70-428: See text Anthiidae Poey, 1861 Anthias are members of the family Anthiadidae in the order Perciformes . The group has also been called Anthiidae or Anthiinae , but these names are preoccupied by a subfamily of ground beetles in the family Carabidae erected by Bonelli in 1813. Anthias are mostly small, thus are quite popular within the ornamental fish trade. They form complex social structures based on
140-423: A case around the brain, enclosing the lower surface and the sides, but always at least partially open at the top as a large fontanelle . The most anterior part of the cranium includes a forward plate of cartilage, the rostrum , and capsules to enclose the olfactory organs. Behind these are the orbits, and then an additional pair of capsules enclosing the structure of the inner ear. Finally, the skull tapers towards
210-428: A chin. In lampreys, the mouth is formed into an oral disk. In most jawed fish, however, there are three general configurations. The mouth may be on the forward end of the head (terminal), may be upturned (superior), or may be turned downwards or on the bottom of the fish (subterminal or inferior). The mouth may be modified into a suckermouth adapted for clinging onto objects in fast-moving water. The simpler structure
280-410: A discrete adrenal gland with distinct cortex and medulla, similar to those found in mammals. The interrenal and chromaffin cells are located within the head kidney. The gills of most teleost fish help to eliminate ammonia from the body, and fish live surrounded by water, but most still have a distinct bladder for storing waste fluid. The urinary bladder of teleosts is permeable to water, though this
350-518: A dominant male perishes, the largest female of the group will often change into a male to take its place. This may lead to squabbling between the next-largest male, which sees an opportunity to advance, and the largest female, whose hormones are surging with testosterone. Seven genera of anthias are known to occur in coral reef ecosystems: Holanthias , Luzonichthys , Nemanthias , Plectranthias , Pseudanthias , Rabaulichthys , and Serranocirrhitus . Members of all these genera make it into
420-439: A form of defense; many catfish have the ability to lock their spines outwards. Triggerfish also use spines to lock themselves in crevices to prevent them being pulled out. Lepidotrichia are bony, bilaterally-paired, segmented fin rays found in bony fishes. They develop around actinotrichia as part of the dermal exoskeleton. Lepidotrichia may have some cartilage or bone in them as well. They are actually segmented and appear as
490-528: A large mouth set on the underside of the head. The dermis is covered with separate dermal placoid scales . They have a cloaca into which the urinary and genital passages open, but not a swim bladder . Cartilaginous fish produce a small number of large yolky eggs. Some species are ovoviviparous , having the young develop internally, but others are oviparous and the larvae develop externally in egg cases . The bony fish lineage shows more derived anatomical traits, often with major evolutionary changes from
560-400: A new classification system which is especially well suited for biological systems. Linkage mechanisms are especially frequent and various in the head of bony fishes, such as wrasses , which have evolved many specialized aquatic feeding mechanisms . Especially advanced are the linkage mechanisms of jaw protrusion . For suction feeding a system of connected four-bar linkages is responsible for
630-434: A pouch located at the beginning of their intestine, which is also called a pyloric caecum , but it has a different structure and function that the pyloric caeca of other fish species. The lungfish caecum is homologous (due to common descent) with the caecum present in most amniotes (tetrapod vertebrates that include all mammals, reptiles, and birds). In most herbivores the caecum receives partially digested food from
700-503: A relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs more light than air does. The body of a fish is divided into a head, trunk and tail, although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible. The skeleton, which forms the support structure inside the fish, is either made of cartilage ( cartilaginous fish ) or bone ( bony fish ). The main skeletal element is the vertebral column , composed of articulating vertebrae which are lightweight yet strong. The ribs attach to
770-422: A series of disks stacked one on top of another. The genetic basis for the formation of the fin rays is thought to be genes coding for the proteins actinodin 1 and actinodin 2 . As with other vertebrates, the intestines of fish consist of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine . In most higher vertebrates, the small intestine is further divided into the duodenum and other parts. In fish,
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#1732852588857840-452: A spleen are the lampreys and hagfishes. Even in these animals, there is a diffuse layer of haematopoietic tissue within the gut wall, which has a similar structure to red pulp , and is presumed to be homologous to the spleen of higher vertebrates. The liver is a large vital organ present in all fish. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification , protein synthesis , and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. It
910-403: Is found in jawless fish, in which the cranium is represented by a trough-like basket of cartilaginous elements only partially enclosing the brain and associated with the capsules for the inner ears and the single nostril. Distinctively, these fish have no jaws. Cartilaginous fish such as sharks also have simple, and presumably primitive, skull structures. The cranium is a single structure forming
980-429: Is found in nearly all vertebrates. It is a non-vital organ, similar in structure to a large lymph node . It acts primarily as a blood filter, and plays important roles in regards to red blood cells and the immune system . In cartilaginous and bony fish it consists primarily of red pulp and is normally a somewhat elongated organ as it actually lies inside the serosal lining of the intestine. The only vertebrates lacking
1050-414: Is less true for freshwater dwelling species than saltwater species. In freshwater fish the bladder is a key site of absorption for many major ions in marine fish urine is held in the bladder for extended periods to maximise water absorption. The urinary bladders of fish and tetrapods are thought to be analogous while the former's swim-bladders and latter's lungs are considered homologous. The spleen
1120-488: Is no fossil evidence directly to support this theory, it makes sense in light of the numbers of pharyngeal arches that are visible in extant jawed animals (the gnathostomes ), which have seven arches, and primitive jawless vertebrates (the Agnatha ), which have nine. It is thought that the original selective advantage garnered by the jaw was not related to feeding, but to increase respiration efficiency. The jaws were used in
1190-403: Is often fusiform , a streamlined body plan often found in fast-moving fish. Some species may be filiform ( eel -shaped) or vermiform ( worm -shaped). Fish are often either compressed ( laterally thin and tall) or depressed ( dorso-ventrally flattened). There are two different skeletal types: the exoskeleton , which is the stable outer shell of an organism, and the endoskeleton , which forms
1260-464: Is simply a cylindrical piece of bone below the vertebral arch, with no trace of the separate elements present in the early tetrapods. In cartilaginous fish such as sharks , the vertebrae consist of two cartilaginous tubes. The upper tube is formed from the vertebral arches, but also includes additional cartilaginous structures filling in the gaps between the vertebrae, enclosing the spinal cord in an essentially continuous sheath. The lower tube surrounds
1330-430: Is to help the fish swim. Fins can also be used for gliding or crawling, as seen in the flying fish and frogfish . Fins located in different places on the fish serve different purposes, such as moving forward, turning, and keeping an upright position. For every fin, there are a number of fish species in which this particular fin has been lost during evolution. Spines have a variety of uses. In catfish , they are used as
1400-614: Is very susceptible to contamination by organic and inorganic compounds because they can accumulate over time and cause potentially life-threatening conditions. Because of the liver's capacity for detoxification and storage of harmful components, it is often used as an environmental biomarker . Fish have what is often described as a two-chambered heart, consisting of one atrium to receive blood and one ventricle to pump it, in contrast to three chambers (two atria, one ventricle) of amphibian and most reptile hearts and four chambers (two atria, two ventricles) of mammal and bird hearts. However,
1470-559: The Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian . Jaws are thought to derive from the pharyngeal arches that support the gills in fish. The two most anterior of these arches are thought to have become the jaw itself (see hyomandibula ) and the hyoid arch , which braces the jaw against the braincase and increases mechanical efficiency . While there
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#17328525888571540-454: The aquarium trade, although Pseudanthias is by far the most encountered in the hobby. The following genera are classified within the family: Perciformes See text Perciformes ( / ˈ p ɜːr s ɪ ˌ f ɔːr m iː z / ), also called the Acanthopteri , is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish in the clade Percomorpha . Perciformes means " perch -like". Among
1610-455: The buccal pump (observable in modern fish and amphibians) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs of amphibians. Over evolutionary time, the more familiar use of jaws in feeding was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Linkage systems are widely distributed in animals. The most thorough overview of the different types of linkages in animals has been provided by M. Muller, who also designed
1680-661: The gills and then around the body in a single circulatory loop. The eyes are adapted for seeing underwater and have only local vision. There is an inner ear but no external or middle ear . Low-frequency vibrations are detected by the lateral line system of sense organs that run along the length of the sides of fish, which responds to nearby movements and to changes in water pressure. Sharks and rays are basal fish with numerous primitive anatomical features similar to those of ancient fish, including skeletons composed of cartilage. Their bodies tend to be dorso-ventrally flattened, and they usually have five pairs of gill slits and
1750-399: The pyloric sphincter . However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras , lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the esophagus opening directly into the intestine. These fish consume diets that either require little storage of food, no pre-digestion with gastric juices, or both. The kidneys of fish are typically narrow, elongated organs, occupying a significant portion of
1820-462: The spiracle , a small extra gill opening, is found behind each eye. The skull in fishes is formed from a series of only loosely connected bones. Jawless fish and sharks only possess a cartilaginous endocranium , with the upper and lower jaws of cartilaginous fish being separate elements not attached to the skull. Bony fishes have additional dermal bone , forming a more or less coherent skull roof in lungfish and holost fish . The lower jaw defines
1890-415: The spiral valve is extremely small, possibly because their diet requires little digestion. Hagfish have no spiral valve at all, with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine, which is not subdivided into different regions. Many fish have a number of small outpocketings, called pyloric caeca, along their intestine. The purpose of the caeca is to increase the overall surface area of
1960-459: The sympletic , linking the jaw to the rest of the cranium. Although the skulls of fossil lobe-finned fish resemble those of the early tetrapods, the same cannot be said of those of the living lungfishes. The skull roof is not fully formed, and consists of multiple, somewhat irregularly shaped bones with no direct relationship to those of tetrapods. The upper jaw is formed from the pterygoid bones and vomers alone, all of which bear teeth. Much of
2030-406: The basic chordate body plan: a stiff rod running through the length of the animal (vertebral column or notochord), with a hollow tube of nervous tissue (the spinal cord ) above it and the gastrointestinal tract below. In all vertebrates, the mouth is found at, or right below, the anterior end of the animal, while the anus opens to the exterior before the end of the body. The remaining part of
2100-410: The body beyond the anus forms a tail with vertebrae and the spinal cord, but no gut. The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column, in which the notochord (a stiff rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of stiffer elements (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints ( intervertebral discs , derived embryonically and evolutionarily from
2170-489: The centrum is called a neural arch , while the haemal arch or chevron is found underneath the centrum in the caudal vertebrae of fish. The centrum of a fish is usually concave at each end (amphicoelous), which limits the motion of the fish. In contrast, the centrum of a mammal is flat at each end (acoelous), a shape that can support and distribute compressive forces. The vertebrae of lobe-finned fishes consist of three discrete bony elements. The vertebral arch surrounds
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2240-576: The chin or under the belly. Scales are usually ctenoid (rough to the touch), although sometimes they are cycloid (smooth to the touch) or otherwise modified. Classification of this group is controversial. As traditionally defined before the introduction of cladistics , the Perciformes are almost certainly paraphyletic . Other orders that should possibly be included as suborders are the Scorpaeniformes , Tetraodontiformes , and Pleuronectiformes . Of
2310-486: The clade Cyclostomi , and therefore are vertebrates in a phylogenetic sense. The head or skull includes the skull roof (a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils), the snout (from the eye to the forward-most point of the upper jaw ), the operculum or gill cover (absent in sharks and jawless fish ), and the cheek , which extends from the eye to the preopercle . The operculum and preopercle may or may not have spines. In sharks and some primitive bony fish
2380-896: The clade Percomorpha, significantly reducing the size of the group. In contrast to this splitting, other groups formerly considered distinct, such as the Scorpaeniformes , are now classified in the Perciformes. The earliest fossil perciform is the extinct serranid Paleoserranus from the Early Paleocene of Mexico , but potential records of "percoids" are known from the Maastrichtian , including Eoserranus , Indiaichthys , and Prolates , although their exact taxonomic identity remains uncertain. The dorsal and anal fins are divided into anterior spiny and posterior soft-rayed portions, which may be partially or completely separated. The pelvic fins usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under
2450-520: The colour of their skin by adjusting the relative size of their chromatophores. Some fishes may also have venom glands, photophores , or cells that produce a more watery serous fluid in the dermis. Also part of the fish's integumentary system are the scales that cover the outer body of many jawed fish. The commonly known scales are the ones that originate from the dermis or mesoderm, and may be similar in structure to teeth. Some species are covered by scutes instead. Others may have no scales covering
2520-449: The compartments. The ostial valve between the sinus venosus and atrium is called the sino-atrial valve, which closes during ventricular contraction. Between the atrium and ventricle is an ostial valve called the atrioventricular valve , and between the bulbus arteriosus and ventricle is an ostial valve called the bulbo-ventricular valve. The conus arteriosus has a variable number of semilunar valves . The ventral aorta delivers blood to
2590-490: The coordinated opening of the mouth and 3-D expansion of the buccal cavity. Other linkages are responsible for protrusion of the premaxilla. Fish eyes are similar to terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals, but have a more spherical lens . Their retinas generally have both rod cells and cone cells (for scotopic and photopic vision ), and most species have colour vision . Some fish can see ultraviolet and some can see polarized light . Amongst jawless fish,
2660-405: The divisions of the small intestine are not as clear, and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum. In bony fish, the intestine is relatively short, typically around one and a half times the length of the fish's body. It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca , small pouch-like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of
2730-529: The epidermis, fish typically have numerous individual mucus -secreting skin cells called goblet cells that produce a slimy substance to the surface of the skin. This aids in insulation and protection from bacterial infection. The skin colour of many mammals are often due to melanin found in their epidermis. In fish, however, the colour of the skin are largely due to chromatophores in the dermis, which, in addition to melanin, may contain guanine or carotenoid pigments. Many species, such as flounders , change
2800-415: The evolutionary line that led to reptiles , mammals and birds, the intercentrum became partially or wholly replaced by an enlarged pleurocentrum, which in turn became the bony vertebral body. In most ray-finned fishes , including all teleosts , these two structures are fused with and embedded within a solid piece of bone superficially resembling the vertebral body of mammals. In living amphibians , there
2870-445: The features of ancient fish. They have a bony skeleton, are generally laterally flattened, have five pairs of gills protected by an operculum , and a mouth at or near the tip of the snout. The dermis is covered with overlapping scales . Bony fish have a swim bladder which helps them maintain a constant depth in the water column , but not a cloaca. They mostly spawn a large number of small eggs with little yolk which they broadcast into
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2940-471: The fish heart has entry and exit compartments that may be called chambers, so it is also sometimes described as three-chambered, or four-chambered, depending on what is counted as a chamber. The atrium and ventricle are sometimes considered "true chambers", while the others are considered "accessory chambers". The four compartments are arranged sequentially: Ostial valves, consisting of flap-like connective tissues, prevent blood from flowing backward through
3010-418: The former dealing with the structure of a fish, its organs or component parts and how they are put together, such as might be observed on the dissecting table or under the microscope, and the latter dealing with how those components function together in living fish. The anatomy of fish is often shaped by the physical characteristics of water, the medium in which fish live. Water is much denser than fish, holds
3080-406: The gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta , into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta is divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta , while the other forms the pulmonary artery ). The circulatory systems of all vertebrates are closed . Fish have the simplest circulatory system, consisting of only one circuit, with the blood being pumped through
3150-409: The intestine itself is relatively straight, but has a long fold running along the inner surface in a spiral fashion, sometimes for dozens of turns. This fold creates a valve-like structure that greatly increases both the surface area and the effective length of the intestine. The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods. In lampreys,
3220-411: The intestines, thereby increasing the absorption of nutrients. The number of pyloric caeca varies widely between species, and in some species of fish no caeca are present at all. Species with few or no caeca compensate for their lack by having longer intestines, or by have taller or more convoluted intestinal villi, thereby achieving similar levels of absorptive surface area. Lungfish also have
3290-413: The lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots. The ancestors of modern hagfish, thought to be protovertebrate, were evidently pushed to very deep, dark waters, where they were less vulnerable to sighted predators and where it is advantageous to have a convex eyespot, which gathers more light than a flat or concave one. Unlike humans, fish normally adjust focus by moving
3360-427: The lens closer to or further from the retina. The skin of the fish are a part of the integumentary system , which contains two layers: the epidermis and the dermis layer. The epidermis is derived from the ectoderm and becomes the most superficial layer that consists entirely of live cells, with only minimal quantities of keratin . It is generally permeable. The dermis is derived from the mesoderm and resembles
3430-487: The little connective tissue which are composed of mostly collagen fibers found in bony fish. Some fish species have scales that emerge from the dermis, penetrate the thin layer of the basement membrane that lies between the epidermis and dermis, and becomes externally visible and covers the epidermis layer. Generally, the skin also contains sweat glands and sebaceous glands that are both unique to mammals, but additional types of skin glands are found in fish. Found in
3500-483: The mesonephric duct at the bladder or cloaca. Indeed, in many cartilaginous fish, the anterior portion of the kidney may degenerate or cease to function altogether in the adult. Hagfish and lamprey kidneys are unusually simple. They consist of a row of nephrons, each emptying directly into the mesonephric duct. Like the Nile tilapia, the kidney of some fish shows its three parts; head, trunk, and tail kidneys. Fish do not have
3570-402: The most distinctive features of fish. They are either composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body with skin covering them and joining them together, either in a webbed fashion as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper as seen in sharks. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fins have no direct connection with the spine and are supported by muscles only. Their principal function
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#17328525888573640-406: The notochord and has a complex structure, often including multiple layers of calcification . Lampreys have vertebral arches, but nothing resembling the vertebral bodies found in all higher vertebrates . Even the arches are discontinuous, consisting of separate pieces of arch-shaped cartilage around the spinal cord in most parts of the body, changing to long strips of cartilage above and below in
3710-403: The notochord). However, a few fish have secondarily lost this anatomy, retaining the notochord into adulthood, such as the sturgeon . The vertebral column consists of a centrum (the central body or spine of the vertebra), vertebral arches which protrude from the top and bottom of the centrum, and various processes which project from the centrum or arches. An arch extending from the top of
3780-542: The number of males and females and also their position on the reef itself, and are mainly zooplankton feeders. They occur in all tropical oceans and seas of the world. The first species recognized in this group was described in the Mediterranean and northeast Atlantic and was given name Anthias anthias by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 . Anthias can shoal by the thousands. Anthias do school in these large groups, though they tend toward more intimate subdivisions within
3850-423: The organ for digesting food. There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts, with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epithelium . There is no small intestine as such in non-teleost fish, such as sharks, sturgeons, and lungfish. Instead, the digestive part of the gut forms a spiral intestine , connecting the stomach to the rectum. In this type of gut,
3920-402: The outer body. There are four principal types of fish scales that originate from the dermis. The lateral line is a sense organ used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water. For example, fish can use their lateral line system to follow the vortices produced by fleeing prey. In most species, it consists of a line of receptors running along each side of the fish. Fins are
3990-529: The presently recognized suborders, several may be paraphyletic, as well. These are grouped by suborder/superfamily, generally following the text Fishes of the World . Fish anatomy#Fins Fish anatomy is the study of the form or morphology of fish . It can be contrasted with fish physiology , which is the study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish. In practice, fish anatomy and fish physiology complement each other,
4060-426: The rear, where the foramen magnum lies immediately above a single condyle , articulating with the first vertebra. Smaller foramina for the cranial nerves can be found at various points throughout the cranium. The jaws consist of separate hoops of cartilage, almost always distinct from the cranium proper. In the ray-finned fishes, there has also been considerable modification from the primitive pattern. The roof of
4130-472: The school, appropriately called "harems". These consist of one dominant, colorful male, and two to 12 females — which have their own hierarchy among them — and up to two 'subdominant' males, often less brightly colored and not territorial. Within the swarm of females, territorial males perform acrobatic U-swim displays and vigorously defend an area of the reef and its associated harem. Most anthias are protogynous hermaphrodites . These anthias are born female; if
4200-437: The skull is formed from cartilage, and its overall structure is reduced. The head may have several fleshy structures known as barbels , which may be very long and resemble whiskers. Many fish species also have a variety of protrusions or spines on the head. The nostrils or nares of almost all fishes do not connect to the oral cavity, but are pits of varying shape and depth. The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in
4270-456: The skull is generally well formed, and although the exact relationship of its bones to those of tetrapods is unclear, they are usually given similar names for convenience. Other elements of the skull, however, may be reduced; there is little cheek region behind the enlarged orbits, and little if any bone in between them. The upper jaw is often formed largely from the premaxilla , with the maxilla itself located further back, and an additional bone,
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#17328525888574340-410: The small intestine, and serves as a fermentation chamber to break down cellulose (such as grass or leaves) in the diet. In carnivores the caecum is often greatly reduced or missing. As with other vertebrates, the relative positions of the esophageal and duodenal openings to the stomach remain relatively constant. As a result, the stomach always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet
4410-425: The spinal cord, and is broadly similar in form to that found in most other vertebrates. Just beneath the arch lies the small plate-like pleurocentrum, which protects the upper surface of the notochord. Below that, a larger arch-shaped intercentrum protects the lower border. Both of these structures are embedded within a single cylindrical mass of cartilage. A similar arrangement was found in primitive tetrapods , but in
4480-408: The spine and there are no limbs or limb girdles. The main external features of the fish, the fins , are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays which, with the exception of the caudal fins , have no direct connection with the spine. They are supported by the muscles which compose the main part of the trunk. The heart has two chambers and pumps the blood through the respiratory surfaces of
4550-598: The spine. They are supported only by the muscles. The ribs attach to the spine. Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals . Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue . Bones come in a variety of shapes and have a complex internal and external structure. They are lightweight, yet strong and hard, in addition to fulfilling their many other biological functions . Fish are vertebrates. All vertebrates are built along
4620-419: The support structure inside the body. The skeleton of the fish is made of either cartilage (cartilaginous fishes) or bone (bony fishes). The endoskeleton of the fish is made up of two main components: the axial skeleton consisting of the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton supporting the fins. The fins are made up of bony fin rays and, except for the caudal fin, have no direct connection with
4690-424: The tail region. Hagfishes lack a true vertebral column, but a few tiny neural arches are present in the tail. Hagfishes do, however, possess a cranium . For this reason, hagfishes have sometimes been excluded from Vertebrata in the past, and instead placed as a sister group of vertebrates within the taxon " Craniata ". Molecular analyses since 1992 have shown that hagfishes are the sister group of lampreys within
4760-399: The trunk. They are similar to the mesonephros of higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds, and mammals). The kidneys contain clusters of nephrons , serviced by collecting ducts which usually drain into a mesonephric duct . However, the situation is not always so simple. In cartilaginous fish, there is also a shorter duct which drains the posterior (metanephric) parts of the kidney, and joins with
4830-450: The water column. In many respects, fish anatomy is different from mammalian anatomy. However, it still shares the same basic body plan from which all vertebrates have evolved: a notochord , rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail. Fish have a variety of different body plans. At the broadest level, their body is divided into the head, trunk, and tail, although the divisions are not always externally visible. The body
4900-442: The well-known members of this group are perch and darters ( Percidae ), sea bass and groupers ( Serranidae ). Formerly, this group was thought to be even more diverse than it is thought to be now, containing about 41% of all bony fish (about 10,000 species) and about 160 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates. However, many of these other families have since been reclassified within their own orders within
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