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45-539: Voseo is common in the Bolivian and Ecuadorian Andes, largely among rural and poorer speakers. It is nearly extinct in Peru. Some speakers tend towards pronominal voseo , using vos with the tú conjugations of verbs, whereas more indigenous speakers tend to use the vos conjugations. Words like pues, pero and nomás are often used similarly to the modal suffixes of Quechua and Aymara . They can be stacked at

90-906: A Spanish-based creole spoken in the Philippines , employs voseo , while the standard Spanish spoken in the country does not. The Chavacano language below in comparison of other Chavacano dialects and level of formality with Voseo in both subject and possessive pronouns. Note the mixed and co-existing usages of vos, tú, usted , and vosotros . vos (informal) vosotros All modern voseo conjugations derive from Old Spanish second person plural -ades , -edes , -ides , and -odes (as in sodes , 'you are'). The 14th and 15th centuries saw an evolution of these conjugations, with -ades originally giving -áis , -edes giving -és (or -ís ), -ides giving -ís , and -odes giving -óis . Soon analogous forms -ás and -éis appeared. Hence

135-551: A 2014 article, on the grounds that it requires at least six different rules, including three monophthongization processes that completely lack phonological motivation. Alternatively, the article argues that the Chilean and River Plate voseo verb forms are synchronically derived from underlying representations that coincide with those corresponding to the non-honorific second person singular tú . First, both Chilean and River Plate voseo has an accentuation rule which assigns stress to

180-507: A final -s . The forms erís for 'you are', and habís and hai for 'you have' are also found in Chilean Spanish. In the case of the ending -ís (such as in comís, podís, vivís, erís, venís ), the final -s is pronounced like any other final /s/ in Chilean Spanish. It is most often pronounced as an aspiration similar to the 'h' sound in English. It can also be pronounced as

225-523: A fricative [s] , or be dropped completely. Its variable pronunciation is a phonological rather than a morphological phenomenon. Venezuelan Maracucho Spanish is notable in that they preserve the diphthongized plural verb forms in all tenses, as still used with vosotros in Spain. Chilean Spanish also notably uses the diphthong -ái . In Ladino , the -áis , -éis , -ís , & -ois endings are pronounced /aʃ/ , /eʃ/ , /iʃ/ , & /oʃ/ . In Chile, it

270-479: A great familiarity among friends, or speaking to God, or a wife and husband to themselves, or a father and mother to their children, or to servants. Examples . O Dios, sois vos mi Padre verdadéro , O God, thou art my true Father; Tú eres un buen amígo , Thou art a good friend. The standard formal way to address a person one was not on familiar terms with was to address such a person as vuestra merced ("your grace", originally abbreviated as v.m. ) in

315-530: A local variant of Spanish. In some places it has become symbolically important and is pointed to with pride as a local defining characteristic. Esmeraldas, Ecuador Esmeraldas ( Spanish pronunciation: [esmeˈɾaldas] ) is a coastal city in northwestern Ecuador . It is the seat of the Esmeraldas Canton and capital of the Esmeraldas Province . It has an international sea port and

360-404: A normal part of Chilean, and River Plate, Spanish phonology, means that syllable or word-final /s/ becomes pronounced like an [h] . The proposed theory requires the use of only one special rule in the case of Chilean voseo . This rule plus other rules that are independently justified in the language make it possible to synchronically derive all the Chilean and River Plate voseo verb forms in

405-464: A person of respect to aggrandize them. Vos , the second-person plural inherited from Latin, came to be used in this manner. Already by the late 18th century, however, vos itself was restricted to politeness among one's familiar friends. The following extract from a textbook is illustrative of usage at the time: We seldom make use in Spanish of the second Person Singular or Plural, but when through

450-553: A small airport ( IATA location identifier : ESM). Esmeraldas is the major seaport of northwestern Ecuador, and it lies on the Pacific coast at the mouth of the Esmeraldas River . It is the antipodes of Padang, Indonesia . The city is the principal trading hub for the region's agricultural and lumber resources, and is the terminus of the 313-mile (504-km) Trans-Ecuadorian Pipeline from the oil fields in northeastern Ecuador. Esmeraldas

495-577: A straightforward manner. The article additionally solves the problem posed by the alternate verbal forms of Chilean voseo like the future indicative (e.g. bailaríh or bailarái 'you will dance'), the present indicative forms of haber ( habíh and hai 'you have'), and the present indicative of ser ( soi , eríh and eréi 'you are'), without resorting to any ad hoc rules. All these different verb forms would come from different underlying representations. The future forms bailarái and bailaríh come from underlying /bailaˈɾas/ and /bailaˈɾes/ ,

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540-456: Is a strong tendency to use preterite instead of present perfect . Vos also differs in its affirmative imperative conjugation from both tú and vosotros . Specifically, the vos imperative is formed by dropping the final -r from the infinitive, but keeping the stress on the last syllable. The only verb that is irregular in this regard is ir ; its vos imperative is not usually used, with andá (the vos imperative of andar , which

585-615: Is also an important economic indicator of the region, and includes species like corvina , snapper, lisa and tuna . Industry in Esmeraldas consists of manufacturing, timber, chemicals and oil. Concerns exist about forest management and deforestation in the Chaco rainforest. The trans-Andean pipeline was completed in August 1972, connecting the Oriente reserves to refining facilities in Esmeraldas, and

630-574: Is coming out there.'" Due to Aymara and Quechua influence, Andean Spanish often uses the pluperfect tense or clause-final dice "he/she says" to indicate evidentiality . Evidential dice is more common in monolingual Peruvian Spanish. In upper Ecuador, a dar + gerund construction is common, ie: Pedro me dio componiendo mi reloj. "Pedro fixed my watch." Andean Spanish typically uses more loans from Aymara and Quechua than other Spanish varieties. In addition, some common words have different meanings. Pie , meaning "foot," can refer to

675-539: Is denoted by * ) being generally used instead; except for the Argentine province of Tucumán , where the imperative ite is used. For most regular verbs ending in -ir , the vos imperatives use the same conjugations as the yo form in the preterite ; almost all verbs that are irregular in the preterite (which are denoted by ‡ ) retain the regular vos imperative forms. Again, the conjugation of tú has far more irregularities, whereas vos has only one irregular verb in

720-505: Is economically important for the northern part of Ecuador, and the port of Balao is an important oil processing facility. Here wood and wood chips are mainly exported; bananas and other agricultural products are also exported. The soil allows the production of rice, maize, African Palm, albacá / albahaca and a variety of tropical fruits. Among the main forest species are: chanul , raft, laurel , sande, guayacán , and tangaré . Cattle and pig rearing are also important. The fishing industry

765-434: Is much more usual to use tú + vos verb conjugation ( tú sabís ). The use of pronominal vos ( vos sabís ) is reserved for very informal situations and may even be considered vulgar in some cases. Unlike tú , which has many irregular forms, the only voseo verbs that are conjugated irregularly in the indicative present are ser , ir and haber . However, haber is seldom used in the indicative present, since there

810-549: Is present in certain Andean regions and Cajamarca , but the younger generations have ceased to use it. It is also present in Judaeo-Spanish , spoken by Sephardic Jews , where it is the archaic plural form that vosotros replaced. Voseo is seldom taught to students of Spanish as a second language, and its precise usage varies across different regions. Nevertheless, in recent years, it has become more commonly accepted across

855-477: Is visible exclusively in the present indicative, imperative and subjunctive , and, most of the time, in the preterite . Below is a comparison table of the conjugation of several verbs for tú and for vos , and next to them the one for vosotros , the informal second person plural currently used orally only in Spain; in oratory or legal language (highly formal forms of Spanish) it is used outside of Spain. Verb forms that agree with vos are stressed on

900-543: Is well known around Latin America given the large number of locals that have historically played in the Ecuador national football team . The main activities of the city are commerce, industry and agriculture. It has beaches with landscapes and a warm climate, which make it one of the most visited tourist destinations in the area. On 19 December 2016, a 5.8 Richter scale earthquake shook the city of Esmeraldas. The port of Esmeraldas

945-601: The tuteo set of forms. That is, vos is both nominative and the form to use after prepositions . Therefore, para vos ("for you") corresponds to the tuteo form para ti , etc. The preposition-pronoun combination con vos ("with you") is used for the tuteo form contigo . The direct and indirect object form te is used in both voseo and tuteo . The possessive pronouns of vos also coincide with tú < tu(s) , tuyo(s) , tuya(s) > rather than with vosotros < vuestro(s) , vuestra(s) >. Chavacano ,

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990-579: The Hispanophone world as a valid part of regional dialects. Classical Latin , and the Vulgar Latin from which Romance languages such as Spanish are descended, had only two-second-person pronouns – the singular tu and the plural vos . Starting in the early Middle Ages, however, languages such as French and Spanish began to attach honorary significance to these pronouns beyond literal number . Plural pronouns were often used to refer to

1035-575: The vos conjugation (for example, tú sabés ). Conversely, speakers in some other places where both tú and vos are used combine vos with the tú conjugation (for example, vos sabes ). This is a frequent occurrence in the Argentine province of Santiago del Estero . The verb forms employed with vos are also different in Chilean Spanish: Chileans use -ái and soi 'you are' instead of -áis or -ás and sois or sos . Chileans never pronounce these conjugations with

1080-610: The vos -form, such that the vos form carries information about the speaker's belief state, and can be stigmatized. For example, in Central America the subjunctive and negative command form is no mintás , and in Chile it is no mintái ; however, in Río de la Plata both no mientas and no mintás are found. Real Academia Española models its voseo conjugation tables on the most frequent, unstigmatized Río de la Plata usage and therefore omits

1125-425: The "crazy coconut" (coco-loco, traditional drink made with coconut water) and its handicrafts in black and red coral. Same , an area of large palms and serene blue waters; Muisne , with pristine beaches of warm sand inhabited by red crabs in a tropical atmosphere; Quinindé , with vast African palm trees and guadúa houses; and Tonsupa , famous for its sunsets. The U.S. State Department advises not to travel to

1170-637: The Ecuador coast, Esmeraldas has a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSh ) with a wet season from January to April, a dry season from May to December, and consistently very warm to hot and cloudy weather due to fog from the Humboldt Current . Tourist attractions include beaches, virgin forests, the culture of the indigenous Cayapas people, marimba and Afro-Ecuadorian music and the La Tolita archaeological zone. Other attractions include Atacames , famous for

1215-459: The affirmative imperative. In Chile, the general vos conjugation is not used in the affirmative imperative. In most places where voseo is used, it is applied also in the subjunctive . In the Río de la Plata region, both the tú -conjugation and the voseo conjugation are found, the tú- form being more common. In this variety, some studies have shown a pragmatic difference between the tú -form and

1260-646: The context of using verb conjugations for vos with tú as the subject pronoun ( verbal voseo ). In all regions with voseo , the corresponding unstressed object pronoun is te and the corresponding possessive is tu/tuyo . Vos is used extensively as the second-person singular in Rioplatense Spanish ( Argentina and Uruguay ), Chilean Spanish , Eastern Bolivia , Paraguayan Spanish , and much of Central America ( El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica ); in Mexico , in

1305-486: The countries historically best connected with Spain: Mexico, Panama, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Equatorial Guinea . Vuestra merced evolved into usted : vuestra merced > usarced > usted ; in fact, usted is still abbreviated as either Vd or Ud ). Note that the term vosotros is a combined form of vos otros (meaning literally 'ye/you others'), while

1350-505: The end of a clause: Dile nomás pues pero. "Just go ahead and tell him." Andean Spanish also widely uses redundant "double possessives" as in: De María en su casa estoy yendo. "I'm going to Maria's house." This also shows how en can indicate "motion towards" in the Andes. En may also be used "before a locative adverb, as in Vivo en acá 'I live here' or En allá sale agua 'Water

1395-402: The last syllable, causing the loss of the stem diphthong in those verbs, such as poder and venir , which are stem-changing . General conjugation is the one that is most widely accepted and used in various countries such as Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, parts of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia, as well as Central American countries. Some Uruguayan speakers combine the pronoun tú with

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1440-412: The latter related to the historical future form -és , which was documented in Chile in the 17th century. Habíh and hai come from /ˈabes/ and /as/ , while soi and eríh come from /sos/ and /ˈeɾes/ . The form erei also comes from /ˈeɾes/ , with additional semi-vocalization. The theoretical framework of the article is that of classic generative phonology. In some countries,

1485-406: The northern border region of Ecuador, including the northern part of Esmeraldas, due to crime. The main road runs along the coast by joining La Tola, Lagarto, Montalvo, Rocafuerte, Río Verde, Camarones, Tachina y San Mateo. Other routes are: Esmeraldas - Atacames - Súa - La Unión - Muisne - Esmeraldas - Quinindé (Rosa Zarate) that lead to Santo Domingo and Quito. The Quito - San Lorenzo rail network

1530-418: The oil industry is the largest employer. In 1987, the refinery was expanded for the first time to 90,000 barrels per day (14,000 m /d). The second expansion, to 110,000 barrels (17,000 m ), occurred in 1995. The plant is currently running at 80 percent capacity with hopes to return to full capacity by 2014. The petrol produced there is used for mixtures because of its high aromaticity . Like most of

1575-530: The pronoun usted is completely absent, so the use of vos with strangers and elders is the standard. Voseo was long considered a backward or uneducated usage by prescriptivist grammarians. Many Central American intellectuals, themselves from voseante nations, have condemned the usage of vos in the past. With the changing mentalities in the Hispanic world, and with the development of descriptive as opposed to prescriptive linguistics, it has become simply

1620-425: The pronoun vos is used with family and friends ( T-form ), like tú in other varieties of Spanish, and contrasts with the respectful usted (V-form used with third person) which is used with strangers, elderly, and people of higher socioeconomic status ; appropriate usage varies by dialect. In Central America, vos can be used among those considered equals, while usted maintains its respectful usage. In Ladino ,

1665-598: The second half of the 20th century, it has become very common to see billboards and other advertising campaigns using voseo . Vos is present in some regions of other countries, for instance in the Maracucho Spanish of Zulia State , Venezuela (see Venezuelan Spanish ), the Azuero peninsula of Panama , in a few departments in Colombia, and in parts of Ecuador ( Sierra down to Esmeraldas ). In Peru , voseo

1710-536: The singular and vuestras mercedes in the plural. Because of the literal meaning of these forms, they were accompanied by the corresponding third-person verb forms. Other formal forms of address included vuestra excelencia ("your excellence", contracted phonetically to ussencia ) and vuestra señoría ("your lordship/ladyship", contracted to ussía ). Today, both vos and tú are considered to be informal pronouns, with vos being somewhat synonymous with tú in regions where both are used. This

1755-575: The southern regions of Chiapas and parts of Oaxaca . It is rarely used, if at all, in places such as Cuba and Puerto Rico . Vos had been traditionally used in Argentina, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Paraguay, the Philippines and Uruguay, even in formal writing. In the dialect of Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay (known as 'Rioplatense'), the usage of vos is prevalent, even in mainstream film, media and music. In Argentina, particularly from

1800-430: The subjunctive voseo . In South America: In Central America: In South America: In the following countries, voseo is used only in certain areas: In the following countries, voseo has disappeared completely among the native population: The traditional assumption that Chilean and River Plate voseo verb forms are derived from those corresponding to vosotros has been challenged as synchronically inadequate in

1845-601: The syllable following the verb's root, or its infinitive in the case of the future and conditional conjugations. This alone derives all the River Plate voseo verb conjugations, in all tenses. Chilean verb forms also undergo rules of semi-vocalization, vowel raising, and aspiration. In semi-vocalization, /s/ becomes the semivowel /j/ when after /a, o/ ; thus, -ás becomes -ái , and sos becomes soi 'you are'. The vowel raising rule turns stressed /e/ into /i/ , so bebés becomes bebís . Aspiration,

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1890-554: The term nosotros comes from nos otros ("we/us others"). In the first half of the 19th century, the use of vos was as prevalent in Chile as it was in Argentina. The current limitation of the use of vos in Chile is attributed to a campaign to eradicate it by the Chilean education system . The campaign was initiated by Andrés Bello who considered the use of vos a manifestation of lack of education. The independent disjunctive pronoun vos also replaces ti , from

1935-400: The variety of forms the contemporary American voseo adopts, some varieties featuring a generalized monophthong (most of them), some a generalized diphthong (e.g. Venezuela), and some combining monophthongs and diphthongs, depending on the conjugation (e.g. Chile). In the most general, monophthongized, conjugation paradigm, a difference between voseo forms and respective tuteo forms

1980-469: The whole leg, due to Aymara influence. Siempre ("always") can mean "still." Voseo In Spanish grammar, voseo ( Spanish pronunciation: [boˈseo] ) is the use of vos as a second-person singular pronoun , along with its associated verbal forms, in certain regions where the language is spoken. In those regions it replaces tuteo , i.e. the use of the pronoun tú and its verbal forms. Voseo can also be found in

2025-532: Was the situation when the Spanish language was brought to the Río de la Plata area (around Buenos Aires and Montevideo ) and to Chile. In time, vos lost currency in Spain but survived in a number of areas in Spanish-speaking America: Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia (east), Uruguay, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and some smaller areas; it is not found, or found only in internally remote areas (such as Chiapas ) in

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