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44-400: Only primary schooling is available. The majority 50% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 30% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is beans , while other important products are maize and rice . Services provide employment for 10% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 10% of the population. This town was captured by

88-527: A galactomannan polysaccharide . It is used to thicken and stabilise foods and other products. Some kinds of raw beans contain a harmful, flavourless toxin: the lectin phytohaemagglutinin , which must be destroyed by cooking. Red kidney beans are particularly toxic, but other types also pose risks of food poisoning . Even small quantities (4 or 5 raw beans) may cause severe stomachache, vomiting, and diarrhea. This risk does not apply to canned beans because they have already been cooked. A recommended method

132-634: A slow cooker at 80 °C/ 176 °F, is insufficient to deactivate all toxins. To safely cook the beans, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends boiling for 30 minutes to ensure they reach a sufficient temperature for long enough to destroy the toxin completely. For dry beans, the FDA also recommends an initial soak of at least 5 hours in water which should then be discarded. Outbreaks of poisoning have been associated with cooking kidney beans in slow cookers . The primary symptoms of phytohaemagglutinin poisoning are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Onset

176-496: A cool, dry place, but as time passes, their nutritive value and flavor degrade, and cooking times lengthen. Dried beans are almost always cooked by boiling , often after being soaked in water for several hours. While the soaking is not strictly necessary, it shortens cooking time and results in more evenly textured beans. In addition, soaking beans removes 5 to 10% of the gas-producing sugars that can cause flatulence for some people. The methods include simple overnight soaking and

220-412: A flat pod; stringless or French beans, which lack a tough, fibrous string running along the length of the pod; and runner beans, which belong to a separate species, Phaseolus coccineus . Green beans may have a purple rather than green pod, which changes to green when cooked. Wax beans are P. vulgaris beans that have a yellow or white pod. Wax bean cultivars are commonly grown; the plants are often of

264-628: A rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of vitamin K (41% DV) and a moderate source (10-19% DV) of vitamin C , vitamin B6 , and manganese . Dry white common beans, after boiling, are 63% water, 25% carbohydrates, 10% protein, and contain little fat. In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), boiled white common beans supply 139 calories and are a rich source of folate and manganese, with moderate amounts of thiamine and several dietary minerals . Dry beans will keep indefinitely if stored in

308-621: A wide range. In 2022, world production of dry common beans was 28 million tonnes, led by India with 23% of the total. Brazil and Myanmar were secondary producers. The toxic compound phytohaemagglutinin, a lectin , is present in many common bean varieties but is especially concentrated in red kidney beans. White kidney beans contain about a third as many toxins as the red variety; broad beans ( Vicia faba ) contain 5 to 10% as much as red kidney beans. Phytohaemagglutinin can be inactivated by cooking beans for ten minutes at boiling point (100 °C, 212 °F). Insufficient cooking, such as in

352-527: Is epazote , which is also said to aid digestion. In East Asia, a type of seaweed, kombu , is added to beans as they cook for the same purpose. Salt, sugar, and acidic foods such as tomatoes may harden uncooked beans, resulting in seasoned beans at the expense of slightly longer cooking times. Dry beans may also be bought cooked and canned as refried beans , or whole with water , salt , and sometimes sugar . The three commonly known types of green beans are string or snap beans, which may be round or have

396-411: Is from one to three hours after consumption of improperly prepared beans, and symptoms typically resolve within a few hours. Consumption of as few as four or five raw, soaked kidney beans can cause symptoms. Canned red kidney beans are safe to use immediately, as they have already been cooked. Beans are high in purines , which are metabolized to uric acid . Uric acid is not a toxin but may promote

440-619: Is native to the Americas. It was originally believed that it had been domesticated separately in Mesoamerica and in the southern Andes region some 8,000 years ago, giving the domesticated bean two gene pools . However, recent genetic analyses show that it was domesticated in Mexico first, then split into the Mesoamerican and Andean P. vulgaris gene pools. Beans, squash and maize (corn) are

484-535: Is not well known in the medical community, and many cases may be misdiagnosed or never reported; figures appear not to be available. In the case of the UK National Poisons Information Service , available only to health professionals, the dangers of beans other than red beans were not flagged as of 2008 . Fermentation is used in some parts of Africa to improve the nutritional value of beans by removing toxins. Inexpensive fermentation improves

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528-464: Is the theme of a children's song " Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit ". The Mexican jumping bean is a segment of a seed pod occupied by the larva of the moth Cydia saltitans , and sold as a novelty. The pods, of the woody plant Sebastiania pavoniana (in the spurge family), start to jump when warmed in the palm of the hand. Scientists have suggested that the random walk that results may help

572-471: Is to boil the beans for at least ten minutes; under-cooked beans may be more toxic than raw beans. Cooking beans, without bringing them to a boil, in a slow cooker at a temperature well below boiling may not destroy toxins. A case of poisoning by butter beans used to make falafel was reported; the beans were used instead of traditional broad beans or chickpeas , soaked and ground without boiling, made into patties, and shallow fried . Bean poisoning

616-735: The Aegean region , Iberia , and transalpine Europe. In the Iliad (8th century BCE), there is a passing mention of beans and chickpeas cast on the threshing floor. The oldest-known domesticated beans in the Americas were found in Guitarrero Cave , an archaeological site in Peru , and dated to around the second millennium BCE. Genetic analyses of the common bean Phaseolus show that it originated in Mesoamerica , and subsequently spread southward, along with maize and squash, traditional companion crops. Most of

660-797: The Americas , P. vulgaris is also known as ayacotl in nahuatl ( Aztec language), búul in Mayan ( Maya language) and purutu in Quechua ( Inca language). In Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, the Spanish name 'poroto' is used, being derived from its corresponding Quechua word. Additional names include the Castilian Spanish frijol , the Portuguese feijão , and the Catalan fesol . Wild P. vulgaris

704-622: The Chiloé Archipelago . Most beans are legumes, but from many different genera, native to different regions. The biodiversity of bean cultivars is threatened by modern plant breeding, which selects a small number of the most productive varieties. Efforts are being made to conserve the germplasm of older varieties in different countries. As of 2023, the Norwegian Svalbard Global Seed Vault holds more than 40,000 accessions of Phaseolus bean species. Unlike

748-573: The Phaseolus genus are now all from the Americas. Ancient Greeks used the word φάσηλος ( phasēlos ) to refer to the beans of Asian origins that were cultivated in Europe at the time. The Romans used both the Latinized phaseolus and their own faba to refer to different pre-Columbian species of beans, presumably using the word faseolus for smaller seeds like those belonging to the genus Vigna such as

792-601: The black-eyed peas and the word faba for larger seeds, such as the fava beans . This latter word, faba , was related to the Proto-Germanic bauno , from which the Old English word bean is derived and has the meaning of "bean, pea, legume". When Phaseolus vulgaris arrived in Europe in the 16th century , this species was yet another seed in a pod, thus there were already words in the European languages describing it. In

836-475: The legume family, Fabaceae . Like most members of this family, common beans acquire the nitrogen they require through an association with rhizobia , which are nitrogen-fixing bacteria . The common bean has a long history of cultivation. All wild members of the species have a climbing habit, but many cultivars are classified either as bush beans or climbing beans , depending on their style of growth. The other major types of commercially grown beans are

880-413: The Americas, use of the word was extended to pod-borne seeds of Phaseolus , such as the common bean and the runner bean , and the related genus Vigna . The term has long been applied generally to seeds of similar form, such as Old World soybeans and lupins , and to the fruits or seeds of unrelated plants such as coffee beans , vanilla beans , castor beans , and cocoa beans . Beans were among

924-801: The French troops from Sakalava defenders on 12 August 1897 during the Franco-Hova Wars . 19°40′S 45°24′E  /  19.667°S 45.400°E  / -19.667; 45.400 This Menabe location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bean A bean is the seed of any plant in the legume family ( Fabaceae ) used as a vegetable for human consumption or animal feed. The seeds are often preserved through drying , but fresh beans are also sold. Most beans are traditionally soaked and boiled, but they can be cooked in many different ways, including frying and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes throughout

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968-692: The bean explodes, exposing the inner part in the manner of popcorn and other puffed grains . Bean leaves have been used to trap bedbugs in houses. Microscopic hairs ( trichomes ) on the bean leaves entrap the insects. Beans have been used as devices in various methods of divination since ancient times. Fortune-telling using beans is called favomancy . P. vulgaris has been found to bio-accumulate zinc , manganese , and iron and have some tolerance to their respective toxicities, suggesting suitability for natural bio-remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soils. In 1528, Pope Clemente VII received some white beans, which thrived. Five years later, he gave

1012-472: The beans known by him into genus Phaseolus and genus Dolichos , naming 11 species of Phaseolus , including 6 cultivated species and 5 "wild" species. The beans cultivated in Europe prior to the Columbian Exchange were of Asian origin and are unrelated to New World Phaseolus species. The Eurasian species were transferred to other genera including Vigna , Vicia and Lablab , so members of

1056-472: The body. Phytic acid , present in beans, interferes with bone growth and interrupts vitamin D metabolism. Many beans, including broad beans, navy beans, kidney beans and soybeans, contain large sugar molecules, oligosaccharides (particularly raffinose and stachyose ). A suitable oligosaccharide-cleaving enzyme is necessary to digest these. As the human digestive tract does not contain such enzymes, consumed oligosaccharides are digested by bacteria in

1100-611: The bush or dwarf form. As the name implies, snap beans break easily when the pod is bent, giving off a distinct audible snap sound. The pods of snap beans (green, yellow, and purple) are harvested when they are rapidly growing, fleshy, tender (not tough and stringy), and bright in color, and the seeds are small and underdeveloped (8 to 10 days after flowering). Green beans and wax beans are often steamed , boiled, stir-fried , or baked in casseroles . Shell, shelled, or shelling beans are beans removed from their pods before being cooked or dried. Common beans can be used as shell beans, but

1144-499: The closely related pea , beans are a summer crop that needs warm temperatures to grow. Legumes are capable of nitrogen fixation and hence need less fertiliser than most plants. Maturity is typically 55–60 days from planting to harvest. As the pods mature, they turn yellow and dry up, and the beans inside change from green to their mature colour. Many beans are vines needing external support, such as "bean cages" or poles. Native Americans customarily grew them along with corn and squash,

1188-465: The coastal regions by around 500 BC. Small-seeded varieties were found in sites in Mexico, dating to 300 BC, which then spread north and east of the Mississippi River by 1000 AD. Many well-known bean cultivars and varieties belong to this species, and the list below is in no way exhaustive. Both bush and running (pole) cultivars/varieties exist. The colors and shapes of pods and seeds vary over

1232-399: The development or exacerbation of gout . However, more recent research has questioned this association, finding that moderate intake of purine-rich foods is not associated with an increased risk of gout. Raw green beans are 90% water, 7% carbohydrates , 1% protein , and contain negligible fat . In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), raw green beans supply 36 calories , and are

1276-591: The first plants to be domesticated. Broad or fava beans are in their wild state the size of a small fingernail; they were first gathered in Afghanistan and the Himalayan foothills. An early cultivated form was grown in Thailand from the early seventh millennium BCE, predating ceramics. Beans were deposited with the dead in ancient Egypt . Not until the second millennium BCE did cultivated, large-seeded broad beans appear in

1320-399: The genome of P. vulgaris has 11 chromosomal pairs (2n = 22). Its genome is one of the smallest in the legume family at 625 Mbp per haploid genome. Raw or undercooked beans contain a toxic protein called phytohaemagglutinin . The common bean, like all species of Phaseolus is a member of the legume family Fabaceae . In Species Plantarum in 1753, Carl Linnaeus classified

1364-474: The herb epazote ; India the aromatic resin asafoetida ; Germany applies the herb savory ; in the Middle East, cumin ; and Japan the seaweed kombu . A substance for which there is evidence of effectiveness in reducing flatulence is the enzyme alpha-galactosidase ; extracted from the mould fungus Aspergillus niger , it breaks down glycolipids and glycoproteins . The reputation of beans for flatulence

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1408-503: The kinds of beans commonly eaten today are part of the genus Phaseolus , which originated in the Americas. The first European to encounter them was Christopher Columbus , while exploring what may have been the Bahamas , and saw them growing in fields. Five kinds of Phaseolus beans were domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples, selecting pods that did not open and scatter their seeds when ripe: common beans ( P. vulgaris ) grown from Chile to

1452-496: The large intestine, producing gases such as methane, released as flatulence . Beans have often been thought of as a food of the poor, as small farmers ate grains, vegetables, and got their protein from beans, while the wealthier classes were able to afford meat. European society has what Ken Albala calls "a class-based antagonism" to beans. Different cultures agree in disliking the flatulence that beans cause, and possess their own seasonings to attempt to remedy it: Mexico uses

1496-402: The larva to find shade and so to survive on hot days. Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris , the common bean , is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or green, unripe pods . Its leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable and the straw as fodder . Its botanical classification , along with other Phaseolus species, is as a member of

1540-514: The most important producer is Tanzania. Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Raw green beans are 90% water, 7% carbohydrates , 2% protein , and contain negligible fat . In a 100 grams (3.5 oz) reference serving, raw green beans supply 31 calories of food energy , and are a moderate source (10-19% of the Daily Value , DV) of vitamin C (15% DV) and vitamin B6 (11% DV), with no other micronutrients in significant content (table). Guar beans are used for their gum ,

1584-636: The northern part of the United States; lima and sieva beans ( P. lunatus ); and the less widely distributed teparies ( P. acutifolius ), scarlet runner beans ( P. coccineus ), and polyanthus beans. Pre-Columbian peoples as far north as the Atlantic seaboard grew beans in the " Three Sisters " method of companion planting . The beans were interplanted with maize and squash . Beans were cultivated across Chile in Pre-Hispanic times, likely as far south as

1628-954: The nutritional impact of flour from dry beans and improves digestibility, according to research co-authored by Emire Shimelis, from the Food Engineering Program at Addis Ababa University. Beans are a major source of dietary protein in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. It is common to make beansprouts by letting some types of bean, often mung beans , germinate in moist and warm conditions; beansprouts may be used as ingredients in cooked dishes, or eaten raw or lightly cooked. There have been many outbreaks of disease from bacterial contamination, often by salmonella , listeria , and Escherichia coli , of beansprouts not thoroughly cooked, some causing significant mortality. Many types of bean like kidney bean contain significant amounts of antinutrients that inhibit some enzyme processes in

1672-405: The power soak method, in which beans are boiled for three minutes and then set aside for 2–4 hours. Before cooking, the soaking water is drained off and discarded. Dry common beans take longer to cook than most pulses : cooking times vary from one to four hours but are substantially reduced with pressure cooking . In Mexico, Central America, and South America, the traditional spice used with beans

1716-1031: The runner bean ( Phaseolus coccineus ) and the broad bean ( Vicia faba ). Beans are grown on every continent except Antarctica. In 2022, 28 million tonnes of dry common beans were produced worldwide, led by India with 23% of the total. Raw dry beans contain the toxic compound phytohaemagglutinin , which can be inactivated by cooking beans for ten minutes at boiling point (100 °C, 212 °F). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration also recommends an initial soak of at least 5 hours in water which should then be discarded. Bush varieties form erect bushes 20–60 centimetres (8–20 inches) tall, while pole or running varieties form vines 2–3 metres (7–10 feet) long. All varieties bear alternate, green or purple leaves , which are divided into three oval, smooth-edged leaflets, each 6–15 cm (2–6 in) long and 3–11 cm (1–4 in) wide. The white, pink, or purple flowers are about 1 cm long and have 10 stamens . The flowers are self-pollinating , which facilitates

1760-578: The selection of stable cultivars. The flowers give way to pods 8–20 cm (3–8 in) long and 1–1.5 cm wide. These may be green, yellow, black, or purple, each containing 4–8 beans. Some varieties develop a string along the pod; these are generally cultivated for dry beans, as green stringy beans are not commercially desirable. The beans are smooth, plump, kidney-shaped, up to 1.5 cm long, range widely in color and are often mottled in two or more colors. The beans maintain their germination capacity for up to 5 years. Like most species from Phaseolus ,

1804-436: The tall stalks acting as support for the beans. More recently, the commercial "bush bean" which does not require support and produces all its pods simultaneously has been developed. The production data for legumes are published by FAO in three categories: The following is a summary of FAO data. The world leader in production of dry beans ( Phaseolus spp), is India, followed by Myanmar (Burma) and Brazil. In Africa,

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1848-464: The term also refers to other species of beans whose pods are not typically eaten, such as lima beans , soybeans , peas , and fava beans . Fresh shell beans are nutritionally similar to dry beans but are prepared more like vegetables, often steamed, fried, or made into soups. The nuña is an Andean subspecies, P. v. subsp. nunas (formerly P. vulgaris Nuñas group), with round, multicolored seeds that resemble pigeon eggs. When cooked on high heat,

1892-492: The three Mesoamerican crops that constitute the "Three Sisters" , central to indigenous American agriculture . The common bean arrived in Europe as part of the Columbian exchange . Good commercial yield in favorable environments under irrigation is 6 to 8 ton/ha fresh and 1.5 to 2 ton/ha dry seed. Archeologists found large-seeded varieties of the domesticated bean in the highlands of Peru, dating to 2300 BC, and spreading to

1936-526: The world. The unripe seedpods of some varieties are also eaten whole as green beans or edamame (immature soybean ), but fully ripened beans contain toxins like phytohemagglutinin and require cooking. The word 'bean', for the Old World vegetable, existed in Old English , long before the New World genus Phaseolus was known in Europe. With the Columbian exchange of domestic plants between Europe and

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