42-556: Andrew Turnbull may refer to: People [ edit ] Andrew Turnbull (colonist) (1718–1792), early colonizer of Florida Andrew Turnbull (biographer) (1921–1970), American biographer and essayist Andrew Turnbull, Baron Turnbull (born 1945), head of the British Civil Service and Cabinet Secretary Andrew Turnbull (rugby union) (born 1982), Scottish rugby union player Andrew B. Turnbull (1884–1960), first president of
84-459: A French peace envoy Joseph Matthias Gérard de Rayneval at his country estate in Wiltshire, and they discreetly agreed on a number of points which formed a basis for peace. Shelburne's own envoys negotiated a separate peace with American commissioners which eventually led to an agreement on American independence and the borders of the newly created United States. Shelburne agreed to generous borders in
126-559: A Tract of Land in East Florida on which I might settle a small Colony of Greeks," as Turnbull explained in a letter to Lord Shelburne . One of Turnbull's prospective partners in the venture was Francis Levett , an English factor working in Livorno for the Levant Company . From a powerful English mercantile family with extensive trading connections, Levett hoped to use his influence in
168-468: A failure, despite the many high offices he held over 17 years, and his undoubted abilities as a debater. He blamed his poor education—although it was as good as that of most peers—and said the real problem was that "it has been my fate through life to fall in with clever but unpopular connections". The future Marquess of Lansdowne was born William Fitzmaurice in Dublin , the first son of John Fitzmaurice , who
210-489: A journey I made with Mr Smith from Edinburgh to London, the difference between light and darkness through the best part of my life. The novelty of his principles, added to my youth and prejudices, made me unable to comprehend them at the time, but he urged them with so much benevolence, as well as eloquence, that they took a certain hold, which, though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after, I can fairly say, has constituted, ever since,
252-471: A post in the royal household. Though he had no active military career after this, his early promotion as colonel meant that he would be further promoted through seniority to major-general in 1765, lieutenant-general in 1772 and general in 1783. On 2 June 1760, while still abroad, Fitzmaurice had been returned to the British House of Commons as a member for Wycombe . He was re-elected unopposed at
294-609: A vehement attack on Pitt in the House of Commons. In 1762 negotiations for a peace agreement went on in London and Paris. Eventually, a deal was agreed but it was heavily criticised for the perceived leniency of its terms as it handed back a number of captured territories to France and Spain. Defending it in the House of Lords, Shelburne observed "the security of the British colonies in North America
336-619: The Corsican Crisis and joined the Opposition. Following the fall of the North government , Shelburne joined its replacement under Lord Rockingham . Shelburne was made Prime Minister in 1782 following Rockingham's death, with the American War still being fought. He lost his authority and influence after being driven out of office at the age of 45 in 1783. Shelburne lamented that his career had been
378-586: The Illinois Country , but rejected demands by Benjamin Franklin for the cession of Canada and other territories. Historians have often commented that the treaty was very generous to the United States in terms of greatly enlarged boundaries. Historians such as Alvord, Harlow and Ritcheson have emphasized that British generosity was based on Shelburne's statesmanlike vision of close economic ties between Britain and
420-552: The King's Road to complain of this mistreatment to Governor Patrick Tonyn , and permanently abandoned New Smyrna when he offered them sanctuary. In 1783 Florida was returned to the Spanish, and Turnbull left his plantation to retire in Charleston, South Carolina . Lord Shelburne William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne , (2 May 1737 – 7 May 1805; known as
462-501: The general election of 1761 , and was also elected to the Irish House of Commons for County Kerry . However, on 14 May 1761, before either Parliament met, he succeeded on his father's death as the second Earl of Shelburne in the Peerage of Ireland and the second Baron Wycombe in the Peerage of Great Britain . As a result, he lost his seat in both Houses of Commons and moved up to
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#1732851504638504-662: The British Army during the Seven Years' War . As a reward for his conduct at the Battle of Kloster Kampen , Shelburne was appointed an aide-de-camp to George III . He became involved in politics, becoming a member of parliament in 1760. After his father's death in 1761, he inherited his title and entered the House of Lords . In 1766, Shelburne was appointed as Southern Secretary , a position which he held for two years. He departed office during
546-533: The Cabinet he resigned office after only a few months. Having moreover on account of his support of Pitt on the question of John Wilkes 's expulsion from the House of Commons incurred the displeasure of the King, he retired for a time to his estate. After Pitt's return to power in 1766, he became Southern Secretary , but during Pitt's illness his conciliatory policy towards America was completely thwarted by his colleagues and
588-470: The Cabinet, was created Marquess of Lansdowne . Though giving general support to the policy of Pitt, he from this time ceased to take an active part in public affairs. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1803. A personal act of 1797 relieved him "from disabilities in consequence of his having sat and voted in the House of Lords without having made
630-647: The Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Anglo-Irish Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782–83 during the final months of the American War of Independence . He succeeded in securing peace with America and this feat remains his most notable legacy. Lord Shelburne was born in Dublin and spent his formative years in Ireland. After attending Oxford University , he served in
672-477: The Green Bay Packers and newspaper owner Drew Turnbull (1930–2012), Scottish rugby union and rugby league footballer of the 1940s and 1950s Vessels [ edit ] SS Andrew Turnbull , a Liberty ship [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
714-503: The House of Lords, though he would not take his seat in the Irish House of Lords until April 1764. He was succeeded in Wycombe by one of his supporters Colonel Isaac Barré who had a distinguished war record after serving with James Wolfe in Canada. Shelburne, who was a descendant of the father of quantitative economics, William Petty , displayed a serious interest in economic reform , and
756-572: The King, and in 1768 he was dismissed from office. During the Corsican Crisis , sparked by the French invasion of Corsica , Shelburne was the major voice in the cabinet who favoured assisting the Corsican Republic . Although secret aid was given to the Corsicans it was decided not to intervene militarily and provoke a war with France, a decision made easier by the departure of the hard-line Shelburne from
798-495: The Lansdowne estates near Bath . They had at least one child: Secondly, to Lady Louisa FitzPatrick (1755 – 7 August 1789), daughter of the 1st Earl of Upper Ossory . They had at least two children: Lord Lansdowne's brother, The Hon. Thomas Fitzmaurice (1742–1793) of Cliveden , was also a Member of Parliament . University College London holds over 4000 tracts in its Lansdowne and Halifax tracts collections,
840-939: The Levant to supply Greek laborers to Turnbull's new colony. Levett then left London, where he had relocated, and settled in British East Florida, where he was granted a 10,000-acre (40 km ) plantation by Governor Grant. His collaboration with Turnbull apparently came to naught. In June 1767, Turnbull arrived with his ships in the Mediterranean, where he visited Mahon , Menorca ; Livorno , Italy ; Smyrna , Asia Minor ; Melos , Mani , Koroni , Methoni in Greece; Crete ; Santorini ; and Corsica . He encountered opposition from French , Italian , and Turkish authorities, who did not want to see their subjects leave, but after persistent efforts, he finally rounded up over 1,400 colonists,
882-552: The United States. The concession of the vast trans-Appalachian areas was designed to facilitate the growth of the American population and create lucrative markets for British merchants, without any military or administrative costs to Britain. The point was the United States would become a major trading partner. As the French foreign minister Vergennes later put it, "The English buy peace rather than make it". Fox's resignation in 1782 led to
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#1732851504638924-399: The agreement of peace terms that formed the basis of the treaty was the major achievement of Shelburne's time in office. Shelburn's fall was perhaps hastened by his plans for the reform of the public service . He had also in contemplation a Bill to promote free trade between Britain and the United States. When Pitt became Prime Minister in 1784, Shelburne, instead of receiving a place in
966-500: The cabinet. In June 1768 the General Court incorporated the district of Shelburne, Massachusetts from the area formerly known as "Deerfield Northeast" and in 1786 the district became a town. The town was named in honour of Lord Shelburne, who, in return sent a church bell , which never reached the town. Shelburne went into Opposition where he continued to associate with William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham . They were both critical of
1008-503: The capital of the province, and secured the grant from Governor James Grant . The land was located at what is now New Smyrna Beach about 62 miles (100 km) south of St. Augustine. Turnbull then returned to England , secured financing for his forthcoming venture through bounties from the government and the Board of Trade, and subsequently sailed for the Mediterranean to find colonists "for
1050-499: The downfall of the North ministry , Shelburne agreed to take office under Lord Rockingham on condition that the King would recognise the United States. Following the sudden and unexpected death of Lord Rockingham on 1 July 1782, Shelburne succeeded him as Prime Minister. Shelburne's appointment by the King provoked Charles James Fox and his supporters, including Edmund Burke , to resign their posts on 4 July 1782. Burke scathingly compared Shelburne to his predecessor Rockingham. One of
1092-443: The family's surname to "Petty" in place of "Fitzmaurice", and was created Viscount Fitzmaurice later in 1751 and Earl of Shelburne in 1753 (after which his elder son John was styled Viscount Fitzmaurice ). His grandfather, Lord Kerry, died when he was four, but Fitzmaurice grew up with other people's grim memories of the old man as a "tyrant", whose family and servants lived in permanent fear of him. Fitzmaurice spent his childhood "in
1134-616: The figures brought in as a replacement was the 23-year-old William Pitt , son of Shelburne's former political ally, who became Chancellor of the Exchequer . That year, Shelburne was appointed to the Order of the Garter as its 599th Knight. Shelburne's government continued negotiations begun in early 1782 under Rockingham for peace in Paris, using Richard Oswald as the chief negotiator. Shelburne entertained
1176-447: The happiness of my life, as well as any little consideration I may have enjoyed in it. Ritcheson is dubious on whether the journey with Smith actually happened, but provides no evidence to the contrary. There is proof that Shelburne did consult with Smith on at least one occasion, and Smith was close to Shelburne's father and his brother. Shelburne's new military role close to the King brought him into communication with Lord Bute , who
1218-436: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Turnbull&oldid=1181291876 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Andrew Turnbull (colonist) Andrew Turnbull (1718 – March 13, 1792)
1260-487: The majority from Menorca, and left for his new colony in East Florida. Turnbull's settlers eventually succeeded in producing crops of high quality indigo , hemp and sugarcane for making rum , but the plantation suffered major losses due to insect-borne diseases and Native American raids. Meanwhile, tensions grew between Turnbull and the colonists because of his neglect and mistreatment by his overseers. The remaining colonists marched north in 1777 to St. Augustine along
1302-554: The necessary oaths and declarations ". Around 1762, he founded the Boodle's Club , which would later have as members Adam Smith , the Duke of Wellington , Sir Winston Churchill , and Ian Fleming , among others, and is now the second oldest club in the world. Lord Lansdowne was twice married: First to Lady Sophia Carteret (26 August 1745 – 5 January 1771), daughter of John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville , through whom he obtained
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1344-506: The policies of the North government in the years leading up to the outbreak of the American War of Independence in 1775. As the war progressed, Shelburne cooperated with the Rockingham Whigs to attack the government of Lord North. After a British army was compelled to surrender at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, Shelburne joined other leaders of the Opposition to call for a total withdrawal of British troops. In March 1782, following
1386-399: The remotest parts of the south of Ireland," and, according to his own account, when he entered Christ Church, Oxford , in 1755, he had "both everything to learn and everything to unlearn". From a tutor whom he describes as "narrow-minded" he received advantageous guidance in his studies, but he attributes his improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly to the fact that, as
1428-468: The town. The following year he was sent to serve in Germany and distinguished himself at Minden and Kloster-Kampen . For his services he was appointed aide-de-camp to the new King, George III , with the rank of colonel . This brought protests from several members of the cabinet as it meant he was promoted ahead of much more senior officers. In response to the appointment, the Duke of Richmond resigned
1470-558: The unexpected creation of a coalition led by Fox and Lord North , previously bitter rivals, which soon dominated the Opposition. In April 1783 the Opposition forced Shelburne's resignation, and the new coalition government selected The Duke of Portland as Prime Minister until its fall in December that same year. The Treaty of Paris which formally ended the American Revolutionary War was signed during Portland's tenure, but
1512-477: Was a Scottish physician and diplomat who served as the British consul at Smyrna , Ottoman Empire . In 1768, he founded the colony of New Smyrna, Florida , named in honor of his wife's birthplace, the ancient Greek city of Smyrna on the Aegean coast of Anatolia . Turnbull was married to Gracia Dura Bin (some sources give her name as Maria Gracia Rubini), the daughter of a Greek merchant from Smyrna. His colony
1554-546: Was a proselytizer for free trade . He consulted with numerous English, Scottish, French and American economists and experts. He was on good terms with Benjamin Franklin and David Hume . He met in Paris with leading French economists and intellectuals. By the 1770s Shelburne had become the most prominent British statesman to advocate free trade. Shelburne said his conversion from mercantilism to free trade ultimately derived from long conversations in 1761 with Adam Smith . In 1795 he described this to Dugald Stewart : I owe to
1596-418: Was his "fate through life", he fell in "with clever but unpopular connexions". Shortly after leaving the university, he served in 20th Foot regiment commanded by James Wolfe during the Seven Years' War . He became friends with his fellow officer Charles Grey , whose career he later assisted. In 1757 he took part in the amphibious Raid on Rochefort which withdrew without making any serious attempt on
1638-500: Was located in the province of British East Florida , and encompassed some 101,400 acres (410 km ); it was nearly three times the size of the colony at Jamestown . In partnership with Sir William Duncan he secured a grant of 40,000 acres (160 km ) of land on the east coast of the peninsula, with the requirement from the British government that it be settled within 10 years in the proportion of one person for every 100 acres (400,000 m ). In 1765 he sailed to St. Augustine ,
1680-488: Was the King's closest advisor and a senior minister in the government. In 1761 Shelburne was employed by Bute to negotiate for the support of Henry Fox . Fox held the lucrative but unimportant post of Paymaster of the Forces , but commanded large support in the House of Commons and could boost Bute's power base. Shelburne was opposed to Pitt, who had resigned from the government in 1761. Under instructions from Shelburne, Barré made
1722-613: Was the first cause of the war" asserting that security "has been wisely attended to in the negotiations for peace". Led by Fox, the government was able to push the peace treaty through parliament despite opposition led by Pitt. Shortly afterwards, Bute chose to resign as Prime Minister and retire from politics and was replaced by George Grenville . Shelburne joined the Grenville ministry in 1763 as First Lord of Trade . By this stage, Shelburne had changed his opinion of Pitt and become an admirer of him. After failing to secure Pitt's inclusion in
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1764-506: Was the second surviving son of the 1st Earl of Kerry . Lord Kerry had married Anne Petty, the daughter of Sir William Petty , Surveyor General of Ireland , whose elder son had been created Baron Shelburne in 1688 and (on the elder son's death) whose younger son had been created Baron Shelburne in 1699 and Earl of Shelburne in 1719. On the younger son's death, the Petty estates passed to the aforementioned John Fitzmaurice, who changed his branch of
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