who survived intermarried with early Spanish settlers, who were mostly men; later, Spanish women also began to immigrate. Thousands of Scottish and English who settled in Antioquia fought for

657-459: Is a broader ethical concept, which international space law has limited, and national space programs have avoided, instead focusing on human mission to Mars for exploring the planet . The settlement of Mars would require the migration of humans to the planet, the establishment of a permanent human presence, and the exploitation of local resources. No crewed missions to Mars have occurred, although there have been successful robotic missions to

730-445: Is a type of colonization structured and enforced by the settlers directly, while their or their ancestors' metropolitan country ( metropole ) maintains a connection or control through the settler's colonialism. In settler colonization, a minority group rules either through the assimilation or oppression of the indigenous peoples , or by establishing itself as the demographic majority through driving away, displacing or outright killing

803-598: Is named after some of the many other Hellenistic ancient cities in the Middle East named Antiochia , which were founded as well by some of the Antiochus Kings during the Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC). Due to its geographical isolation, being located among mountains, Antioquia suffered supply problems. Its topography did not allow for much agriculture, so the city became dependent upon trade, especially of gold and gin for

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876-506: Is partly due to the Basque language always having been an outcast, which apparently left no written evidence in Antioquia. The current Spanish dialect in Antioquia, closely observed, has obvious influences from Basque. Basque influence is evident in words such coscorria (useless, inept) and 'tap' (tap), to name only a few cases. Basque also influenced the pronunciation of the letter 's' apico-alveolar (transitional between 's' and 'sh'), so in

949-695: Is predominantly mountainous, crossed by the Cordillera Central and the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes . The Cordillera Central divides to form the Aburrá valley , in which the capital, Medellín , is located. The Cordillera Central forms the plateaus of Santa Rosa de Osos and Rionegro . While 80% of the department's territory is mountainous, Antioquia also has lowlands in Bajo Cauca , Magdalena Medio , and eastern Sonsón , as well as coastline on

1022-504: The Caribbean Sea , in Urabá . This area has a tropical climate and is of high strategic importance due to its location. Before Spanish colonization, different indigenous tribes inhabited this part of modern Colombia. Their origin is uncertain, as specialists believe that some came from the Caribbean island, and others that they originated among peoples along the interior Amazon River . Antioquia

1095-514: The Cauca River . They were said to have taken important treasures from the indigenous people's tombs. In response, the warriors of chief Nutibara harassed the Spaniards continually, and forced them to return to Urabá . In 1541, the conquistador Jorge Robledo departed from the site of the future (1542) Spanish town of Arma, a little below Aguadas in the North of Caldas, to lead an expedition north on

1168-1015: The Goths were forced to cross into the Roman Empire, resulting in continuous war with Rome which played a major role in the fall of the Roman Empire. During this period there were large-scale movements of people establishing new colonies all over western Europe. The events of this time saw the development of many of the modern-day nations of Europe like the Franks in France and Germany and the Anglo-Saxons in England. In West Asia, during Sassanid Empire , some Persians established colonies in Yemen and Oman . The Arabs also established colonies in Northern Africa , Mesopotamia , and

1241-571: The Government of the Philippines and Moro Muslim rebel groups in Mindanao . Many colonists came to colonies for slaves to their colonizing countries, so the legal power to leave or remain may not be the issue so much as the actual presence of the people in the new country. This left the indigenous natives of their lands slaves in their own countries. The Canadian Indian residential school system

1314-510: The Islamic military campaign that captured the region in the 7th and 8th centuries. The transmigration program is an initiative of the Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas of Java , but also to a lesser extent from Bali and Madura , to less populous areas of the country including Papua , Kalimantan , Sumatra , and Sulawesi . In 1884 Britain declared

1387-638: The Levant . The Vikings of Scandinavia also carried out a large-scale colonization. The Vikings are best known as raiders, setting out from their original homelands in Denmark , southern Norway , and southern Sweden , to pillage the coastlines of northern Europe. In time, the Vikings began trading and established colonies. The Vikings first came across Iceland and established colonies there before moving onto Greenland , where they built settlements that endured until

1460-640: The Tsardom of Russia (later Russian Empire ), the Kingdom of England (later Great Britain ), the Netherlands , the Kingdom of Italy , the Kingdom of Prussia (now mostly Germany), Belgium , Denmark , and Sweden-Norway , and, beginning in the 18th century, the United States . Most of these countries had a period of almost complete power in world trade at some stage in the period from roughly 1500 to 1900. Beginning in

1533-453: The United States ' manifest destiny doctrine which furthered colonization. The term colonization is derived from the Latin words colere ("to cultivate, to till"), colonia ("a landed estate", "a farm") and colonus ("a tiller of the soil", "a farmer"), then by extension "to inhabit". Someone who engages in colonization, i.e. the agent noun, is referred to as a colonizer , while

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1606-612: The West Bank is an additional form of colonization. This view is part of a key debate in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . Law professors Steven Lubet and Jonathan Zasloff describe the " Zionism as settler colonialism " theory as politically motivated, derogatory and highly controversial. According to them, there are important differences between Zionism and settler colonialism, for instance: (1) Early Zionists did not seek to transport European culture into Israel, they sought to revive

1679-458: The administrative divisions of Colombia . As of 2024 , the unitary republic is made up of thirty-two departments. Each department has a governor and an assembly , elected by popular vote for a four-year period. Colombia is a unitary republic made up of thirty-two administrative divisions referred to as departments ( Spanish : departamentos , sing. departamento ) and one Capital District ( Distrito Capital ). Each department has

1752-1337: The states of Colombia into departments, with the state presidents renamed as governors. The states formed the following original departments: [REDACTED]   Amazonas [REDACTED]   Antioquia [REDACTED]   Arauca [REDACTED]   Atlántico [REDACTED]   Bolívar [REDACTED]   Boyacá [REDACTED]   Caldas [REDACTED]   Caquetá [REDACTED]   Casanare [REDACTED]   Cauca [REDACTED]   Cesar [REDACTED]   Chocó [REDACTED]   Córdoba [REDACTED]   Cundinamarca [REDACTED]   Guainía [REDACTED]   Guaviare [REDACTED]   Huila [REDACTED]   La Guajira [REDACTED]   Magdalena [REDACTED]   Meta [REDACTED]   Nariño [REDACTED]   N. Santander [REDACTED]   Putumayo [REDACTED]   Quindío [REDACTED]   Risaralda [REDACTED]   San Andrés [REDACTED]   Santander [REDACTED]   Sucre [REDACTED]   Tolima [REDACTED]   Valle del Cauca [REDACTED]   Vaupés [REDACTED]   Vichada Capital district: [REDACTED]   Bogotá Colonization Settler colonialism

1825-666: The 15th century. The Vikings launched an unsuccessful attempt at colonizing an area they called Vinland , which is probably at a site now known as L'Anse aux Meadows , Newfoundland and Labrador , on the eastern coastline of Canada . In the Colonial Era, colonialism in this context refers mostly to Western European countries' colonization of lands mainly in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania. The main European countries active in this form of colonization included Spain , Portugal , France ,

1898-528: The Abkhaz language was banned. The ruling elite was purged of ethnic Abkhaz and by 1952 over 80% of the 228 top party and government officials and enterprise managers in Abkhazia were ethnic Georgians (there remained 34 Abkhaz, 7 Russians and 3 Armenians in these positions). For Königsberg area of East Prussia (modern Kaliningrad Oblast ) given to the Soviet Union at the 1945 Potsdam Conference Soviet control meant

1971-407: The Antioquia, and the letter "ll" (double L) pronounced as an affricative, not to overlook the inclusion of the letter "a" before certain initial Rs: arrecostarse instead of recostarse , arrecoger instead of recoger and arrecordarse instead of recordarse . The first Spaniard known to have visited the territory now known as Antioquia was Rodrigo de Bastidas , who explored

2044-471: The Carib. Although the tribe was numerous and known for its warring culture, the various peoples of this family became dominated or exterminated by the Spaniards in the process of conquest and colonization . As did all Native Americans, they suffered extremely high mortality due to newly introduced infectious Eurasian diseases, to which they had no immunity . In some cases the surviving natives dispersed to evade

2117-513: The Cauca River. Farther north, Robledo would found the city of Santa Fe de Antioquia , which in 1813 was declared the capital of the sovereign and independent state of Antioquia, and remained the seat of the governate until 1826, when Medellin was designated the capital. Other Spaniards who settled Antioquia came from Extremadura, Andalusia, and the Canary Islands. The Extremadurans influenced

2190-490: The Colombian army during independence. During the 19th and 20th centuries, immigrants (including Jews) arrived from Italy, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Portugal, Lebanon, Israel, Palestina and Syria. Many people from Antioquia are referred to as Paisas , people of mainly Spanish ancestry, a lot of them Basque. There is a small Afro-Colombian and Zambo-Colombian (people of Indigenous and African descent) population originating in

2263-587: The Far Eastern provinces from the USSR. To make settlement of the inhospitable and undeveloped region more enticing, the Soviet government allowed private ownership of land. This led to many non-Jews to settle in the oblast to get a free farm. By the 1930s, a massive propaganda campaign developed to induce more Jewish settlers to move there. In one instance, a government-produced Yiddish film called Seekers of Happiness told

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2336-565: The Germans were to become colonists, having control over the native people. These indigenous people were planned to be reduced to slaves or wholly annihilated. Many advanced nations currently have large numbers of guest workers / temporary work visa holders who are brought in to do seasonal work such as harvesting or to do low-paid manual labor. Guest workers or contractors have a lower status than workers with visas, because guest workers can be removed at any time for any reason. Colonization may be

2409-731: The JAO (1% of the total population), while ethnic Russians made up 92.7% of the JAO population. The JAO is Russia's only autonomous oblast and, aside of Israel, the world's only Jewish territory with an official status. In the First Aliyah , much of the Zionist settlement consisted of legal land purchases for agricultural colonies, or moshavot , for wine and citrus production. According to Elia Zuriek in his book "Israel's Colonial Project in Palestine: Brutal Pursuit", Israeli settlements in

2482-479: The Romans often conquered what they regarded as 'civilized' peoples. As they moved north into Europe, they mostly encountered rural peoples/tribes with very little in the way of cities. In these areas, waves of Roman colonization often followed the conquest of the areas. Many of the current cities throughout Europe began as Roman colonies, such as Cologne , Germany, originally called Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium by

2555-617: The Romans, and the British capital city of London , which the Romans founded as Londinium . The decline and collapse of the Roman Empire saw (and was partly caused by) the large-scale movement of people in Eastern Europe and Asia. This is largely seen as beginning with nomadic horsemen from Asia (specifically the Huns ) moving into the richer pasture land to the west, thus forcing the local people there to move further west and so on until eventually

2628-722: The Soviet government established the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Soviet Far East to create a homeland for the Jewish people. Another motive was to strengthen Soviet presence along the vulnerable eastern border. The region was often infiltrated by the Chinese; in 1927, Chiang Kai-shek had ended cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party , which further increased the threat. Japan also seemed willing and ready to detach

2701-510: The Spanish, and some committed suicide to escape being enslaved or subjected to forced labor. Many survivors fled to the modern department of Chocó . In Antioquia, the natives disappeared almost completely. At present, the autochthon population of the department of Antioquia scarcely reaches 0.5% of the total population, even though the vast majority of locals have a significant indigenous genetic component (26% in average). A debate, centered around

2774-537: The USSR budget from 1946 to 1990 than it received back. And of the money transferred back, a disproportionate amount was spent on the region's militarization and funding of repressive institutions, especially in the early years of the occupation . It has been calculated by a Latvian state-funded commission that the Soviet occupation cost the economy of Latvia a total of 185 billion euros. Conversely, Marxian economist and world-systems analyst Samir Amin asserts that, in contrast to colonialism, capital transfer in

2847-666: The USSR was used to develop poorer regions in the South and East with the wealthiest regions like Western Russia , Ukraine, and the Baltic Republics being the main source of capital. Estonian researcher Epp Annus acknowledges that the Soviet rule in the Baltic states did not possess every single characteristic of traditional colonialism since the Baltic states were already modern industrial European nation states with an established sense of national identity and cultural self-confidence prior to their Soviet invasion in 1940 and proposed that

2920-506: The apparently significant Jewish origin of Antioquians, took place from mid-nineteenth century to the twentieth century. Others, later pointed to Basque origins as a way to understand the population's idiosyncrasies. Prominent among these, were two American historians: Everett Hagen and Leonard Kasdan. Hagen looked at the telephone directory in Medellin in 1957 and found that 15% of the surnames were of Basque origin, finding then that employers in

2993-399: The area around the future site of Darién in 1500. Ten years later, Alonso de Ojeda founded San Sebastián de Urabá , 2 km from the present-day town of Necoclí . It was later destroyed by the natives. The first Spanish military incursion into Antioquia, however, was not made until 1537. An expedition commanded by Francisco César traveled through the lands of chief Dabeiba, arriving at

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3066-622: The capital of the Department of Antioquia, is the winner of the City of the Year competition, a global program developed in partnership with the Urban Land Institute to recognize the most innovative urban centers. Medellín was ranked above the other finalists, Tel Aviv and New York City . Antioquia is divided into nine subregions to facilitate the Department's administration. These nine regions contain

3139-507: The colonization of new land. Much of this trade was due to reforms passed after a 1785 visit from Juan Antonio Mon y Velarde , an inspector of the Spanish Crown. The Antioquia became colonizers and traders. The department was hard hit by the Colombian conflict , with 30,000 people missing between 1997 and 2005. The Wall Street Journal and Citi announced in the year 2013 that Medellín ,

3212-668: The country, were confiscated and given to the arriving colonists – Soviet military and NKVD personnel, as well as functionaries of the Communist Party and economic migrants from kolkhozes . The most dramatic case was Latvia, where the amount of ethnic Russians swelled from 168,300 (8.8%) in 1935 to 905,500 (34%) in 1989, whereas the proportion of ethnic Latvians fell from 77% in 1935 to 52% in 1989. Baltic states also faced intense economic exploitation , with Latvian SSR , for example, transferring 15.961 billion rubles (or 18.8% percent of its total revenue of 85 billion rubles) more to

3285-438: The culture of an indigenous people of the land, the culture of their ancestors (e.g., they left their European languages behind and adopted a Middle Eastern/Semitic one: Hebrew); (2) No settler colonial movement ever claimed to be "returning home"; (3) Jews had already been living in the "colonized" region for thousands of years. Both professors also point out that the academic journal where Wolfe published his essay fails to mention

3358-509: The dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1826 by the Revolution of the Morrocoyes ( La Cosiata ), New Granada kept its 17 provinces. In 1832 the provinces of Vélez and Barbacoas were created, and in 1835 those of Buenaventura and Pasto were added. In 1843 those of Cauca, Mompós and Túquerres were created. At this time the cantons ( cantones ) and parish districts were created, which provided the basis for

3431-445: The functions of INCORA, one of the most important being to declare which territories will acquire the status of indigenous protection and what extension of existing ones will be allowed. Decree 2164 of 1995 interprets Law 160 of 1994, providing, among other things, a legal definition of indigenous territories. Indigenous territories in Colombia are mostly in the departments of Amazonas, Cauca, La Guajira, Guaviare, and Vaupés. When it

3504-698: The indigenous councils, as set out in Articles 329 and 330 of the Colombian Constitution of 1991 . Also indigenous territories may achieve local autonomy if they meet the requirements of the law. Article 329 of the 1991 constitution recognizes the collective indigenous ownership of indigenous territories and repeats that are inalienable. Law 160 of 1994 created the National System of Agrarian Reform and Rural Development Campesino, and replaced Law 135 of 1961 on Agrarian Social Reform; it establishes and sets out

3577-504: The indigenous people, as well as through immigration and births of metropolitan as well as other settlers. The European colonization of Australia , New Zealand , and other places in Oceania was fueled by explorers, and colonists often regarding the encountered landmasses as terra nullius ("empty land" in Latin). This resulted in laws and ideas such as Mexico 's General Colonization Law and

3650-490: The initial Soviet occupation developed into a colonial rule gradually, as the local resistance turned into a hybrid coexistence with the Soviet power. The Soviet colonial rule never managed to fully establish itself and began rapidly disintegrating during perestroika , but after the restoration of independence, the Baltic states similarly had to deal with problems of a characteristically colonial nature, such as pollution , economic collapse and demographic tensions. In 1934,

3723-453: The late 19th century, Imperial Japan also engaged in settler colonization, most notably in Hokkaido and Korea . While some European colonization focused on shorter-term exploitation of economic opportunities ( Newfoundland , for example, or Siberia ) or addressed specific goals such as settlers seeking religious freedom ( Massachusetts ), at other times long-term social and economic planning

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3796-1325: The majority of the Urabá subregion and the neighboring departments of Chocó , Córdoba and Sucre . [REDACTED]   Amazonas [REDACTED]   Antioquia [REDACTED]   Arauca [REDACTED]   Atlántico [REDACTED]   Bolívar [REDACTED]   Boyacá [REDACTED]   Caldas [REDACTED]   Caquetá [REDACTED]   Casanare [REDACTED]   Cauca [REDACTED]   Cesar [REDACTED]   Chocó [REDACTED]   Córdoba [REDACTED]   Cundinamarca [REDACTED]   Guainía [REDACTED]   Guaviare [REDACTED]   Huila [REDACTED]   La Guajira [REDACTED]   Magdalena [REDACTED]   Meta [REDACTED]   Nariño [REDACTED]   N. Santander [REDACTED]   Putumayo [REDACTED]   Quindío [REDACTED]   Risaralda [REDACTED]   San Andrés [REDACTED]   Santander [REDACTED]   Sucre [REDACTED]   Tolima [REDACTED]   Valle del Cauca [REDACTED]   Vaupés [REDACTED]   Vichada Capital district: [REDACTED]   Bogotá Departments of Colombia Departments of Colombia refer to

3869-536: The new constitution of 1853 introduced federalism, which lead to the consolidation of provinces into states. By 1858 this process was complete, with a resulting eight federal states: Panamá was formed in 1855, Antioquia in 1856, Santander in May 1857, and Bolívar, Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca and Magdalena were formed in June 1858. 1861 saw the creation of the final federal state of Tolima. The Colombian Constitution of 1886 converted

3942-408: The percentage of surnames was up to 25%, which led him to conclude that Basque settlers were very important in explaining the increased industrial development of Antioquia in the Colombian context. These ideas were supported by representatives of developmental theories, who sought to justify business growth based on "the character of social groups." The use of Basque language (Euskera) terminology in

4015-608: The person who gets colonized, i.e. the object of the agent noun or absolutive, is referred to as a colonizee , colonisee or the colonised . In ancient times, maritime nations such as the city-states of Greece and Phoenicia established colonies in other parts of the Mediterranean. Another period of colonization in ancient times was during the Roman Empire . The Roman Empire conquered large parts of Western Europe , North Africa , and West Asia . In North Africa and West Asia,

4088-577: The planet . Public space agencies (including NASA , ESA , Roscosmos , ISRO , the CNSA , among others) have explored colonization concepts, but have primarily focused on further robotic exploration of Mars and the possibility of crewed landings. Some space advocacy groups, such as the Mars Society and the National Space Society , as well as some private organizations, such as SpaceX , have promoted

4161-592: The present territory of Colombia goes back to the early exploration in 1499, during the third voyage of Columbus , it is said that from that time the territory experienced a strong presence of Basques , including prominent figures such as the pilot and geographer Juan de la Cosa , nicknamed "el vizcaino" . (Some sources claim that he was not a native of the Basque Country , but was born in Santoña , Cantabria). More Basque colonists reached this area and began to settled in

4234-470: The present-day municipalities. By 1853 the number of provinces had increased to thirty-six, namely:Antioquia, Azuero, Barbacoas, Bogotá, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Casanare, Cauca, Chiriquí, Chocó, Córdova, Cundinamarca, García Rovira, Mariquita, Medellín, Mompós, Neiva, Ocaña, Pamplona, Panamá, Pasto, Popayán, Riohacha, Sabanilla, Santa Marta, Santander, Socorro, Soto, Tequendama, Tunja, Tundama, Túquerres, Valle de Upar, Veraguas, Vélez and Zipaquirá. However,

4307-462: The present-day territory of Colombia. Prior to adoption of the Colombian Constitution of 1886 , Antioquia State had its own sovereign government. The department covers an area of 63,612 km (24,561 sq mi), and has a population of 5,819,358 (2006 estimate); 6.6 million (2010 estimate). Antioquia borders the Córdoba Department and the Caribbean Sea to the north; Chocó to

4380-494: The pronunciation of the letter 's' as an apico-alveolar, like Basques. Andalusians and Canarians influenced seseo in the Spanish dialect. The reason behind the chosen name for the department is not historically clear. The most accepted explanation is that the name for the, then Greek - Syrian (now Turkish ), Hellenistic city of Antioch on the Orontes ( Greek : Ἀντιόχεια Antiocheia , Arabic : Antākiyyah , today Antakya )

4453-473: The region include the Catía, Nutabe, and Tahamíe , who all inhabited the central region of Antioquia. The Quimbaya occupied southern Antioquia. The historic Quimbaya, Carib and Muisca tribes were the most prominent groups encountered by the conquistadors upon their arrival in Antioquia. The Quimbaya had a lot to do with the development of the department. The Spaniards had a turbulent history of encounters with

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4526-407: The region. The Colombian department of Antioquia has been considered a major route of the Basque immigration, mainly during the colonial era. Hundreds of Basques migrated as settlers sponsored by the Spanish colonization companies. People who were interested in investigating the presence of the Basque people in the department of Antioquia and Colombia have been troubled by the question that relates to

4599-594: The story of a Jewish family that fled the Great Depression in the United States to make a new life for itself in Birobidzhan. Some 1,200 non-Soviet Jews chose to settle in Birobidzhan. The Jewish population peaked in 1948 at around 30,000, about one-quarter of the region's population. By 2010, according to data provided by the Russian Census Bureau, there were only 1,628 people of Jewish descent remaining in

4672-438: The use and retention of the Basque language in their current territories. It is estimated, for example, for smaller Antioquia, a region where hundreds of Spaniards arrived, of which a good portion were Basque, some limited aspects of the culture and traditions were brought by Basque settlers, though without any mention of their particular language, thus tracking the use of Basque in the current Antioquia and Colombia. However, this

4745-422: The use of non-indigenous colonial languages to the exclusion of any indigenous languages from administrative (and often, any public) use. In the 1920s, the Soviet regime implemented the so-called korenization policy in an attempt to win the trust of non-Russians by promoting their ethnic cultures and establishing for them many of the characteristic institutional forms of the nation-state. The early Soviet regime

4818-425: The west; the departments of Bolivar , Santander , and Boyaca to the east; and the departments of Caldas and Risaralda to the south. Medellín is Antioquia's capital city, and the second-largest city in the country. Other important towns are Santa Fe de Antioquia , the old capital located on the Cauca River , and Puerto Berrío on the Magdalena . Antioquia is the sixth-largest Department of Colombia . It

4891-416: Was first established in 1819, The Republic of Gran Colombia had three departments. Venezuela , Cundinamarca (now Colombia) and Quito (now Ecuador). In 1824, the Distrito del Centro (which became Colombia) was divided into five departments and further divided into seventeen provinces. One department, Isthmus Department , consisting of two provinces, later became the sovereign country of Panama . With

4964-472: Was hostile to even voluntary assimilation, and tried to de-Russify assimilated non-Russians. Parents and students not interested in the promotion of their national languages were labeled as displaying "abnormal attitudes". The authorities concluded that minorities unaware of their ethnicities had to be subjected to Belarusization , Polonization , etc. By the early 1930s, the Soviet regime introduced limited Russification; allowing voluntary assimilation, which

5037-430: Was identified by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Canada) as colonization through depriving the youth of First Nations in Canada of their languages and cultures. During the mid 20th century, there was the most dramatic and devastating attempt at colonization, and that was pursued with Nazism. Hitler and Heinrich Himmler and their supporters schemed for a mass migration of Germans to Eastern Europe, where some of

5110-429: Was involved for both parties, but more on the colonizing countries themselves, based on elaborate theory-building (note James Oglethorpe 's Colony of Georgia in the 1730s and Edward Gibbon Wakefield 's New Zealand Company in the 1840s). Colonization may be used as a method of absorbing and assimilating foreign people into the culture of the imperial country. One instrument to this end is linguistic imperialism , or

5183-404: Was often a popular demand. The list of nationalities was reduced from 172 in 1927 to 98 in 1939, by revoking support for small nations in order to merge them into bigger ones. For example, Abkhazia was merged into Georgia and thousands of ethnic Georgians were sent to Abkhazia. The Abkhaz alphabet was changed to a Georgian base, Abkhazian schools were closed and replaced with Georgian schools,

5256-512: Was primarily populated by the Carib people . Some scattered groups of Muisca were said to be present in the Darién region (in modern-day Panama ), a coastal region in the far north of Antioquia. But, no historical records refer to Muisca in Antioquia. The Carib occupying territory in Antioquia were known by classifications of smaller groups, called families . Some of the most prominent native families in

5329-474: Was used since the region known as the Coffee Zone in Colombia, in which many towns and cities are named after cities in the Middle East, has a very strong Judeo - Arabic influence, both demographically and culturally. Additionally, the city in mention played a significant role in the development of early Christian communities thus religiously important for Roman Catholic Spaniard conquerors. Others state that it

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