78-583: The Andover Canal (formally, the Andevor Canal ) was a canal built in Hampshire , England. It ran 22 miles (35 km) from Andover to Redbridge through Stockbridge and Romsey . The canal had a fall of 179 feet (55 m) through 24 locks , and for much of its length paralleled the River Anton and River Test . It opened in 1794, but was never a commercial success. The only dividend paid to shareholders
156-534: A caisson of water in which boats float while being moved between two levels; and inclined planes where a caisson is hauled up a steep railway. To cross a stream, road or valley (where the delay caused by a flight of locks at either side would be unacceptable) the valley can be spanned by a navigable aqueduct – a famous example in Wales is the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct (now a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) across
234-504: A drainage divide atop a ridge , generally requiring an external water source above the highest elevation . The best-known example of such a canal is the Panama Canal . Many canals have been built at elevations, above valleys and other waterways. Canals with sources of water at a higher level can deliver water to a destination such as a city where water is needed. The Roman Empire 's aqueducts were such water supply canals. The term
312-415: A "cistern", or depressed area just downstream from the fall, to "cushion" the water by providing a deep pool for its kinetic energy to be diffused in. Vertical falls work for drops of up to 1.5 m in height, and for discharge of up to 15 cubic meters per second. The transport capacity of pack animals and carts is limited. A mule can carry an eighth-ton [250 pounds (113 kg)] maximum load over
390-441: A bill for a line from Salisbury to Basingstoke, which would pass through Andover, and were also empowered to buy the canal. Work on this line stopped in 1849, at which point the canal company bought the sixteen barges that worked on the canal and operated the boats themselves. This solved the problem of potential toll reductions which the barge operators were requesting. The two railway companies, now acting together again, decided that
468-496: A canal has a series of dams and locks that create reservoirs of low speed current flow. These reservoirs are referred to as slack water levels , often just called levels . A canal can be called a navigation canal when it parallels a natural river and shares part of the latter's discharges and drainage basin , and leverages its resources by building dams and locks to increase and lengthen its stretches of slack water levels while staying in its valley . A canal can cut across
546-413: A combination of the three, depending on available water and available path: Smaller transportation canals can carry barges or narrowboats , while ship canals allow seagoing ships to travel to an inland port (e.g., Manchester Ship Canal ), or from one sea or ocean to another (e.g., Caledonian Canal , Panama Canal ). At their simplest, canals consist of a trench filled with water. Depending on
624-537: A draught of 3.5 feet (1.1 m). The canal was completed in 1794 at a cost of £48,000; £35,000 had been raised by issuing shares and £13,000 had been borrowed. The canal locks were built to take boats up to 65 feet (20 m) long and 8 feet 6 inches (2.6 m) wide, which was somewhat bigger than the enabling act of Parliament allowed. The main cargos of the canal were coal, slates and manure coming in from Southampton Water and agricultural produce going out, although boats were often unable to find cargos for
702-660: A frequent service is supplied via Netley , Southampton and Redbridge to Romsey and thence to Salisbury. And instead of continuing to Salisbury as was once the case, the trains running via Eastleigh now mainly run beside the pretty River Test with its thatched fishermen’s huts, to Andover and Andover Junction. Romsey station has become very busy since all local services were dieselized in 1958-9 and substantially increased; in addition there are through steam-hauled services from Brighton and Portsmouth which travel via Southampton and Romsey to Salisbury, on their way to Plymouth , Bristol or South Wales. Through freight traffic, including coal,
780-543: A journey measured in days and weeks, though much more for shorter distances and periods with appropriate rest. Besides, carts need roads. Transport over water is much more efficient and cost-effective for large cargoes. The oldest known canals were irrigation canals, built in Mesopotamia c. 4000 BC , in what is now Iraq . The Indus Valley civilization of ancient India ( c. 3000 BC ) had sophisticated irrigation and storage systems developed, including
858-575: A rather low gradient for its time. The canal is still in use after renovation. In the Middle Ages , water transport was several times cheaper and faster than transport overland. Overland transport by animal drawn conveyances was used around settled areas, but unimproved roads required pack animal trains, usually of mules to carry any degree of mass, and while a mule could carry an eighth ton, it also needed teamsters to tend it and one man could only tend perhaps five mules, meaning overland bulk transport
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#1732851372814936-537: A trunk route from Manchester to Southampton, but when the Midland and South Western Junction Railway opened, the anticipated long-distance traffic was disappointing. The M&SWJR line closed in 1961 and the Andover line was unable to survive on purely local traffic. The part from Andover to Romsey (Kimbridge Junction) closed to passengers in 1964, and completely in 1967. The section from Romsey to Redbridge had become part of
1014-453: A uniform altitude. Other, generally later, canals took more direct routes requiring the use of various methods to deal with the change in level. Canals have various features to tackle the problem of water supply. In cases, like the Suez Canal, the canal is open to the sea. Where the canal is not at sea level, a number of approaches have been adopted. Taking water from existing rivers or springs
1092-422: Is a channel that cuts across a drainage divide , making a navigable channel connecting two different drainage basins . Both navigations and canals use engineered structures to improve navigation: Since they cut across drainage divides, canals are more difficult to construct and often need additional improvements, like viaducts and aqueducts to bridge waters over streams and roads, and ways to keep water in
1170-515: Is also heavy between Salisbury and Southampton. The line remained rural in nature, and the Midland and South Western Junction line never developed as a busy trunk route, closing in 1961. The A&R line had only the residual local traffic from small communities, and the Andover to Romsey (Kimbridge Junction) section closed in September 1964. The section from Romsey to Redbridge remains in use, now carrying
1248-675: Is presumed, introduced in Italy by Bertola da Novate in the 16th century. This allowed wider gates and also removed the height restriction of guillotine locks . To break out of the limitations caused by river valleys, the first summit level canals were developed with the Grand Canal of China in 581–617 AD whilst in Europe the first, also using single locks, was the Stecknitz Canal in Germany in 1398. In
1326-578: Is rarely less than 30 metres (98 ft) wide. In the 5th century BC, Achaemenid king Xerxes I of Persia ordered the construction of the Xerxes Canal through the base of Mount Athos peninsula, Chalkidiki , northern Greece. It was constructed as part of his preparations for the Second Persian invasion of Greece , a part of the Greco-Persian Wars . It is one of the few monuments left by
1404-418: Is steeper than the desired canal gradient. They are constructed so the falling water's kinetic energy is dissipated in order to prevent it from scouring the bed and sides of the canal. A canal fall is constructed by cut and fill . It may be combined with a regulator, bridge, or other structure to save costs. There are various types of canal falls, based on their shape. One type is the ogee fall, where
1482-448: Is the pound lock , which consists of a chamber within which the water level can be raised or lowered connecting either two pieces of canal at a different level or the canal with a river or the sea. When there is a hill to be climbed, flights of many locks in short succession may be used. Prior to the development of the pound lock in 984 AD in China by Chhaio Wei-Yo and later in Europe in
1560-639: The Elbe , Oder and Weser being linked by canals. In post-Roman Britain, the first early modern period canal built appears to have been the Exeter Canal , which was surveyed in 1563, and open in 1566. The oldest canal in the European settlements of North America, technically a mill race built for industrial purposes, is Mother Brook between the Boston, Massachusetts neighbourhoods of Dedham and Hyde Park connecting
1638-530: The Naviglio Grande built between 1127 and 1257 to connect Milan with the river Ticino . The Naviglio Grande is the most important of the lombard " navigli " and the oldest functioning canal in Europe. Later, canals were built in the Netherlands and Flanders to drain the polders and assist transportation of goods and people. Canal building was revived in this age because of commercial expansion from
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#17328513728141716-532: The Phoenix metropolitan area was the most complex in ancient North America. A portion of the ancient canals has been renovated for the Salt River Project and now helps to supply the city's water. The Sinhalese constructed the 87 km (54 mi) Yodha Ela in 459 A.D. as a part of their extensive irrigation network which functioned in a way of a moving reservoir due to its single banking aspect to manage
1794-522: The River Brue at Northover with Glastonbury Abbey , a distance of about 1.75 kilometres (1,900 yd). Its initial purpose is believed to be the transport of building stone for the abbey, but later it was used for delivering produce, including grain, wine and fish, from the abbey's outlying properties. It remained in use until at least the 14th century, but possibly as late as the mid-16th century. More lasting and of more economic impact were canals like
1872-594: The Songhai Empire of West Africa, several canals were constructed under Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad I between Kabara and Timbuktu in the 15th century. These were used primarily for irrigation and transport. Sunni Ali also attempted to construct a canal from the Niger River to Walata to facilitate conquest of the city but his progress was halted when he went to war with the Mossi Kingdoms . Around 1500–1800
1950-467: The Sprat and Winkle Line , was opened on 6 March 1865. Around 14.5 miles (23.3 km) of the canal bed were used for the railway. Much of this railway has since also been abandoned. As a result, most traces of the canal have completely disappeared, although the remains of a stretch of the canal can still be seen between Timsbury and Romsey . In addition, several stretches of canal can be made out alongside
2028-548: The reservoirs built at Girnar in 3000 BC. This is the first time that such planned civil project had taken place in the ancient world. In Egypt , canals date back at least to the time of Pepi I Meryre (reigned 2332–2283 BC), who ordered a canal built to bypass the cataract on the Nile near Aswan . In ancient China , large canals for river transport were established as far back as the Spring and Autumn period (8th–5th centuries BC),
2106-404: The stratum the canal passes through, it may be necessary to line the cut with some form of watertight material such as clay or concrete. When this is done with clay, it is known as puddling . Canals need to be level, and while small irregularities in the lie of the land can be dealt with through cuttings and embankments, for larger deviations other approaches have been adopted. The most common
2184-466: The 12th century. River navigations were improved progressively by the use of single, or flash locks . Taking boats through these used large amounts of water leading to conflicts with watermill owners and to correct this, the pound or chamber lock first appeared, in the 10th century in China and in Europe in 1373 in Vreeswijk , Netherlands. Another important development was the mitre gate , which was, it
2262-465: The 15th century, either flash locks consisting of a single gate were used or ramps, sometimes equipped with rollers, were used to change the level. Flash locks were only practical where there was plenty of water available. Locks use a lot of water, so builders have adopted other approaches for situations where little water is available. These include boat lifts , such as the Falkirk Wheel , which use
2340-501: The 28 miles journey; the mixed trains took two hours. The line had been built closely following the route of the canal, which included many extremely tight curves; but the alignment of the route was eased by alignment works associated with the provision of double track, completed in November 1885. Also in 1885 a new line, the Fullerton to Hurstbourne Line from Hurstbourne Junction, on
2418-432: The Andover line was no longer to be broad gauge, it could use the existing Salisbury line between Kimbridge Junction and Romsey. The line was opened on 6 March 1865 as a single line. There were four trains each way daily, one of which was mixed passenger and goods; there was an additional Southampton to Romsey trip. There was one passenger train each way on Sundays. The trains called at all stations, taking 90 minutes for
Andover Canal - Misplaced Pages Continue
2496-589: The Andover to Redbridge railway line which ran between Andover and Redbridge in Hampshire , England. In the Romsey area it joined, and then left, the Salisbury to Southampton line. It was built by the Andover and Redbridge Railway, which was incorporated in 1858. In 1863 the uncompleted railway was taken over by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR), which opened the line in 1865. The line had been conceived as part of
2574-586: The GWR attempting to buy the canal, then encouraging the canal company to form the Andover Canal Railway Company, which would build a broad-gauge railway along its course to Southampton, and finally both companies trying to buy the canal. In the end, they reached agreement, the LSWR made the purchase, and the line was laid to standard gauge. The canal ceased to operate on 19 September 1859, and the railway, nicknamed
2652-581: The LSWR proposed a branch line from Redbridge (on the unbuilt Dorchester line) to Romsey, also using the bed of the Andover Canal. During the Parliamentary process for authorisation, this was turned down by a Commons Committee in favour of the Manchester and Southampton Railway scheme, which would cover similar ground around Romsey but had much greater strategic significance. However, in subsequent hearings in
2730-521: The Lords Committee, the Manchester scheme was also rejected. After the Parliamentary battle the LSWR came to an agreement with the Manchester directors: the Manchester line would stop at Andover, and the LSWR would build the line from Andover to Southampton. The Manchester company would have unrestricted access over the LSWR line. On 2 July 1847 the London and South Western Railway obtained powers to build
2808-453: The M&;SWJR line and designated South Express and North Express respectively. On Saturday mornings there is an American and Cape Lines Express, at 02:05 from Derby, 07:17 from Andover Junction, and non-stop from there to Southampton West End. At Derby it appears to connect out of an Up overnight "Scotch Express" but it is not clear if there are through coaches. White, writing in 1961, described
2886-404: The Manchester and Southampton Railway in 1845. It would run through Andover and they agreed to buy the Andover Canal for £30,000, to use its route. The LSWR's line was from London to Southampton, with a branch line from Bishopstoke (later named Eastleigh ) to Gosport . Already in 1846 the allied Southampton and Dorchester Railway was being promoted, extending westward from Southampton. In 1846
2964-571: The Persian Empire in Europe . Greek engineers were also among the first to use canal locks , by which they regulated the water flow in the Ancient Suez Canal as early as the 3rd century BC. There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a pack-horse would [i.e. 'could'] carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if
3042-625: The River Anton, until it joined the River Test, and then follow that valley down to Redbridge. He produced an estimated price for a narrow canal, and another for a wider canal. The following year, Parliament was approached for permission to bring a bill , quoting an act of Parliament from the reign of Charles II , which had granted rights to make several rivers, including the Test and the Anton, navigable. The bill
3120-650: The Southampton to Salisbury traffic, although Nursling station has been closed. Much of the route between Chilbolton and Kimbridge is now used by the Test Way long-distance footpath, and is also part of the Sustrans National Cycle Network . Two suggested origins for the name of the line have been put forward. One is that the southern part of the line ran close to the mud flats of the River Test where
3198-753: The Southwest by 1300 CE. Archaeologists working at a major archaeological dig in the 1990s in the Tucson Basin, along the Santa Cruz River, identified a culture and people that may have been the ancestors of the Hohokam. This prehistoric group occupied southern Arizona as early as 2000 BCE, and in the Early Agricultural period grew corn, lived year-round in sedentary villages, and developed sophisticated irrigation canals. The large-scale Hohokam irrigation network in
Andover Canal - Misplaced Pages Continue
3276-535: The bill was progressing through Parliament, the railway company and the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) agreed to share ownership of both the canal and the railway line from Redbridge to Andover, at which point the Great Western Railway (GWR) objected, and the bill was defeated. Two years later, the MSR again tried to get an act of Parliament for the line, but again it was defeated. The LSWR, however, obtained
3354-436: The canal pressure with the influx of water. It was also designed as an elongated reservoir passing through traps creating 66 mini catchments as it flows from Kala Wewa to Thissa Wawa . The canal was not designed for the quick conveying of water from Kala Wewa to Thissa Wawa but to create a mass of water between the two reservoirs, which would in turn provided for agriculture and the use of humans and animals. They also achieved
3432-459: The canal should close, once the purchase money had been given to the shareholders. £9,000 was paid in 1851, but the rest was not. Local landowners then set up a company to complete the railway link between Basingstoke and Salisbury. It reached Andover in 1854, after which the canal maintained its traffic by reducing tolls, but the reduced income resulted in the interest on loans not being paid. A complicated series of negotiations then took place, with
3510-418: The canal to form a dam. They are generally placed in pre-existing grooves in the canal bank. On more modern canals, "guard locks" or gates were sometimes placed to allow a section of the canal to be quickly closed off, either for maintenance, or to prevent a major loss of water due to a canal breach. A canal fall , or canal drop, is a vertical drop in the canal bed. These are built when the natural ground slope
3588-462: The canal. Where large amounts of goods are loaded or unloaded such as at the end of a canal, a canal basin may be built. This would normally be a section of water wider than the general canal. In some cases, the canal basins contain wharfs and cranes to assist with movement of goods. When a section of the canal needs to be sealed off so it can be drained for maintenance stop planks are frequently used. These consist of planks of wood placed across
3666-448: The cancellation of forfeited shares. This situation dragged on between the A&;RR and the LSWR with mutually hostile proposals, until the LSWR acquired the local company, by Act of 29 June 1863, absorbing it and converting the authorised track gauge to the narrow (standard) gauge. The LSWR adopted the debts of the Andover company and guaranteed a 3% annuity on the outlays already made. Now that
3744-463: The channel. There are two broad types of canal: Historically, canals were of immense importance to commerce and the development, growth and vitality of a civilization. In 1855 the Lehigh Canal carried over 1.2 million tons of anthracite coal; by the 1930s the company which built and operated it for over a century ceased operation. The few canals still in operation in our modern age are a fraction of
3822-399: The drop follows an s-shaped curve to create a smooth transition and reduce turbulence . However, this smooth transition does not dissipate the water's kinetic energy, which leads to heavy scouring. As a result, the canal needs to be reinforced with concrete or masonry to protect it from eroding. Another type of canal fall is the vertical fall, which is "simple and economical". These feature
3900-565: The estimated £35,000, over £19,000 had been pledged within two weeks, and by the time the bill was submitted to Parliament in March 1789, this figure had risen to £30,700. An act of Parliament, the Andover Canal Act 1789 ( 29 Geo. 3 . c. 72) was obtained on 13 July, which created "The Company of Proprietors of the Andevor ;[ sic ] Canal Navigation", who had powers to raise £35,000 by
3978-422: The first sod on 28 September 1859, accompanied by an eleven gun salute; Palmerston had an estate at Broadlands , near Romsey. The A&RR went on to propose an extension from Redbridge to Southampton Royal Docks. However actually securing the necessary share subscriptions proved extremely difficult, and several successive Acts of Parliament extended the time limit for completion of the construction, and permitted
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#17328513728144056-648: The first summit level canal to use pound locks in Europe was the Briare Canal connecting the Loire and Seine (1642), followed by the more ambitious Canal du Midi (1683) connecting the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. This included a staircase of 8 locks at Béziers , a 157 metres (515 ft) tunnel, and three major aqueducts. Canal building progressed steadily in Germany in the 17th and 18th centuries with three great rivers,
4134-456: The freedom to make deliveries well away from rail lined road beds or ditches in the dirt which could not operate in the winter. The longest extant canal today, the Grand Canal in northern China, still remains in heavy use, especially the portion south of the Yellow River . It stretches from Beijing to Hangzhou at 1,794 kilometres (1,115 miles). Canals are built in one of three ways, or
4212-677: The higher waters of the Charles River and the mouth of the Neponset River and the sea. It was constructed in 1639 to provide water power for mills. In Russia, the Volga–Baltic Waterway , a nationwide canal system connecting the Baltic Sea and Caspian Sea via the Neva and Volga rivers, was opened in 1718. Sprat and Winkle Line The Sprat and Winkle Line was the common name of
4290-489: The issuing of shares, and an additional £30,000 if required, of which £10,000 could be raised by issuing more shares and £20,000 by mortgage. Management was by a committee of 15, appointed from among the proprietors. One unusual aspect of the Andover Canal Act 1789 was that it specified that the canal could open between 4:00 am and 10:00 pm, and that the maximum size of barges was to be 60 by 8 feet (18.3 by 2.4 m) with
4368-415: The journey back out to Southampton Water. The canal was never successful enough to pay a dividend until it closed in 1859, when income from the sale to Andover & Redbridge Railway produced one. In 1827 the canal was 8 years behind on its interest payments although this had improved to only one year by 1851. The Manchester and Southampton Railway (MSR) agreed to buy the canal for £30,000 in 1845, but while
4446-405: The line from Salisbury to Southampton; it remains in use at the present day. The Andover Canal was fully completed in 1794, running from near Andover to Redbridge. It never paid a dividend. A writer commented that "traffic carried on by means of this canal is very trifling". Southampton was an important international port, and a railway connection from Manchester was proposed by promoters of
4524-481: The line, but in fact the financial collapse following the Railway Mania resulted in complete inability to start the construction. Because of its importance as a port, Southampton continued to be an objective for other lines. The continuing decline in the profitability of the canal led to its proprietors forming a proposed Andover Canal Railway company, later changed to the Andover and Redbridge Railway Company. This
4602-535: The load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same horse. — technology historian Ronald W. Clark referring to transport realities before the industrial revolution and the Canal age . Hohokam was a society in the North American Southwest in what is now part of Arizona , United States, and Sonora , Mexico. Their irrigation systems supported the largest population in
4680-472: The longest canal in the world today and the oldest extant one. It is 1,794 kilometres (1,115 mi) long and was built to carry the Emperor Yang Guang between Zhuodu ( Beijing ) and Yuhang ( Hangzhou ). The project began in 605 and was completed in 609, although much of the work combined older canals, the oldest section of the canal existing since at least 486 BC. Even in its narrowest urban sections it
4758-523: The longest one of that period being the Hong Gou (Canal of the Wild Geese), which according to the ancient historian Sima Qian connected the old states of Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei. The Caoyun System of canals was essential for imperial taxation, which was largely assessed in kind and involved enormous shipments of rice and other grains. By far the longest canal was the Grand Canal of China , still
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#17328513728144836-477: The main line from Basingstoke to Andover, to Fullerton was opened. Although really of purely local significance, this enabled diversion of trains bound for Southampton away from the congested route via Eastleigh. The completion of the Midland and South Western Junction Railway to Andover in 1891 enabled the final realisation of the original Manchester and Southampton Railway objective, of enabling through journeys from northern towns and cities to Southampton. On
4914-791: The map attached to Moreton's article, a dotted line is marked, showing a north to west curve at Redbridge, which would have enabled direct running from Romsey towards Brockenhurst. It is marked "proposed loop". There is nothing in Moreton's text about this and it was never made. The 1895 Bradshaw timetable shows five ordinary trains each way on weekdays and two on Sundays. These appear to run to Southampton Docks via Redbridge. (The Bradshaw public timetables are often ambiguous about whether journeys are through or by connecting train.) In addition there are on weekdays limited stop trains at 14:06 from Southampton and 17:15 from Andover Junction. These are daily through trains between Sheffield and Southampton, running over
4992-506: The numbers that once fueled and enabled economic growth, indeed were practically a prerequisite to further urbanization and industrialization. For the movement of bulk raw materials such as coal and ores are difficult and marginally affordable without water transport. Such raw materials fueled the industrial developments and new metallurgy resulting of the spiral of increasing mechanization during 17th–20th century, leading to new research disciplines, new industries and economies of scale, raising
5070-424: The old railway track bed such as at Brook and also between Westover and Fullerton, where reasonable stone and brick remains of a lock are evident. The canal terminus was on the south side of the River Anton in Andover. It then followed the river to its junction with the River Test, and crossed both rivers on two aqueducts. Below the aqueducts, it followed the east bank of the river to Redbridge. Above Kimbridge, there
5148-582: The pre-railroad days of the industrial revolution, water transport was the gold standard of fast transportation. The first artificial canal in Western Europe was the Fossa Carolina built at the end of the 8th century under personal supervision of Charlemagne . In Britain, the Glastonbury Canal is believed to be the first post-Roman canal and was built in the middle of the 10th century to link
5226-480: The standard of living for any industrialized society. Most ship canals today primarily service bulk cargo and large ship transportation industries, whereas the once critical smaller inland waterways conceived and engineered as boat and barge canals have largely been supplanted and filled in, abandoned and left to deteriorate, or kept in service and staffed by state employees, where dams and locks are maintained for flood control or pleasure boating. Their replacement
5304-519: The traffic pattern: The market town of Romsey, at the crossroads of the Eastleigh-Salisbury and Southampton-Andover lines, has a population of 6,300 and is the only place of any consequence between the Southampton and the West of England trunk lines… Because of the growth of traffic, local and through, in the area between Portsmouth and Salisbury, and because of the need to call at Southampton Central,
5382-556: The valley of the River Dee . Another option for dealing with hills is to tunnel through them. An example of this approach is the Harecastle Tunnel on the Trent and Mersey Canal . Tunnels are only practical for smaller canals. Some canals attempted to keep changes in level down to a minimum. These canals known as contour canals would take longer, winding routes, along which the land was
5460-795: Was a junction with the Salisbury and Southampton Canal . The junction with the Test at Redbridge, from where access to Southampton Water was possible, was situated above the medieval bridge, although the original plans showed it a little further to the south on the foreshore. The total length of the canal was 22 miles (35 km), and the 24 locks dropped the level through 179 feet (55 m). Download coordinates as: Canal Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation ) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi ). They carry free, calm surface flow under atmospheric pressure , and can be thought of as artificial rivers . In most cases,
5538-466: Was also expensive, as men expect compensation in the form of wages, room and board. This was because long-haul roads were unpaved, more often than not too narrow for carts, much less wagons, and in poor condition, wending their way through forests, marshy or muddy quagmires as often as unimproved but dry footing. In that era, as today, greater cargoes, especially bulk goods and raw materials , could be transported by ship far more economically than by land; in
5616-458: Was an option in some cases, sometimes supplemented by other methods to deal with seasonal variations in flow. Where such sources were unavailable, reservoirs – either separate from the canal or built into its course – and back pumping were used to provide the required water. In other cases, water pumped from mines was used to feed the canal. In certain cases, extensive "feeder canals" were built to bring water from sources located far from
5694-416: Was done with the connivance of the Great Western Railway and it was assumed that the line would be broad gauge, and might connect to the GWR at Pewsey. A tussle followed between the LSWR and the GWR, but finally the LSWR took possession, and the line would be narrow (standard) gauge. On 12 July 1858 the Andover and Redbridge Railway was authorised by Parliament. The Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston , cut
5772-463: Was gradual, beginning first in the United States in the mid-1850s where canal shipping was first augmented by, then began being replaced by using much faster , less geographically constrained & limited, and generally cheaper to maintain railways . By the early 1880s, canals which had little ability to economically compete with rail transport, were off the map. In the next couple of decades, coal
5850-406: Was in 1859, using the proceeds from the sale of the canal to the London and South Western Railway , who bought it to lay a railway line along much of its course. The railway line is now also defunct. The first survey for an Andover Canal was carried out in 1770 by Robert Whitworth , at a time when there was a great deal of canal building activity in the country. The canal would follow the valley of
5928-424: Was increasingly diminished as the heating fuel of choice by oil, and growth of coal shipments leveled off. Later, after World War I when motor-trucks came into their own, the last small U.S. barge canals saw a steady decline in cargo ton-miles alongside many railways, the flexibility and steep slope climbing capability of lorries taking over cargo hauling increasingly as road networks were improved, and which also had
6006-459: Was not submitted, which Phillips, writing his General History of Navigation in 1795, stated was due to objections concerning land purchase and possible damage to property, but a newspaper report in 1788 believed it was due to a lack of subscribers. Interest in the scheme revived in 1788, when a meeting was held in Andover on 4 August. With support from Andover Corporation, a committee was appointed, and Robert Whitworth carried out another survey. Of
6084-426: Was once used to describe linear features seen on the surface of Mars , Martian canals , an optical illusion. A navigation is a series of channels that run roughly parallel to the valley and stream bed of an unimproved river. A navigation always shares the drainage basin of the river. A vessel uses the calm parts of the river itself as well as improvements, traversing the same changes in height. A true canal
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