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97-867: Anemone ( / ə ˈ n ɛ m ə n iː / ) is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae . Plants of the genus are commonly called windflowers . They are native to the temperate and subtropical regions of all regions except Australia , New Zealand , and Antarctica . The genus is closely related to several other genera including Anemonoides , Anemonastrum , Hepatica , and Pulsatilla . Some botanists include these genera within Anemone . Anemone are perennials that have basal leaves with long leaf-stems that can be upright or prostrate. Leaves are simple or compound with lobed, parted, or undivided leaf blades. The leaf margins are toothed or entire. Flowers with 4–27 sepals are produced singly, in cymes of 2–9 flowers, or in umbels , above

194-557: A species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

291-420: A bluish violet flower (usually erroneously called "Blue Shades" despite its flower being more purple than blue) that varies from intense to pale, depending upon the individual plant and possibly soil conditions. A white-flowered form is the second-most common type. The least common of the commonly-cultivated forms is a pale pink. The violet, and especially pink, forms sometimes possess petals that fade to white near

388-468: A cluster of leaf- or sepal-like bracts . Sepals may be any color. The pistils have one ovule. The flowers have nectaries , but petals are missing in the majority of species. The fruits are ovoid to obovoid shaped achenes that are collected together in a tight cluster, ending variously lengthened stalks; though many species have sessile clusters terminating the stems. The achenes are beaked and some species have feathery hairs attached to them. Anemone

485-694: A collection of translations and responses to the poem, entitled After Ovid: New Metamorphoses , was produced by numerous contributors in emulation of the process of the Garth volume. One of the most famous translations of the Metamorphoses published in France dates back to 1557. Published under the title La Métamorphose d'Ovide figurée (The Illustrated Metamorphosis of Ovid) by the Maison Tournes (1542–1567) in Lyon , it

582-404: A continuing and decisive influence on European literature as Ovid's Metamorphoses . The emergence of French, English, and Italian national literatures in the late Middle Ages simply cannot be fully understood without taking into account the effect of this extraordinary poem. ... The only rival we have in our tradition which we can find to match the pervasiveness of the literary influence of

679-502: A declaration that everything except his poetry—even Rome—must give way to change: And now, my work is done, which neither Jove Nor flame nor sword nor gnawing time can fade. That day, which governs only my poor frame, May come at will to end my unfixed life, But in my better and immortal part I shall be borne beyond the lofty stars And never will my name be washed away. Where Roman power prevails, I shall be read; And so, in fame and on through every age (If bards foretell

776-399: A garden plant, in hybrid form in particular, for a long time in some parts of the world. Double forms are named varieties. Hybrids of the de Caen and St. Brigid groups are the most prevalent on the market. In Israel , large numbers of red-flowering non-hybrid A. coronaria can be seen growing in certain natural areas. Eriocapitella hupehensis , and its white cultivar 'Honorine Joubert',

873-549: A hardier species such as A. blanda , A. coronaria is described as hardy only as low as climate zone 7 by some sources and by others hardy only as low as zone 8. Various strategies, such as the use of protection, can be tried to plant them outdoors in fall in zone 6 but results may vary. As with other plants, some species can be readily raised from seed while some hybrids may be sterile. A. blanda typically blooms in mid spring. The larger anemone species typically grow well in partial shade, or in full sun provided they are shielded from

970-453: A hero. Apollo comes in for particular ridicule as Ovid shows how irrational love can confound the god out of reason . The work as a whole inverts the accepted order, elevating humans and human passions while making the gods and their desires and conquests objects of low humor. The Metamorphoses ends with an epilogue (Book XV.871–879), one of only two surviving Latin epics to do so (the other being Statius ' Thebaid ). The ending acts as

1067-399: A hundred manuscripts and was informed of many others through correspondence. Collaborative editorial effort has been investigating the various manuscripts of the Metamorphoses , some forty-five complete texts or substantial fragments, all deriving from a Gallic archetype. The result of several centuries of critical reading is that the poet's meaning is firmly established on the basis of

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1164-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

1261-631: A loamy well-drained evenly-moist fertile soil, although the ephemeral A. blanda does not require as much moisture during the summer when it is dormant (unlike the related Eranthis species that can suffer if they become too dry even while dormant). Some prairie species that are rarely cultivated, such as Anemone cylindrica , grow well in drier warmer conditions and poor soil. A. coronaria has been described by some professional sources as preferring acidic soil and by others as preferring alkaline soil. Hardy species may be planted in October in many zones. Unlike

1358-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

1455-409: A majority of its stories do not originate with Ovid himself, but with such writers as Hesiod and Homer , for others the poem is their sole source. The influence of the poem on the works of Geoffrey Chaucer is extensive. In The Canterbury Tales , the story of Coronis and Phoebus Apollo (Book II 531–632) is adapted to form the basis for The Manciple's Tale . The story of Midas (Book XI 174–193)

1552-624: A mark on his contemporaries. These illustrations contributed to the celebration of the Ovidian texts in their hedonistic dimension. In this respect, Panofsky speaks of "extraordinarily influential woodcuts" and the American art historian Rensselaer W. Lee describes the work as "a major event in the history of art". In the Musée des Beaux-arts et des fabrics in Lyon, it is possible to observe wooden panels reproducing

1649-521: A number of subsections and series: As of April 2020 Kew 's Plants of the World Online lists 63 species in the genus Anemone : According to the Oxford English Dictionary , Greek ἀνεμώνη ( anemōnē ) means 'daughter of the wind', from ἄνεμος ( ánemos , 'wind') + feminine patronymic suffix -ώνη ( -ṓnē , so 'daughter of'). The Metamorphoses of Ovid says that

1746-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

1843-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

1940-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

2037-425: A tribe with six genera in total. Early molecular analyses divided the genus into two subgenera ( Anemonidium and Anemone ), with seven sections, and 12 informal subsections. Ziman and colleagues (2008) treated the genus Anemone as 5 subgenera, 23 sections, 4 subsections, 23 series and about 118 species. A further reclassification by Hoot and colleagues (2012) estimated 200 species. Hoot et al. found many of

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2134-404: Is a unifying theme amongst the episodes of the Metamorphoses . Ovid raises its significance explicitly in the opening lines of the poem: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; ("I intend to speak of forms changed into new entities;"). Accompanying this theme is often violence, inflicted upon a victim whose transformation becomes part of the natural landscape. This theme amalgamates

2231-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

2328-503: Is generally considered to meet the criteria for an epic; it is considerably long, relating over 250 narratives across fifteen books; it is composed in dactylic hexameter , the meter of both the ancient Iliad and Odyssey , and the more contemporary epic Aeneid ; and it treats the high literary subject of myth. However, the poem "handles the themes and employs the tone of virtually every species of literature", ranging from epic and elegy to tragedy and pastoral . Commenting on

2425-508: Is referred to and appears—though much altered—in The Wife of Bath's Tale . The story of Ceyx and Alcyone (from Book IX) is adapted by Chaucer in his poem The Book of the Duchess , written to commemorate the death of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster and wife of John of Gaunt . The Metamorphoses was also a considerable influence on William Shakespeare . His Romeo and Juliet is influenced by

2522-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

2619-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

2716-499: Is the result of a collaboration between the publisher Jean de Tournes and Bernard Salomon , an important 16th-century engraver. The publication is edited octavo format and presents Ovid's texts accompanied by 178 engraved illustrations. In the years 1540–1550, the spread of contemporary translations led to a true race to publish the ancient poet's texts among the city of Lyon's various publishers. Therefore, Jean de Tournes faced fierce competition, which also published new editions of

2813-605: Is used within the play to enable Titus to interpret his daughter's story. Most of Prospero's renunciative speech in Act V of The Tempest is taken word-for-word from a speech by Medea in Book VII of the Metamorphoses . Among other English writers for whom the Metamorphoses was an inspiration are John Milton —who made use of it in Paradise Lost , considered his magnum opus , and evidently knew it well —and Edmund Spenser . In Italy,

2910-453: The Hellenistic tradition , which is first represented by Boios ' Ornithogonia —a now- fragmentary poem of collected myths about the metamorphoses of humans into birds. There are three examples of Metamorphoses by later Hellenistic writers, but little is known of their contents. The Heteroioumena by Nicander of Colophon is better known, and clearly an influence on the poem: 21 of

3007-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

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3104-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

3201-508: The Library of Congress in Washington D.C. , USA. A digital copy is available on Gallica . It would also appear that a copy has been auctioned at Sotheby's . The 1557 edition published by Jean de Tournes features 178 engravings by Bernard Salomon accompanying Ovid's text. The format is emblematic of the collaboration between Tournes and Salomon, which has existed since their association in

3298-405: The Metamorphoses ' enduring popularity from its first publication (around the time of Ovid's exile in 8 AD) no manuscript survives from antiquity. From the 9th and 10th centuries there are only fragments of the poem; it is only from the 11th century onwards that complete manuscripts, of varying value, have been passed down. The poem retained its popularity throughout late antiquity and

3395-400: The Metamorphoses after this period was comparatively limited in its achievement; the Garth volume continued to be printed into the 1800s, and had "no real rivals throughout the nineteenth century". Around the later half of the 20th century a greater number of translations appeared as literary translation underwent a revival. This trend has continued into the twenty-first century. In 1994,

3492-650: The Metamorphoses before working on his engravings, which nevertheless display a remarkable originality. In the book Bernard Salomon. Illustrateur lyonnais , Peter Sharratt states that the plates in this edition, along with that of the Bible illustrated by the painter in 1557, are Salomon's works that most emphasise the illustrative process based on "a mixture of memories". Among the earlier editions consulted by Salomon, one in particular stands out: Metamorphoseos Vulgare , published in Venice in 1497. The latter shows similarities in

3589-455: The Metamorphoses did not suffer the ignominious fate of the Medea , no ancient scholia on the poem survive (although they did exist in antiquity ), and the earliest complete manuscript is very late, dating from the 11th century. Influential in the course of the poem's manuscript tradition is the 17th-century Dutch scholar Nikolaes Heinsius . During the years 1640–52, Heinsius collated more than

3686-562: The Metamorphoses in his Tales from Ovid , published in 1997. In 1998, Mary Zimmerman 's stage adaptation Metamorphoses premiered at the Lookingglass Theatre , and the following year there was an adaptation of Tales from Ovid by the Royal Shakespeare Company . In the early 21st century, the poem continues to inspire and be retold through books, films and plays. A series of works inspired by Ovid's book through

3783-532: The Metamorphoses is perhaps (and I stress perhaps) the Old Testament and the works of Shakespeare . — Ian Johnston The Metamorphoses has exerted a considerable influence on literature and the arts, particularly of the West ; scholar A. D. Melville says that "It may be doubted whether any poem has had so great an influence on the literature and art of Western civilization as the Metamorphoses ." Although

3880-497: The Metamorphoses , inspired by ancient Greek and Roman mythologies, which were reunited in the Titian exhibition at The National Gallery in 2020. Other famous works inspired by the Metamorphoses include Pieter Brueghel 's painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus and Gian Lorenzo Bernini 's sculpture Apollo and Daphne . The Metamorphoses also permeated the theory of art during

3977-435: The Metamorphoses . He published the first two books of Ovid in 1456, a version that was followed by an illustrated reprint in 1549. His main competitor was Guillaume Roville , who published the texts illustrated by Pierre Eskrich in 1550 and again in 1551. In 1553, Roville published the first three books with a translation by Barthélémy Aneau , which followed the translation of the first two books by Clément Marot . However,

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4074-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

4171-448: The 1557 version published by Maison Tournes remains the version that enjoys the greatest fortune, as testified by historiographical mentions. The 16th-century editions of the Metamorphoses constitute a radical change in the way myths are perceived. In previous centuries, the verses of the ancient poet had been read above all in function of their moralising impact, whereas from the 16th century onwards their aesthetic and hedonistic quality

4268-469: The French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or the scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of

4365-541: The Middle Ages, and is represented by an extremely high number of surviving manuscripts (more than 400); the earliest of these are three fragmentary copies containing portions of Books 1–3, dating to the 9th century. But the poem's immense popularity in antiquity and the Middle Ages belies the struggle for survival it faced in late antiquity. The Metamorphoses was preserved through the Roman period of Christianization . Though

4462-569: The Renaissance and the Baroque style, with its idea of transformation and the relation of the myths of Pygmalion and Narcissus to the role of the artist. Though Ovid was popular for many centuries, interest in his work began to wane after the Renaissance, and his influence on 19th-century writers was minimal. Towards the end of the 20th century his work began to be appreciated once more. Ted Hughes collected together and retold twenty-four passages from

4559-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

4656-462: The beginning of printing, and traces a path through the history of publishing. William Caxton produced the first translation of the text on 22 April 1480; set in prose, it is a literal rendering of a French translation known as the Ovide Moralisé . In 1567, Arthur Golding published a translation of the poem that would become highly influential, the version read by Shakespeare and Spenser. It

4753-460: The boar was sent by other jealous Greek gods to murder Adonis. These origin stories reflect the classical dual meanings of the arrival of spring breezes and the death of a loved one. In the Victorian language of flowers , the anemone(Anemone Nemorosa) represented a forsaken love of any kind, while European peasants carried them to ward off pests and disease as well as bad luck. In other cultures,

4850-622: The composition of some episodes, such as the 'Creation of the World' and ' Apollo and Daphne '. In drawing his figures, Salomon also used Bellifontaine's canon, which testifies to his early years as a painter. Among other works, he created some frescoes in Lyon, for which he drew inspiration from his recent work in Fontainebleau . Better known in his lifetime for his work as a painter, Salomon's work in La Métamorphose d'Ovide figurée nevertheless left

4947-459: The culture and context in which the flower is being used. Several Western meanings of anemone flowers pertain to the Greek mythology of the origin of the anemone flower featuring Adonis and Aphrodite . The goddess Aphrodite kept the mortal man Adonis as a lover; when Adonis was gored by a wild boar, Aphrodite's tears at his death mixed with his blood and gave rise to the anemone . In other versions,

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5044-431: The deeds of a human hero , it leaps from story to story with little connection. The recurring theme, as with nearly all of Ovid's work, is love—be it personal love or love personified in the figure of Amor ( Cupid ). Indeed, the other Roman gods are repeatedly perplexed, humiliated, and made ridiculous by Amor , an otherwise relatively minor god of the pantheon , who is the closest thing this putative mock-epic has to

5141-588: The entire genus. Anemone species are sometimes targeted by cutworms, the larvae of noctuid moths such as angle shades and heart and dart . Some of the species are grown in gardens. Their popularity varies by species and region. In addition to certain straight species being available, hybrids and cultivars are available for certain species. Certain species, such as Anemone coronaria , are typically only available in hybrid form while others, such as Anemonoides blanda are nearly always sold in straight species form. Cultivated anemones are nearly always one of

5238-410: The fall in zones 7 or 8 without extra protection or in spring in cooler zones. If planted in fall it will flower in the spring and if planted in the spring it will flower in late summer. The flowers are typically scarlet, crimson, bluish purple, reddish purple, or white. There are also double-flowered varieties, in which the stamens in the centre are replaced by a tuft of narrow petals. It has been used as

5335-453: The flower center. The genus contains quite a number of other spring-flowering species. A. hortensis and the hybrid A. fulgens have less-divided leaves than some others and have rose-purple or scarlet flowers. Among the most well-known anemones is A. coronaria , often called the poppy anemone. It is a tuberous-rooted plant with parsley-like divided leaves and large poppy-like blossoms on stalks of from 15–20 cm high. It can be planted in

5432-439: The following colors: bluish violet, white, pink, red, and hues in a range between violet and pink. There are no truly blue anemones, despite the frequent use of the label "blue" in marketing to describe blue-violet flowers (flowers that are more violet than blue). Color labelling inaccuracy in marketing is found in treatments of numerous other genera, especially as it concerns the color blue — although some popular garden flowers from

5529-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

5626-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

5723-523: The genre debate, Karl Galinsky has opined that "... it would be misguided to pin the label of any genre on the Metamorphoses ". The Metamorphoses is comprehensive in its chronology, recounting the creation of the world to the death of Julius Caesar , which had occurred only a year before Ovid's birth; it has been compared to works of universal history , which became important in the 1st century BCE. In spite of its apparently unbroken chronology, scholar Brooks Otis has identified four divisions in

5820-445: The history of the world from its creation to the deification of Julius Caesar in a mythico-historical framework comprising over 250 myths, 15 books, and 11,995 lines. Although it meets some of the criteria for an epic , the poem defies simple genre classification because of its varying themes and tones. Ovid took inspiration from the genre of metamorphosis poetry. Although some of the Metamorphoses derives from earlier treatment of

5917-492: The hottest sun in southern areas. A well-drained soil, enriched with compost, is typically utilized. If cut flowers are desired, it is best to harvest the flowers early in the morning while it is still cold outside while the bloom is still closed. To open your flowers place in room temperature water out of direct sun. A. coronaria blooms can be purchased from some florists, between November and June depending upon availability. "Anemone" has several different meanings depending on

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6014-432: The idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but

6111-430: The key themes of the Metamorphoses . Scholars have found it difficult to place the Metamorphoses in a genre. The poem has been considered as an epic or a type of epic (for example, an anti-epic or mock-epic); a Kollektivgedicht that pulls together a series of examples in miniature form, such as the epyllion ; a sampling of one genre after another; or simply a narrative that refuses categorization. The poem

6208-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

6305-568: The latter especially, are well-known autumn-flowering selections. They grow well in well-drained but moisture-retentive soil and reach 60–100 cm in height, blooming continually for several weeks. E. hupehensis , E. vitifolia , and their hybrids and are particularly attractive to honeybees. A number of low-growing species, such as the native British Anemonoides nemorosa and Anemonoides apennina , have woodlands and other shady places as their habitat. Hepatica species typically also grow in shade. Garden-cultivated anemones generally grow best in

6402-486: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Metamorphoses (poem) The Metamorphoses ( Latin : Metamorphōsēs , from Ancient Greek : μεταμορφώσεις : "Transformations") is a Latin narrative poem from 8 CE by the Roman poet Ovid . It is considered his magnum opus . The poem chronicles

6499-575: The manuscript tradition or restored by conjecture where the tradition is deficient. There are two modern critical editions: William S. Anderson's, first published in 1977 in the Teubner series, and R. J. Tarrant 's, published in 2004 by the Oxford Clarendon Press. The full appearance of the Metamorphoses in English translation (sections had appeared in the works of Chaucer and Gower ) coincides with

6596-726: The meanings differ. In Chinese and Egyptian cultures, the flower of anemone was considered a symbol of illness due to its coloring. The anemone can be a symbol of bad luck in Eastern cultures. The Japanese anemone may be associated with ill tidings. The flowers are featured in Robe violette et Anémones , a 1937 painting by Henri Matisse Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including

6693-487: The mid-1540s: the pages are developed centred around a title, an engraving with an octosyllabic stanza and a neat border. The 178 engravings were not made all at once for the full text, but originate from a reissue of the first two books in 1549. In 1546, Jean de Tournes published a first, non-illustrated version of the first two books of the Metamorphoses , for which Bernard Salomon prepared twenty-two initial engravings. Salomon examined several earlier illustrated editions of

6790-794: The moralizing of the Metamorphoses had been with the aspirations of the 14th and 15th centuries". The work was republished in French in 1564 and 1583, although it had already been published in Italian by Gabriel Simeoni in 1559 with some additional engravings. Some copies from 1557 are today held in public collections, namely the National Library of France , the Municipal Library of Lyon, the Brandeis University Library in Waltham (MA) and

6887-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

6984-527: The much-explored opposition between the hunter and the hunted and the thematic tension between art and nature. There is a great variety among the types of transformations that take place: from human to inanimate objects (Nileus), constellations (Ariadne's Crown), animals (Perdix), and plants (Daphne, Baucis and Philemon); from animals (ants) and fungi (mushrooms) to human; from one sex to another (hyenas); and from one colour to another (pebbles). The metamorphoses themselves are often located metatextually within

7081-411: The myths in his own way. — Karl Galinsky Ovid's decision to make myth the primary subject of the Metamorphoses was influenced by Alexandrian poetry . In that tradition myth functioned as a vehicle for moral reflection or insight, yet Ovid approached it as an "object of play and artful manipulation". The model for a collection of metamorphosis myths was found in the metamorphosis poetry of

7178-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

7275-453: The narrative: Ovid works his way through his subject matter, often in an apparently arbitrary fashion, by jumping from one transformation tale to another, sometimes retelling what had come to be seen as central events in the world of Greek mythology and sometimes straying in odd directions. It begins with the ritual "invocation of the muse ", and makes use of traditional epithets and circumlocutions . But instead of following and extolling

7372-458: The plant was created by the goddess Aphrodite when she sprinkled nectar on the blood of her dead lover Adonis , suggesting the frailty of the petals that can be easily blown away by the wind. "Anemone" may also refer to Nea'man, the Phoenician name for Adonis, from an earlier Syrian myth of the god of vegetation, who was killed by the tusks of a wild boar . The common name windflower is used for

7469-506: The poem was an influence on Giovanni Boccaccio (the story of Pyramus and Thisbe appears in his poem L'Amorosa Fiammetta ) and Dante . During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, mythological subjects were frequently depicted in art. The Metamorphoses was the greatest source of these narratives, such that the term "Ovidian" in this context is synonymous for mythological, in spite of some frequently represented myths not being found in

7566-425: The poem, through grammatical or narratorial transformations. At other times, transformations are developed into humour or absurdity, such that, slowly, "the reader realizes he is being had", or the very nature of transformation is questioned or subverted. This phenomenon is merely one aspect of Ovid's extensive use of illusion and disguise. No work from classical antiquity, either Greek or Roman , has exerted such

7663-440: The previously defined subdivisions, based on morphological characteristics were polyphyletic or paraphyletic . In contrast two clearly defined monophyletic clades emerged corresponding to the above two subgenera. Anemonidium demonstrated four subclades , corresponding to sections. The larger subgenus Anemone showed a similar pattern. Hoot et al. proposed the following two subgenera and several sections be retained, with

7760-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

7857-420: The same family are actually blue, such as some selections from Delphinium . One species of anemone, Anemone ranunculoides , is unusual for its yellow flowers. In horticultural terms there are three main groups: The spring-flowering autumn-planted ephemeral species Anemonoides blanda is grown in large-scale commercial cultivation and can be purchased in bulk quantities. It is most commonly-available with

7954-455: The same myths, Ovid diverged significantly from all of his models. The Metamorphoses is one of the most influential works in Western culture . It has inspired such authors as Dante Alighieri , Giovanni Boccaccio , Geoffrey Chaucer , and William Shakespeare . Numerous episodes from the poem have been depicted in works of sculpture, painting, and music, especially during the Renaissance . There

8051-524: The same myths. This material was of varying quality and comprehensiveness; while some of it was "finely worked", in other cases Ovid may have been working from limited material. In the case of an oft-used myth such as that of Io in Book I, which was the subject of literary adaptation as early as the 5th century BCE, and as recently as a generation prior to his own, Ovid reorganises and innovates existing material in order to foreground his favoured topics and to embody

8148-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

8245-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

8342-451: The stories from this work are treated in the Metamorphoses . However, in a way that was typical for writers of the period, Ovid diverged significantly from his models. The Metamorphoses was longer than any previous collection of metamorphosis myths (Nicander's work consisted of probably four or five books) and positioned itself within a historical framework. Some of the Metamorphoses derives from earlier literary and poetic treatment of

8439-409: The story of Pyramus and Thisbe ( Metamorphoses Book IV); and, in A Midsummer Night's Dream , a band of amateur actors performs a play about Pyramus and Thisbe. Shakespeare's early erotic poem Venus and Adonis expands on the myth in Book X of the Metamorphoses . In Titus Andronicus , the story of Lavinia's rape is drawn from Tereus ' rape of Philomela , and the text of the Metamorphoses

8536-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

8633-546: The tragedy of Diana and Actaeon have been produced by French-based collective LFKs and his film/theatre director, writer and visual artist Jean-Michel Bruyere, including the interactive 360° audiovisual installation Si poteris narrare, licet ("if you are able to speak of it, then you may do so") in 2002, 600 shorts and "medium" film from which 22,000 sequences have been used in the 3D 360° audiovisual installation La Dispersion du Fils from 2008 to 2016 as well as an outdoor performance, "Une Brutalité pastorale" (2000). In spite of

8730-419: The truth at all), I'll live. The different genres and divisions in the narrative allow the Metamorphoses to display a wide range of themes. Scholar Stephen M. Wheeler notes that "metamorphosis, mutability, love, violence, artistry, and power are just some of the unifying themes that critics have proposed over the years". In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; Metamorphosis or transformation

8827-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

8924-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

9021-408: The work. Many of the stories from the Metamorphoses have been the subject of paintings and sculptures, particularly during this period. Some of the most well-known paintings by Titian depict scenes from the poem, including Diana and Callisto , Diana and Actaeon , and Death of Actaeon . These works form part of Titian's " poesie " , a collection of seven paintings derived in part from

9118-525: Was a resurgence of attention to Ovid's work near the end of the 20th century. The Metamorphoses continues to inspire and be retold through various media. Numerous English translations of the work have been made, the first by William Caxton in 1480. Ovid's relation to the Hellenistic poets was similar to the attitude of the Hellenistic poets themselves to their predecessors: he demonstrated that he had read their versions ... but that he could still treat

9215-625: Was exalted. The literary context of the time, marked by the birth of the Pléiade , is indicative of this taste for the beauty of poetry. "The disappearance of the Ars Amatoria and the Remedia amoris marks the end of a Gothic era in Ovidian publishing, just as the publication in 1557 of the Métamorphose figurée marks the appropriation by the Renaissance of a work that is as much in line with its tastes as

9312-522: Was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is situated in the tribe Anemoneae , subfamily Ranunculoideae , and the family Ranunculaceae. As considered in the broader sense ( sensu lato ) the genus is sometimes considered to include a number of other genera, such as Anemonoides , Anemonastrum , Hepatica , Pulsatilla , Knowltonia , Barneoudia , and Oreithales . Several of these were included as separate genera within Anemoneae by Wang et al. ,

9409-625: Was written in rhyming couplets of iambic heptameter . The next significant translation was by George Sandys , produced from 1621 to 1626, which set the poem in heroic couplets , a metre that would subsequently become dominant in vernacular English epic and in English translations. In 1717, a translation appeared from Samuel Garth bringing together work "by the most eminent hands": primarily John Dryden , but several stories by Joseph Addison , one by Alexander Pope , and contributions from Tate , Gay , Congreve , and Rowe , as well as those of eleven others including Garth himself. Translation of

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