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68-418: Although Annazid authority declined in several generations, the dynasty did not disappear. In late 12th century, Surkhab III ibn Annaz was a ruler of Luristan . Ali ibn al-Athir stated that the name ʿAnnāz derived from the word ʿanz meaning 'she goat' and signifies the owner, merchant, or shepherd of goats. However, Sharafkhan Bidlisi and Hamdallah Mustawfi put forward the name Banū ʿAyyār arguing that

136-506: A devastating impact on Lorestan including on its territorial integrity, economic decline, political instability, reduction of settled communities and increased pastoral nomadism. Pastoral nomadism increased because the Qajars were unable to maintain law and order, which in turn strengthened tribal autonomy and tribal self-determination , while it meant that the settled population had to protect their lives and property themselves. During this period,

204-464: A long time because of the shortage of ammunition and lack of provisions. During this period, the army received endless support from the population of Khorramabad. By June 1924, General Ahmadi was dispatched with his army to Khorramabad and began fighting the tribes but with no results. During the siege, consultations were taking place between tribe and the state to end the conflict and the Baharvand tribe

272-471: A treaty between the two dynasties that same year, Abu’l-Fatḥ declared himself a vassal of the Hasanwayhids. Abu’l-Fatḥ was succeeded by his son Ḥosām-al-dawla Abu’l-Šawk (ruled until about 1046) whose tenure was filled with destruction and internal conflict. For this reason, his territory fluctuated greatly; at its highest it reached Hillah , while it at its lowest was limited to western Iran. He married into

340-612: Is attributed to the alliance of the Shah with some dedicated tribes. Reza Shah visited Lorestan in the summer of 1924 as he was planning on attacking Khuzestan and some tribes including the Sagvand would enter Dezful with the army without any incident. Linguistic composition of the province in 2023: Lorestan Province is one of the main settlements of the Lur people and the Northern variety Luri language

408-399: Is in this realm. However, southern areas such as Pol-e-Dokhtar and Papi, are under the influence of the warm air currents of Khuzestan, and have hot summers and relatively moderate winters. [REDACTED] Media related to Lorestan Province at Wikimedia Commons Lorestan Province Lorestan province ( Persian : استان لرستان ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital

476-867: Is populated by the Kurds of the Lak tribe who were estimated to constitute over 65% of the population in the province in 1980. Laks live in the Delfan , Dowreh and Selseleh counties which are populated by various subtribes including the Chegini , Itivand, Kakavand , Nurali and Papi. Oshtorinan District in Borujerd County is moreover populated by the Hasanvand tribe. Aligudarz County , Azna County , Kuhdasht County , Khorramabad County and Pol-e Dokhtar County are ethnically mixed and populated by both Kurdish and Luri tribes. At

544-610: Is the city of Khorramabad . Lorestan is in the western part of the country in the Zagros Mountains and covers an area of 28,392 km . In 2014 it was placed in Region 4 . The name Lorestan means "land of the Lurs ." The ancient history of Lorestan is closely intertwined with the rest of the Ancient Near East . In the 3rd and 4th millennium BC, migrant tribes settled down in

612-476: Is the main language of the province. Northern Luri is also spoken in southern Ilam and Khuzestan provinces. Lurs form the majority of the population of Khorramabad , the largest city and the capital of the province, Borujerd and Dorud , the second and the third largest cities of the province respectively. Khorramabad is also the largest Luri-speaking city in Iran and the world. The northern part of Lorestan

680-568: The Achaemenid era were made in Lorestan for the first time. Small Luristan bronze artworks, usually dated about 1000 to 650 BC, reached the outside world from the late 1920s and are found in museums all over the world, where they are valued for their vigorous style, with many representations of animals. But actually, the beginning of this bronze-making tradition goes back to the mid–3rd millennium BC. Archaeologists characterized these techniques by

748-608: The Arab , Seljuk and Mongol invasions. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar of the Qajar dynasty was an ardent antagonist of the people of Lorestan and the dynasty applied a policy of divide and rule (nefāq afkanī) for the region where they would pit tribes against each other. When Agha Mohammad Khan took over Iran by defeating the Zand dynasty , he instated non-local governor-generals, princes and other personalities who were never native to Lorestan. Moreover,

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816-669: The Arabic word ayyār meaning 'smart' or 'shrewd' was also common in Kurdish and Persian and was used as a nickname for Kurdish families, while nor ʿanz or ʿannāz are mentioned in Kurdish dictionaries. The Annazids principally controlled Kermanshah , Hulwan , Dinavar , Shahrizor , Daquq , Daskara , Mandali and Numaniyah . The founder of the Annazids dynasty was Abu’l-Fatḥ Moḥammad b. ʿAnnāz (d. 1010-11) who ruled Hulwan and likely attached to

884-422: The Delfan , Dowreh and Selseleh counties which are populated by various subtribes including the Chegini , Itivand, Kakavand , Nurali and Papi. Oshtorinan District in Borujerd County is moreover populated by the Hasanvand tribe. Aligudarz County , Azna County , Kuhdasht County , Khorramabad County and Pol-e Dokhtar County are ethnically mixed and populated by both Kurdish and Luri tribes. At

952-573: The Kabir Kuh range. The Pish-i Kuh region lies to the east of Kabir Kuh. This area had human settlements during the Bronze Age as early as the mid–3rd millennium B.C. Climatically, the province can be divided into three parts. The mountainous regions, such as Borujerd, Dorud, Azna, Nurabad, and Aleshtar, experience cold winters and moderate summers. In the central region, the spring season begins in mid-February and lasts till mid-May. The city of Khorramabad

1020-470: The Kabir Kuh range. The Pish-i Kuh region lies to the east of Kabir Kuh. This area had human settlements during the Bronze Age as early as the mid–3rd millennium B.C. Climatically, the province can be divided into three parts. The mountainous regions, such as Borujerd, Dorud, Azna, Nurabad, and Aleshtar, experience cold winters and moderate summers. In the central region, the spring season begins in mid-February and lasts till mid-May. The city of Khorramabad

1088-499: The Zagros chain, running northwest to southeast. The central range has many summits that almost reach the line of perpetual snow, rising to 4000 m and more. It feeds the headwaters of Iran's most important rivers, such as the Zayanderud , Jarahi , Karun , Diz, Abi, Karkheh . Between the higher ranges lie many fertile plains and low hilly, well-watered districts. The highest point of

1156-399: The Zagros chain, running northwest to southeast. The central range has many summits that almost reach the line of perpetual snow, rising to 4000 m and more. It feeds the headwaters of Iran's most important rivers, such as the Zayanderud , Jarahi , Karun , Diz, Abi, Karkheh . Between the higher ranges lie many fertile plains and low hilly, well-watered districts. The highest point of

1224-408: The 1920s demanded a change in the traditional relationship between the state and the locals. This demand for change resulted in a war in the spring of 1922 and subsequently the subjugation of the locals. While having support among the urban population along with the leaders of the Sagvand and Baharvand tribes, many tribal leaders were skeptical of a returning state power to Lorestan. In a statement to

1292-554: The Banu Mazyad dynasty which improved relations between the two dynasties. After the death of Badr ibn Hasanwayh, Lur tribes and Shadhanjan came under the control of Abu’l-Šawk. As a reaction the Buyids in Hamadan released the son of Badr ibn Hasanwayh, Tahir b. Hilal, who had been captured by them during battle. Tahir b. Hilal marched against the Annazids who had to retreat to Hulwan. However,

1360-535: The Iron Age (circa 1300 B.C.–600 B.C.)—Bard-i Bal, Kutul-i Gulgul, Sar Kabud, and War Kabud. Technically, the term 'Luristan bronze' usually refers only to the later bronze objects, although they have many similarities. The earlier bronze objects were made during the Elam period. Lorestan was successfully integrated into the Achaemenid , Parthian and Sasanian empires. Parts of the region managed to stay independent during

1428-640: The Kurdish Chegini tribe and the Romani. They were successful as they fought, defeated and looted the army. The news angered General Shah Bakhti who chose to send his own force to the region, but his men never reached Khorramabad as the Chegini caught and beat him, and moreover killed around 120 of his men. The defeat and humiliation of the army reached the Beiranvands who then urged for a unified tribal attack against

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1496-518: The Quhids. In 1040, he was captured trying to advance towards land controlled by his brother Mohalhel (1011-c. 1055), who received support from the Kakuyids . The Kakuyids went on to capture large parts of Annazid territory. Abu’l-Šawk was allowed to return to Hulwan. Relations between Abu’l-Šawk and his brother improved with mediation from Shams-al Dawla but hostilities renewed after Mohalhel refused to release

1564-411: The Sagvand would enter Dezful with the army without any incident. Linguistic composition of the province in 2023: Lorestan Province is one of the main settlements of the Lur people and the Northern variety Luri language is the main language of the province. Northern Luri is also spoken in southern Ilam and Khuzestan provinces. Lurs form the majority of the population of Khorramabad ,

1632-551: The administration of Baha al-Dawla of the Buyid dynasty . In the first twenty years of his rule, he fought the Banu Uqayl and temporarily captured Daquq and also fought Banu Mazyad around Khanaqin . In 1006, Badr ibn Hasanwayh and Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Mazyad of the Hasanwayhids sent 10,000 soldiers against the Annazids which forced Abu’l-Fatḥ to seek refuge among the Buyids in Baghdad . In

1700-435: The anarchic Lorestan was important to the Shah economically, politically, militarily and symbolically and is also paved the way for the state to conquer Khuzestan . No reliable sources exist on the capture of Lorestan and no mention of the atrocities against the local population nor the assistance of some tribes for the Shah. The Laki-speaking Beiranvand was the most troublesome tribe for the state and confrontations between

1768-400: The area in 1836, he contrarily noted: "After breakfast I rode into Khorramabad, a distance of 5 miles from the foot of the hills, through a richly cultivated district thronged with villages and garden ". The establishment of Pahlavi Iran by Reza Shah in the 1920s demanded a change in the traditional relationship between the state and the locals. This demand for change resulted in a war in

1836-496: The army and received support from the Papi, Baharvand, Chegini tribes and half of the Judaki tribe. These tribes collectively attacked Khorramabad in late May 1924 and drove the army into the fortresses in the city as they suffered large casualties again with ammunitions taken by the tribes. The tribes then sieged the city for 38 days which forced General Shah Bakhti to retreat to Borujerd with

1904-489: The army and the tribes but General Ahmadi went ahead with executions resulting in bloodshed and a continuation of hostilities. Both leaders from the rebellious Beiranvand and tribal leaders who had supported the Shah against the Beiranvand were executed. The Beiranvand tribe would consequently rebel again while other tribes avoided continued confrontation despite being distrustful to the new state. Other tribes who did rebel were

1972-501: The army into the fortresses in the city as they suffered large casualties again with ammunitions taken by the tribes. The tribes then sieged the city for 38 days which forced General Shah Bakhti to retreat to Borujerd with the blessing of the Shah. However, the leader of the Sagvands persuaded the General to not retreat as the army would be wiped out and noted that the tribes could not fight for

2040-507: The atrocities against the local population nor the assistance of some tribes for the Shah. The Laki-speaking Beiranvand was the most troublesome tribe for the state and confrontations between the tribe and state took place in the Silakhor Plain near Borujerd in late spring of 1922. Other tribes did not confront the Pahlavi forces due to disunity, while the governor of Lorestan believed it

2108-621: The battle ended when Tahir b. Hilal settled in Nahavand having married into the family of Abu’l-Šawk. Abu’l-Šawk would subsequently kill Tahir b. Hilal and captured all Annazid territory. In 1029, Abu’l-Šawk went on to fight and defeat the Shams al-Dawla and the Oghuz Turks capturing Hamadan, Dinavar and Asadabad . In 1030, he captured Daquq from the Banu Mazyad and Kermanshah was captured in 1038/39. He then led his troops towards Arnaba and Ḵūlanǰān held by

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2176-435: The blessing of the Shah. However, the leader of the Sagvands persuaded the General to not retreat as the army would be wiped out and noted that the tribes could not fight for a long time because of the shortage of ammunition and lack of provisions. During this period, the army received endless support from the population of Khorramabad. By June 1924, General Ahmadi was dispatched with his army to Khorramabad and began fighting

2244-683: The fall of the Old Babylonian Empire ca. 1531 BC and until ca. 1155 BC. Parts of Luristan were invaded and settled by the Iranian Medes in the 2nd millennium BC. The Medes absorbed the indigenous inhabitants of the region, primarily the Kassites as well as the Gutians , by the time the area was conquered by the Persians in the 1st millennium BC. In February 2017, archeological discoveries related to

2312-415: The following centuries. Regarding the legacy of the Annazids, historian Franz argued: [I]t appears that they neither won the support of local populations nor left behind a significant cultural legacy. Seen in the wider context of the period’s particularism, the increasing conflict between Būyids, Kākuyids, and Saljūqs discouraged the establishment of a political and socio-economic stability similar to that of

2380-509: The following table. According to the 2016 census, 1,134,908 people (over 64% of the population of Lorestan Province) live in the following cities: In the wider sense it consists of that part of western Iran coinciding with the Ilam Province and extending for about 650 km on a northwest to southeast axis from Kermanshah to Fars , with a breadth of 150–180 km. The terrain consists chiefly of mountains, with numerous ranges, part of

2448-454: The following table. According to the 2016 census, 1,134,908 people (over 64% of the population of Lorestan Province) live in the following cities: In the wider sense it consists of that part of western Iran coinciding with the Ilam Province and extending for about 650 km on a northwest to southeast axis from Kermanshah to Fars , with a breadth of 150–180 km. The terrain consists chiefly of mountains, with numerous ranges, part of

2516-479: The foreces of Inal succeeded in further capturing Hulwan, Mahidasht and attacked Khanaqin. Abu’l-Šawk died in April 1046 and his supporters rallied around his brother. Son of Abu’l-Šawk, Saʿdī b. Abu’l-Šawk, chose to side with Inal and therefore renewed internal Annazid tensions. When Inal captured Hulwan in 1046, he dedicated the battle to the slain son of Abu’l-Šawk, Tahir b. Hilal. Annazid rule declined afterwards and

2584-528: The governor-generals of Lorestan never had sufficient armed forces to their disposal to maintain order and collect taxes. The Qajar dynasty would ultimately have a devastating impact on Lorestan including on its territorial integrity, economic decline, political instability, reduction of settled communities and increased pastoral nomadism. Pastoral nomadism increased because the Qajars were unable to maintain law and order, which in turn strengthened tribal autonomy and tribal self-determination , while it meant that

2652-399: The largest city and the capital of the province, Borujerd and Dorud , the second and the third largest cities of the province respectively. Khorramabad is also the largest Luri-speaking city in Iran and the world. The northern part of Lorestan is populated by the Kurds of the Lak tribe who were estimated to constitute over 65% of the population in the province in 1980. Laks live in

2720-562: The last mention of the dynasty was in the 12th century when Sorḵāb b. ʿAnnāz became a ruler of Lorestan . This became possible because of an epidemic in 1048/49 prompting a withdrawal from the region by the Oghuz Turks. Inal later allocated more land in the region to the Annazid dynasty but Mohalhel ultimately died in Seljuk captivity. All important cultural and economic centers would also suffer in

2788-403: The later bronze objects, although they have many similarities. The earlier bronze objects were made during the Elam period. Lorestan was successfully integrated into the Achaemenid , Parthian and Sasanian empires. Parts of the region managed to stay independent during the Arab , Seljuk and Mongol invasions. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar of the Qajar dynasty was an ardent antagonist of

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2856-480: The metallurgical analysis of different artifacts, We have characterized these practices by the compositional and metallurgical analysis of grave goods from several cemeteries in the region including six dating to different phases of the Bronze Age ( Early Dynastic I to Ur ED III , circa 2900 – 2000 BC )—Kalleh Nisar, Bani Surmah, Chigha Sabz, Kamtarlan, Sardant, and Gulal-i Galbi—and four dating to different phases of

2924-401: The most powerful man in Lorestan who was appointed governor of Tarhan District and Shir Mohammad Khan of the Sagvand tribe was asked to be advisor for the governor and the army. The Baharvand leaders worked hard to prevent any confrontation between the army and the tribes but General Ahmadi went ahead with executions resulting in bloodshed and a continuation of hostilities. Both leaders from

2992-532: The mountainous area of the Zagros Mountains. The Kassites , an ancient people who spoke neither an Indo-European nor a Semitic language , originated in Lorestān. They would control Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire ca. 1531 BC and until ca. 1155 BC. Parts of Luristan were invaded and settled by the Iranian Medes in the 2nd millennium BC. The Medes absorbed the indigenous inhabitants of

3060-491: The nomadic pastoralist tribes would take over crown land and lands owned by urbanists, pushing the settled rural population who had no control over their properties or farm products to either join the pastoral nomads or leave their villages. The Khorrambad plains were taken by the Baharvand tribe. Visiting the region in 1917, Cecil J. Edmonds noted that Khorramabad was the only city in the province and that all villages had been ruined or deserted. When Rawlinson had visited

3128-510: The people of Lorestan and the dynasty applied a policy of divide and rule (nefāq afkanī) for the region where they would pit tribes against each other. When Agha Mohammad Khan took over Iran by defeating the Zand dynasty , he instated non-local governor-generals, princes and other personalities who were never native to Lorestan. Moreover, the governor-generals of Lorestan never had sufficient armed forces to their disposal to maintain order and collect taxes. The Qajar dynasty would ultimately have

3196-507: The previous Kurdish regimes of the Marwānids, Shaddādids, and the Ḥasanūyid Badr. After the Annazid era, the territory was incorporated into Khorshidi territory. Lorestan province Lorestan province ( Persian : استان لرستان ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Khorramabad . Lorestan is in the western part of the country in the Zagros Mountains and covers an area of 28,392 km . In 2014 it

3264-521: The province is the Oshtorankuh peak at 4,050 m. The low-lying areas being in the southernmost sector of the province are approximately 500 m above sea level. Oak forest covers the outer slopes, together with elm, maple, walnut, and almond trees. Western Luristan comprises a series of parallel fertile valleys running high in the Zagros mountains. The Pusht-i Kuh region is in the western foothills of

3332-419: The province is the Oshtorankuh peak at 4,050 m. The low-lying areas being in the southernmost sector of the province are approximately 500 m above sea level. Oak forest covers the outer slopes, together with elm, maple, walnut, and almond trees. Western Luristan comprises a series of parallel fertile valleys running high in the Zagros mountains. The Pusht-i Kuh region is in the western foothills of

3400-474: The rebellious Beiranvand and tribal leaders who had supported the Shah against the Beiranvand were executed. The Beiranvand tribe would consequently rebel again while other tribes avoided continued confrontation despite being distrustful to the new state. Other tribes who did rebel were the Kurdish Chegini tribe and the Romani. They were successful as they fought, defeated and looted the army. The news angered General Shah Bakhti who chose to send his own force to

3468-440: The region in 1917, Cecil J. Edmonds noted that Khorramabad was the only city in the province and that all villages had been ruined or deserted. When Rawlinson had visited the area in 1836, he contrarily noted: "After breakfast I rode into Khorramabad, a distance of 5 miles from the foot of the hills, through a richly cultivated district thronged with villages and garden ". The establishment of Pahlavi Iran by Reza Shah in

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3536-406: The region including six dating to different phases of the Bronze Age ( Early Dynastic I to Ur ED III , circa 2900 – 2000 BC )—Kalleh Nisar, Bani Surmah, Chigha Sabz, Kamtarlan, Sardant, and Gulal-i Galbi—and four dating to different phases of the Iron Age (circa 1300 B.C.–600 B.C.)—Bard-i Bal, Kutul-i Gulgul, Sar Kabud, and War Kabud. Technically, the term 'Luristan bronze' usually refers only to

3604-420: The region, but his men never reached Khorramabad as the Chegini caught and beat him, and moreover killed around 120 of his men. The defeat and humiliation of the army reached the Beiranvands who then urged for a unified tribal attack against the army and received support from the Papi, Baharvand, Chegini tribes and half of the Judaki tribe. These tribes collectively attacked Khorramabad in late May 1924 and drove

3672-414: The region, primarily the Kassites as well as the Gutians , by the time the area was conquered by the Persians in the 1st millennium BC. In February 2017, archeological discoveries related to the Achaemenid era were made in Lorestan for the first time. Small Luristan bronze artworks, usually dated about 1000 to 650 BC, reached the outside world from the late 1920s and are found in museums all over

3740-408: The settled population had to protect their lives and property themselves. During this period, the nomadic pastoralist tribes would take over crown land and lands owned by urbanists, pushing the settled rural population who had no control over their properties or farm products to either join the pastoral nomads or leave their villages. The Khorrambad plains were taken by the Baharvand tribe. Visiting

3808-453: The siege on Khorramabad and was welcomed by the local population as the tribes were at their winter territories faraway from the city. The new state would appoint local people as officials including the most powerful man in Lorestan who was appointed governor of Tarhan District and Shir Mohammad Khan of the Sagvand tribe was asked to be advisor for the governor and the army. The Baharvand leaders worked hard to prevent any confrontation between

3876-476: The small army of the Shah (around 2,500 men) advanced toward Khorramabad but its first column was fully wiped out by the Beirvanvand tribe and their arms and ammunition was looted. The second column succeeded in breaking the siege on Khorramabad and was welcomed by the local population as the tribes were at their winter territories faraway from the city. The new state would appoint local people as officials including

3944-482: The son of Abu’l-Šawk, Abu’l-Fatḥ b. Abu’l-Šawk. Abu’l-Šawk attacked Mohalhel twice but failed to free his son who would die in captivity. Shortly after, in 1045, Turkmen ruler Tughril sent his half-brother Ibrahim Inal to Kurdish areas and Abu’l-Šawk had to flee from Dinavar to Kermanshah and then to the citadel of Sirvan on the Diyala River where many Kurds rallied around him. The two brothers tried to unite, but

4012-453: The spring of 1922 and subsequently the subjugation of the locals. While having support among the urban population along with the leaders of the Sagvand and Baharvand tribes, many tribal leaders were skeptical of a returning state power to Lorestan. In a statement to the tribesmen in Lorestan in 1924, the Shah stated that he equated nomadic pastoralism to savagery and the tribal way of life as an obstacle to modernization and progress. Conquering

4080-443: The time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,689,650 in 382,805 households. The 2011 national census counted 1,754,243 residents in 462,260 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 1,760,649 inhabitants in 509,025 households. [REDACTED] The population history and structural changes of Lorestan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in

4148-443: The time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,689,650 in 382,805 households. The 2011 national census counted 1,754,243 residents in 462,260 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 1,760,649 inhabitants in 509,025 households. [REDACTED] The population history and structural changes of Lorestan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in

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4216-406: The tribe and state took place in the Silakhor Plain near Borujerd in late spring of 1922. Other tribes did not confront the Pahlavi forces due to disunity, while the governor of Lorestan believed it was inappropriate for him to confront the Shah because he was a state representative. Nevertheless, he did not support Shah rule over Lorestan who he considered a debased Cossack . In December 1923,

4284-400: The tribes but with no results. During the siege, consultations were taking place between tribe and the state to end the conflict and the Baharvand tribe was the first tribe to withdraw from the tribal alliance due to a dispute over captured cannon and other matters. The Judaki, Papi and Chegini would follow suit forcing the Beiranvand tribe to withdraw as well. The subsequent conquest of Lorestan

4352-420: The tribesmen in Lorestan in 1924, the Shah stated that he equated nomadic pastoralism to savagery and the tribal way of life as an obstacle to modernization and progress. Conquering the anarchic Lorestan was important to the Shah economically, politically, militarily and symbolically and is also paved the way for the state to conquer Khuzestan . No reliable sources exist on the capture of Lorestan and no mention of

4420-428: The world, where they are valued for their vigorous style, with many representations of animals. But actually, the beginning of this bronze-making tradition goes back to the mid–3rd millennium BC. Archaeologists characterized these techniques by the metallurgical analysis of different artifacts, We have characterized these practices by the compositional and metallurgical analysis of grave goods from several cemeteries in

4488-425: Was inappropriate for him to confront the Shah because he was a state representative. Nevertheless, he did not support Shah rule over Lorestan who he considered a debased Cossack . In December 1923, the small army of the Shah (around 2,500 men) advanced toward Khorramabad but its first column was fully wiped out by the Beirvanvand tribe and their arms and ammunition was looted. The second column succeeded in breaking

4556-445: Was placed in Region 4 . The name Lorestan means "land of the Lurs ." The ancient history of Lorestan is closely intertwined with the rest of the Ancient Near East . In the 3rd and 4th millennium BC, migrant tribes settled down in the mountainous area of the Zagros Mountains. The Kassites , an ancient people who spoke neither an Indo-European nor a Semitic language , originated in Lorestān. They would control Babylonia after

4624-433: Was the first tribe to withdraw from the tribal alliance due to a dispute over captured cannon and other matters. The Judaki, Papi and Chegini would follow suit forcing the Beiranvand tribe to withdraw as well. The subsequent conquest of Lorestan is attributed to the alliance of the Shah with some dedicated tribes. Reza Shah visited Lorestan in the summer of 1924 as he was planning on attacking Khuzestan and some tribes including

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