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20-800: Anenecuilco is first mentioned in Codex Mendoza as belonging to the prehispanic jurisdiction of Huaxtepec ( Oaxtepec ), and subject to tribute by the Aztec Empire . Its glyph is blue, indicating a stream with multiple branches. In the same jurisdiction was Tepoztlan and Yauhtepec. The main tribute items that the Huaxtepec province rendered to the Aztec Empire were woven cotton cloth of various types (loincloths, women's skirts and blouses, lengths of cotton cloth some of which were decorated) along with red and yellow varnish bowls and reams of native paper ( amatl ). Of

40-640: Is crafted in the native style, but it now is bound at a spine in the manner of European books. The codex is also known as the Codex Mendocino and La colección Mendoza , and has been held at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University since 1659. It was on display as part of the Bodleian's Gifts and Books exhibition from 16 June to 29 October 2023. The Bodleian Library holds four other Mesoamerican codices : Codex Bodley , Codex Laud , Codex Selden , and

60-529: Is not an exact fit for the Codex, and the identification is not certain. According to a later account by Samuel Purchas , a later owner of the Codex, writing in 1625, the Spanish fleet was attacked by French privateers and all of the booty, including the codex, was taken to France. It was certainly in the possession of André Thévet , cosmographer to King Henry II of France . Thévet wrote his name in five places on

80-493: Is written using traditional Aztec pictograms with a translation and explanation of the text provided in Spanish . It is named after Don Antonio de Mendoza (1495-1552), the viceroy of New Spain , who supervised its creation and who was a leading patron of native artists. Mendoza knew that the ravages of the conquest had destroyed multiple native artifacts, and that the craft traditions that generated them had been effaced. When

100-691: The Borgia Group , and is a pictorial manuscript consisting of 24 leaves (48 pages) from Central Mexico, dating from before the Spanish takeover. It is evidently incomplete (part of it is lost). In its content, it is similar to Codex Bodley and Codex Borgia . It is published (with an "Introduction" by C. A. Burland) in Volume XI of CODICES SELECTI of the Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt , Graz. The Bodleian Library holds four other Mesoamerican codices : Codex Bodley , Codex Mendoza , Codex Selden and

120-530: The Selden Roll . The manuscript must date from after 6 July 1529, since Hernán Cortéz is referred to on folio 15r as 'marques del Valle'. It must have been produced before 1553, when it was in the possession of the French cosmographer André Thevet , who wrote his name on folios 1r, 2r, 70v, 71v. The final page of the manuscript explains some of the circumstances in which it was produced. The reader must excuse

140-466: The 25 communities subordinate to Huaxtepec, Anenecuilco's share of tribute is unclear. After the Spanish conquest in 1521, Hernán Cortés took Huaxtepec for himself in encomienda , along with the Amilpas communities subject to it, including Anenecuilco. During the epidemics of the late sixteenth century that devastated indigenous populations, Anenecuilco survived. The crown resettled indigenous population in

160-487: The Spaniards and the battles and clashes that they had and the taking of this great city and all the provinces that it ruled and had made subject and the assignment of these towns and provinces that was made by Montezuma to the principal lords of this city and of the fee that each one of the knights gave him from the tributes of the towns that he had and the plan that he employed in the aforesaid assignment and how he sketched [?]

180-797: The Spanish crown ordered Mendoza to provide evidence of the Aztec political and tribute system, he invited skilled artists and scribes who were being schooled at the Franciscan college in Tlatelolco to gather in a workshop under the supervision of Spanish priests where they could recreate the document for him and the King of Spain . The pictorial document that they produced became known as the Codex Mendoza: it consists of seventy-one folios made of Spanish paper measuring 20.6 × 30.6 centimeters (8.25 × 12.25 inches). The document

200-511: The codex, twice with the date 1553. It was later owned by the Englishman Richard Hakluyt . According again to Samuel Purchas, Hakluyt bought the Codex for 20 French francs . Some time after 1616 it was passed to Samuel Purchas, then to his son, and then to John Selden . The codex was deposited into the Bodleian Library at Oxford University in 1659, five years after Selden's death, where it remained in obscurity until 1831, when it

220-505: The comparative value of Roman, Greek, English, and French money. The two manuscripts were bound together in England in the early seventeenth century. Codex Laud The Codex Laud , or Laudianus , (catalogued as MS. Laud Misc. 678 , Bodleian Library in Oxford) is a sixteenth-century Mesoamerican codex named for William Laud , an English archbishop who was the former owner. It is from

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240-409: The home of an Indian who was called Francisco Gualpuyogualcal, master of the painters, I saw in his possession a book with covers of parchment and asking him what it was, in secret he showed it to me and told me that he had made it by the command of Your Lordship, in which he has to set down all the land since the founding of the city of Mexico and the lords that had governed and ruled until the coming of

260-421: The indigenous population crashed due to the unfavorable conditions. Mestizos moved in establishing themselves and intermarrying with the locals. Codex Mendoza The Codex Mendoza is an Aztec codex , believed to have been created around the year 1541. It contains a history of both the Aztec rulers and their conquests as well as a description of the daily life of pre-conquest Aztec society . The codex

280-466: The region (as elsewhere in central Mexico) in congregación , but Anenecuilco continued as an independent community as of 1603. Areas in the region left vacant by depopulation due to epidemics and resettlement elsewhere in congregación were "swallowed up by sugar haciendas." Haciendas were established in Anenecuilco, Cuahuixtla, Hospital, and Mapaztlan, indicating the growth of the Spanish presence in

300-421: The region. A family with the surname Zapata leased land from Hacienda Hospital in the eighteenth century. In the 1850s many of the town's communal lands were usurped by haciendas, as the growing of sugar cane extended through Morelos. Particularly the neighboring hacienda "El Hospital", cut off the towns' access to pastures and water sources, and finally expropriated part of the towns communal landholdings. Around

320-472: The rough style in the interpretation of the drawings in this history, because the interpreter did not take time or work at all slowly...The interpreter was given this history ten days prior to the departure of the fleet, and he interpreted it carelessly because the Indians came to agreement late; and so it was done in haste and he did not improve the style suitable for an interpretation, nor did he take time to polish

340-461: The towns and provinces for it. (tr. H. B. Nicholson) Silvio Zavala argued that the book referred to was the Codex Mendoza, and his arguments were restated by Federico Gómez de Orozco. If this is the case, then the Codex was written c.  1541 ('six years ago more or less' from López's recollection) and was commissioned by Mendoza. As H. B. Nicolson has pointed out, however, the description

360-399: The turn of the century Governor of Morelos, Manuel Alarcón, tried to mediate between the townspeople and the hacendado , but was unsuccessful. The dissatisfaction with the situation led the peasants of Anenecuilco to rise up against the hacienda owners supported by Díaz. Originally an indigenous Nahua community, the town gradually became mestizo during the second half of the 19th century as

380-421: The words and grammar or make a clean copy. The manuscript was therefore finished in haste and designed to be sent to Spain. More precise information regarding the exact date of the manuscript and the reasons it was produced is controversial. The testimony of the conquistador Jerónimo López, probably dating from 1547, may be relevant. it must have been about six years ago more or less that entering one day into

400-440: Was rediscovered by Viscount Kingsborough and brought to the attention of scholars. Written on European paper, it contains 71 pages, divided into three sections: Folios 73 to 85 of MS. Arch. Selden. A. 1, as currently foliated, do not form part of the Codex Mendoza. These folios comprise an originally separate manuscript, apparently written in England in the first half of the seventeenth century. This manuscript contains tables of

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