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47-472: The need to power a stamp mill to process ore at the Gold King Mine up in the mountains near Ophir, Colorado drove major stock holder Lucien L. Nunn to seek a less expensive alternative to the wood powered steam mill at the site. Timber fuel was in scarce supply at the mines 12,000 foot height and coal could not be used because there was no railroad leading to the mine. The San Miguel River 3000 feet down

94-553: A 14-mile-long (23-kilometre) transmission line to Portland , used to power arc lighting . The oldest hydroelectric power plant supplying a commercial transmission system for alternating current was the power plant Thorenberg near Lucerne in Switzerland . The plant started operation in May 1886 and fed 1,800 volts to a nearly 3-mile-long (4.8 km) transmission line. It was transformed to 100 volts to illuminate some hotels and restaurants in

141-466: A common occurrence at the mountainous location. The alternators were set on paraffin-soaked oak platforms to add insulation and Westinghouse engineers tried various types of lightning arresters . The alternators were designed with removable parts making the task of repairing them a little easier. With the success of the plant the Nunns started installing similar systems at their other mining operations. In 1896

188-562: A holding company, PacifiCorp, headquartered in Portland with Pacific Power as its main subsidiary. Utah Power and Light (UP&L) was organized on 6 September 1912 from the merger of four electric companies in Utah, Idaho and Wyoming and was a Salt Lake City subsidiary of a large holding company, Electric Bond and Share Company (EBASCO) of New York. Within four years of its organization, UP&L had purchased twenty-seven other electric companies in

235-454: A low voltage the distances they were contemplating. A high voltage alternating current system looked more promising so they contacted Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania based Westinghouse Electric in 1890 and convinced them to supply an electricity driven system based on alternating current technology. The AC system was engineered and installed by Westinghouse employees V.G. Converse , Lewis B. Stillwell , Charles F. Scott , and Ralph D. Mershon with

282-667: A mining company known as NERCO , which was eventually listed on the New York Stock Exchange and ranked as high as 353 on the Fortune 500 list of the largest American companies. Through its majority interest in NERCO, PacifiCorp was involved in the mining of coal, oil, natural gas, gold, silver, and uranium. PacifiCorp still owned 82% of NERCO in 1993, when it was acquired by the mining giant Rio Tinto Group . In August 1987, PacifiCorp agreed to acquire Utah Power & Light. The merger

329-786: A power transmission format. During this period Westinghouse was in stiff competition with other AC companies as well with Thomas Edison 's direct current based Edison Electric Company. A propaganda campaign/" war of currents " had even broken out between Westinghouse and Edison. Westinghouse Electric looked on the Ames project as a great way to demonstrate the capability of the AC system they had been developing since they installed their first AC transformer based lighting systems in Great Barrington, Massachusetts , in March 1886. The 1891 Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant

376-465: A trip-hammer [mola]". These trip-hammers were used for the pounding and hulling of grain . Grain-pounders with pestles, as well as ordinary watermills , are also attested as late as the middle of the fifth century in a monastery founded by Romanus of Condat in the remote Jura region, indicating that the knowledge of trip hammers continued into the early Middle Ages . Apart from agricultural processing, archaeological evidence also strongly suggests

423-552: Is 10,556MW. Of this, 56% is coal, 24% is natural gas, 10% is hydroelectric, and 10% is renewable. Major generation facilities include: PacifiCorp also owns and operates several captive coal mines located at or very near some of its generation plants. In Wyoming, PacifiCorp operates and has partial interest in Jim Bridger Mine and owns the Dave Johnston Mine, which is in final reclamation. The company also owned and operated

470-413: Is a type of unit operation . A stamp mill consists of a set of heavy steel ( iron -shod wood in some cases) stamps, loosely held vertically in a frame, in which the stamps can slide up and down. They are lifted by cams on a horizontal rotating shaft . As the cam moves from under the stamp, the stamp falls onto the ore below, crushing the rock, and the lifting process is repeated at the next pass of

517-648: Is one of the oldest power plants to produce and transmit alternating current for an industrial purposes. It predated by one month the Lauffen Dam to Frankfurt power-transmission system at International Electrotechnical Exhibition that powered lights and some electric motors. As a hydro-electric plant in the US it was predated by the Oregon-based Willamette Falls Electric Company, the first AC hydro-electric generation facility, in 1889, which included

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564-650: Is perhaps in the Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus of Olaus Magnus , dated to 1565 AD. This woodcut image depicts three martinets, and a waterwheel working the wood and leather bellows of an osmund ( sv ) bloomery furnace. The recumbent trip hammer was first depicted in European artwork in an illustration by Sandrart and Zonca (dated 1621 AD). Water-powered stamp mills are illustrated in book 8 of Georg Agricola 's De Re Metallica , published in 1556. The mills Agricola shows were largely wooden construction, excepting

611-521: Is planning to source 56% of its yearly consumption with renewable energy by 2040. Pacific Power & Light was formed in 1910 from the merger of several financially troubled utilities in Oregon and Washington to form the Pacific Power & Light Company . It gradually expanded its reach to include most of Oregon, as well as portions of California, Washington and Wyoming. In 1984, it reorganized itself as

658-534: The Californian gold mines. In these stamps the cam is arranged to lift the stamp from the side, so that it causes the stamp to rotate. This evens the wear on the shoe at the foot of the stamp. They were more rapid in action and a single head could crush 1.5 tons of ore as opposed to the Cornish stamps which could only crush 1 ton. Stamp mills were used in early paper making for preparing the paper-stuff ( pulp ), before

705-704: The Hellenistic era in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Ancient cams are in evidence in early water-powered automata from the third century BC. A passage in the Natural History of the Roman scholar Pliny (NH 18.23) indicates that water-driven pestles had become fairly widespread in Italy by the first century AD: "The greater part of Italy uses an unshod pestle and also wheels which water turns as it flows past, and

752-722: The Lloyd Center Tower in Portland, Oregon with operations in the western United States . PacifiCorp has two business units: Pacific Power , a regulated electric utility with service territory throughout Oregon, northern California, and southeastern Washington headquartered in Portland, Oregon ; and Rocky Mountain Power , a regulated electric utility with service territory throughout Utah , Wyoming , and southeastern Idaho, headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah . PacifiCorp operates one of

799-443: The 1894 San Francisco midsummer fair. It was the first type that generated electricity, powered by a wood feed steam boiler. Steam started the wheels and belts turning; a generator that also was steam driven supplied the electricity for overhead lighting. This was a big plus for mining company, enabling more production time. The main components for water-powered stamp mills – water wheels , cams , and hammers – were known in

846-508: The Ames plant was rebuilt with a new two-phase system with new generators and induction motors along with step-up transformers to boost the power to 10,000 volts for longer distance transmission. The water supply was also expanded. The Ames plant became part of the Nunn's Telluride Power Company which would later become part of Western Colorado Power Company, formed as a wholly owned subsidiary of Utah Power and Light . Public Service Company acquired

893-712: The Deer Creek Mine in Utah, near the Huntington Plant but closed it in 2015 and has a partial interest in the Trapper Mine in Colorado. Calling it a "new era of utility involvement in transportation electrification," the Portland Business Journal in 2018 described PacifiCorp's electric vehicle promotion program as a plan that promises new electric vehicle charging sites, outreach and education efforts. The program

940-523: The Howard Fork and Lake Fork streams joined to form the San Miguel River , just outside Ophir. Used as a generator, it produced 3000 volt , 133 Hertz, single-phase AC. It was driven by a six-foot Pelton wheel under a 320-foot (98 m) head of water carried in a 2 ft diameter steel pipe supplied by the Howard Fork and Lake Fork as well as natural reservoirs up hill from the plant. The electricity

987-423: The assistance of engineering students they recruited from Cornell University . In the summer of 1890 Westinghouse delivered the equipment and the engineers installed it later that winter. The system consisted of two identical 100-hp Westinghouse single-phase alternators (the largest the company made at the time). One was set up in a generator house, initially just a wooden shed, in the small settlement of Ames where

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1034-495: The cam. Each one frame and stamp set is sometimes called a "battery" or, confusingly, a "stamp" and mills are sometimes categorised by how many stamps they have, i.e. a "10 stamp mill" has 10 sets. They usually are arranged linearly, but when a mill is enlarged, a new line of them may be constructed rather than extending the line. Abandoned mill sites (as documented by industrial archaeologists ) will usually have linear rows of foundation sets as their most prominent visible feature as

1081-466: The commercial and trading operations of the company. PacifiCorp owns 68 generating plants with a capacity of 9,140 megawatts. 70.6% of the generation is from thermal sources (i.e., coal or natural gas), 6.7% from hydroelectric sources, and 0.2% from renewable sources. 22.5% of PacifiCorp's generation is purchased from other suppliers or under contracts. The company is planning on keeping only 3 of its 22 coal-fired power stations operational beyond 2040 and

1128-402: The downtown area of the city. The original Ames/Gold King plant is also notable for the small starter motor used, an early use of the induction motor , a new efficient commutator-less design that would later become commonplace. The patent for the motor had been licensed by Westinghouse from Nikola Tesla two years earlier and was being developed by Charles F. Scott , but engineering problems and

1175-513: The existence of trip hammers in Roman metal working. In Ickham in Kent , a large metal hammer-head with mechanical deformations was excavated in an area where several Roman water-mills and metal waste dumps have also been traced. The widest application of stamp mills, however, seems to have occurred in Roman mining, where ore from deep veins was first crushed into small pieces for further processing. Here,

1222-543: The following exceptions: Bountiful, Kaysville, Lehi, Logan, Provo, Murray, Monroe, Monticello, Springville, St. George Buffalo, Casper, Cody, Douglas, Evanston, Green River, Kemmerer, Lander, Laramie, Rawlins, Riverton, Rock Springs, Thermopolis In 2023, a jury ordered PacifiCorp to pay $ 70 million in punitive damages to 17 homeowners negatively impacted by the 2020 Oregon wildfires . In August 2024, PacifiCorp revealed that it faced at least $ 46 billion in claims resulting from four separate class action complaints related to

1269-412: The forging of wrought iron . Medieval European trip hammers by the 15th century were most often in the shape of the vertical pestle stamp-mill. The well-known Renaissance artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci often sketched trip hammers for use in forges and even file-cutting machinery, those of the vertical pestle stamp-mill type. The oldest depicted European illustration of a martinet forge-hammer

1316-675: The general Utah area, and eventually absorbed more than one hundred thirty. In 1881, one of those companies had made Salt Lake City the fifth city in the world with central station electricity. In 1954, Pacific Power & Light merged with the Mountain States Power Company , essentially doubling the company's service area. In 1961, the company purchased the California Oregon Power Company, extending its service into southern Oregon and northern California. In 1977, PacifiCorp spun off its coal mining interests into

1363-436: The general shortage of cash the company was going through was holding back development. Westinghouse eventually introduced their "Tesla" poly-phase transmission/motor system in 1893. Stamp mill A stamp mill (or stamp battery or stamping mill ) is a type of mill machine that crushes material by pounding rather than grinding , either for further processing or for extraction of metallic ores. Breaking material down

1410-433: The high voltages used. Power was connected by closing simple knife switches and the system was shut down (the electrical circuit "opened") by a worker grabbing a connecting line at the power pole and pulling it out of the arc-light style plug mounted on the pole (a sometime dangerous maneuver that produced 6 to 8 foot (1.83-m to 2.44-m) long high voltage arcs). One continual problem was repairing damage from lightning strikes,

1457-461: The invention of the Hollander beater , and might have derived from those used in fulling wool. They were used in oil-seed processing prior to pressing the oil from the milled seeds. Early mills were water-powered but mills can also be steam or electric powered. A stamping mill may refer to a factory that performs stamping. PacifiCorp PacifiCorp is an electric power company based in

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1504-467: The large scale use of the hushing and ground sluicing technique meant that large amounts of water were directly available for powering the machines. Stamp mills were used by miners in Samarkand as early as 973. They were used in medieval Persia to crush mineral ores. By the 11th century, stamp mills were in widespread use throughout the medieval Islamic world , from Islamic Spain and North Africa in

1551-635: The largest privately held transmission systems in the U.S. within the western Energy Imbalance Market. Pacific Power and Rocky Mountain Power combined serve over 1.6 million residential customers, 202,000 commercial customers, and 37,000 industrial and irrigation customers, for a total of approximately 1,813,000 customers. The service area is 143,000 square miles (370,000 km ). The company owns and maintains 16,500 miles (26,600 km) of long-distance transmission lines, 64,000 miles (103,000 km) of distribution lines, and 900 substations. PacifiCorp owns, maintains and operates generation assets and manages

1598-834: The ore was crushed as a prelude to extracting the metals. They were superseded in the second half of the 19th century in many applications by more efficient methods. However their simplicity meant that they were used in remote areas for ore processing well into the 20th century. (19th century advertisements for some mills highlighted that they could be broken down, packed in by mule in pieces, and assembled on site with only simple tools.) Stamp mills are still in use in Colombia by artisanal miners, powered by electric motors. Cornish stamps are stamp mills that were developed in Cornwall for use in tin mining in around 1850. Cornish stamps were used to crush small lumps of ore into sand-like material. The stamp

1645-462: The overall apparatus can exceed 20 feet in height, requiring large foundations. Stamps are usually arranged in sets of five. Some ore processing applications used large quantities of water so some stamp mills are located near natural or artificial bodies of water. For example, the Redridge Steel Dam was built to supply stamp mills with process water. The California Stamp made its major debut at

1692-432: The plant with other Colorado Ute properties in 1992. A 1905 vintage power house is still in service for Public Service Company, a subsidiary of Xcel Energy , with two Pelton wheels powering a single 1904 General Electric generator, with output of 2,400 volts, and 1,082 amperes at a speed of 225 R.P.M. The Ames power station was built at the end of a decade that saw the rapid expansion in the use of alternating current as

1739-751: The previous rates until 2035. Pacific Power serves customers in Washington , Oregon and California . Major cities served include: As of December 31, 2009, Pacific Power serves 555,070 customers in Oregon, 126,665 customers in Washington, and 45,148 customers in California. Rocky Mountain Power serves customers in Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. Major cities served include: Ammon, Lava Hot Springs, Malad City, Montpelier, Preston, Rigby, Rexburg, Saint Anthony, Shelley Rocky Mountain Power serves most major cities in Utah, with

1786-641: The regularity and spacing of large indentations on stone anvils indicate the use of cam-operated ore stamps, much like the devices of later medieval mining. Such mechanically deformed anvils have been found at numerous Roman silver and gold mining sites in Western Europe , including at Dolaucothi ( Wales ), and on the Iberian Peninsula , where the datable examples are from the 1st and 2nd century AD. At Dolaucothi, these stamp mills were hydraulic-driven and possibly also at other Roman mining sites, where

1833-413: The residential rate for their excess energy that got sent back into the energy grid. As of August 2018, new rooftop solar installations were down 23 percent, likely due to the cancellation of the net metering program. New solar customers are paid by a transitional program that pays slightly less than the residential rate until 2033. People who installed solar panels prior to November 2017 are grandfathered at

1880-441: The slope 3 miles from the mine looked to be a good power source but some of the methods of transmitting the power including water powered compressed air and belt drives did not seem feasible. Lucien's brother Paul, an electrical engineer , began looking into using electric motors to drive the plant. A 220 volt direct current electric system was found to be too expensive due to the size of the copper conductors needed to transmit such

1927-506: The use of iron shoes on the end of each stamp. The camshaft was set directly on the axle of the waterwheel , and stamps were typically arranged in gangs of three, with each wheel driving one or two gangs. The first stamp mill in the U.S. was built in 1829 at the Capps mine near Charlotte, North Carolina . They were common in gold , silver , and copper mining regions of the US in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, in operations where

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1974-441: The west to Central Asia in the east. Water-powered and mechanised trip hammers reappeared in medieval Europe by the 12th century. Their use was described in medieval written sources of Styria (in modern-day Austria), one from 1135, and another from 1175. Both texts mentioned the use of vertical stamp mills for ore-crushing. Medieval French sources of the years 1116 and 1249 both record the use of mechanised trip hammers used in

2021-583: Was completed in January 1989. In 2001, PacifiCorp was acquired by Scottish Power . In 2006, PacifiCorp was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway Energy , a division of Berkshire Hathaway , for $ 5.1 billion in cash. In a July 2006 reorganization, Pacific Power's territory in central and eastern Wyoming was merged with the Utah Power territory to form Rocky Mountain Power. In these tables of generation properties owned or partially-owned by PacifiCorp, total capacity

2068-475: Was constructed from heavy timber with an iron "head" at the bottom. It was lifted by cams on a rotating axle, and fell on the ore and water mixture, fed into a box beneath. The head normally weighed between 4 and 8 cwt (about 200 to 400 kg) each, and were usually arranged in sets of four, in timber frames. Small stamps were commonly powered by water wheels and larger ones by steam engines. Californian stamps were based on Cornish stamps and were used for

2115-468: Was installed as a starter motor to spin the larger alternator up to match the synchronous speed of the generator. The power system became operational on 19 June 1891 and was run continuously for the first 30 days. The entire plant required 15 to 20 attendants for its operation. The instruments and controls were rudimentary, solenoid type gravity balance Voltmeters and ammeters mounted on lacquered wooden boards. Workers had to take special care because of

2162-526: Was spawn from legislation passed in 2016 that called for more renewable energy from the state's utility companies. As of May 1, 2007, Rocky Mountain Power serves approximately 758,000 customers in Utah, 129,000 customers in Idaho, and 67,000 customers in Wyoming. In November 2017, Rocky Mountain Power made a deal with Utah's utility authorities to phase out net metering . The program was paying customers who generated their own electricity with rooftop solar panels

2209-531: Was transmitted 2.6 miles (4.2 km) up the mountain to the mine via two bare copper wires mounted on poles using Western Union cross-arms with insulators. Total wire costs were about US$ 700, about 1% of the cost estimated for a direct-current line. At the mine the second 100-hp Westinghouse alternator was installed in the role of a synchronous AC motor to drive the stamping mill. A smaller single-phase induction motor (a new type of motor developed from patents Westinghouse had licensed from inventor Nikola Tesla )

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