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19-536: The American Writing Paper Company was an American pulp and paper producing company trust , primarily manufacturing printing and writing paper . Incorporated in New Jersey in 1899 and representing the merging of 23 rag paper mills, the company held its general offices in Holyoke, Massachusetts which was also the location of 13 of these mills. At its peak output American Writing Paper produced 75% of all fine papers in

38-719: A significant amount of water and energy and produces wastewater with a high concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), among other contaminants. Recent studies underline coagulation as an appropriate pre-treatment of pulp and paper industrial wastewater and as a cost-effective solution for the removal of COD and the reduction of pressures on the aquatic environment. The industry is dominated by North American ( United States and Canada ), northern European ( Finland , Sweden , and North-West Russia ) and East Asian countries (such as East Siberian Russia, China , Japan , and South Korea ). Australasia and Brazil also have significant pulp and paper enterprises. The industry also has

57-560: A significant presence in a number of European countries including Germany, Portugal, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland. The United States had been the world's leading producer of paper until it was overtaken by China in 2009. According to data from Statista, China produced 110 million metric tons in 2018 followed by the US with 72 million. According to statistic data by RISI , main producing countries of paper and paperboard, not including pulp, in

76-415: A specialized type of felt, distinct from traditional felt, to absorb the water. In contrast, hand-made paper uses a blotter sheet for this purpose. Drying involves eliminating water from the paper sheets through air or heat. Historically, this was achieved by hanging the sheets to dry, similar to laundry. In modern papermaking, various heated drying mechanisms are employed, with the steam-heated can dryer being

95-504: Is a chemical process for making wood pulp with sodium hydroxide as the cooking chemical. In the Soda-AQ process, anthraquinone (AQ) may be used as a pulping additive to decrease the carbohydrate degradation. The soda process gives pulp with lower tear strength than other chemical pulping processes ( sulfite process and kraft process ), but has still limited use for easily pulped materials like straw and some hardwoods . A precursor to

114-486: Is now preserved as Historic RittenhouseTown in Pennsylvania. The first mechanised paper machine was installed at Frogmore Paper Mill , Apsley, Hertfordshire in 1803, followed by another in 1804. The site operates currently as a museum. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the paper chemical technologies for making the pulp from wood rather than grasses underwent some major industrial-era upgrades, as first

133-650: The Natural Resources Defense Council for unsustainable deforestation and clearcutting of old-growth forest . The industry trend is to expand globally to countries like Russia , China and Indonesia with low wages and low environmental oversight. According to Greenpeace , farmers in Central America illegally rip up vast tracts of native forest for cattle and soybean production without any consequences, and companies who buy timber from private land owners contribute to massive deforestation of

152-533: The soda pulping process and then the Kraft process helped reduce the unit cost of paper manufacture. This made paper newly abundant, and along with continual advancements in printing press technologies, as well as in transport technologies (for distribution), during these same centuries, led to greatly increased sales and circulation of newspapers, other periodicals, and books of every kind. The pulp and paper industry has been criticized by environmental groups like

171-547: The Amazon Rainforest . On the other hand, the situation is quite different where forest growth has been on the increase for a number of years. It is estimated for instance that since 1990 forests have grown in Europe by 17 million hectares, which has been supported through the practice of sustainable forest management by the industry. In Sweden, for every tree that is felled, two are planted. The pulp and paper industry consumes

190-556: The Chinese paper industry continued to grow under the Song dynasty to meet the rising demand for printed books. Demand for paper was also stimulated by the Song government, which needed a large supply of paper for printing paper money and exchange certificates. An example of an enterprising paper mill during the late phase of the preindustrial era is the mill by William Rittenhouse and sons at what

209-481: The United States contemporarily with the trust. The American Writing Paper Company would endure multiple labor strikes and two bankruptcies before being entirely liquidated under the name "Holyoke Shares", beginning with reorganization as an investment company under that name in 1963, dissolving by the end of 1970. Today it is best known for its "Eagle A" brand which has since been sold to multiple successors, until it

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228-492: The United States; contemporary accounts describe it as the largest producer of fine papers in the world. The company's failings have been described by historical scholars, including Constance McLaughlin Green , as a matter of a lack of technical expertise in management. Rather than forming from within the paper industry, “both the original promoters [of the trust] and the final agents were brokers and not paper manufacturers. The result

247-639: The added advantage of reducing deforestation. Due to the ease with which bagasse can be chemically pulped, bagasse requires less bleaching chemicals than wood pulp to achieve a bright, white sheet of paper. Most chemical bagasse pulp mills concentrate the spent reaction chemicals and combust them to power the paper-mills and to recover the reaction chemicals. Many grasses , bagasse , bamboo and some tropical hardwoods contain much silicates that may cause sodium aluminum silicate scales . Moderate amounts of silicates can be controlled with purging lime mud or lime kiln ash. Silicate removal from green liquor in

266-425: The most prevalent on paper machines. Papermaking as a craft is ancient, and for centuries it used various fibers, mainly grasses (cereal straws and others), or rags from old clothing made from them, in various preindustrial times and places. The commercial planting of domesticated mulberry trees to make pulp for papermaking is attested as early as the 6th century. Due to advances in printing technology,

285-645: The patent of which preceded that of Watt and Burgess, which was filed in 1854. The first mill was started in 1866 in the USA. In 1865 they patented a method for recovery of the cooking liquors by incineration of the spent liquor. Many of the early soda mills converted to kraft mills once it was discovered. Around 5%-10% of paper production worldwide is produced from agricultural crops , valuing agricultural paper production at between $ 5 billion and $ 10 billion. The most notable of these agricultural crops are wheat straw and bagasse . Using agricultural crops rather than wood has

304-414: The soda pulping process was the paper making process developed by Matthias Koops in 1801 which involved washing wood shavings in limewater, adding soda crystals and then boiling the mixture. Soda pulping was one of the first chemical pulping methods and was invented in 1851 by Burgess (United States) and Watts (England). In France in 1852 Coupier and Mellier patented a soda process based on a 1851 invention

323-421: The world are as follows: The world's main paper and paperboard company groups are as follows. (Some figures are estimates.): In 2008, the top 10 forest, paper and packaging products companies were, according to a report by PricewaterhouseCoopers : Leading manufacturers of capital equipment with over $ 1 billion in annual revenue for the pulp and paper industry include: Soda pulping Soda pulping

342-495: Was discontinued in 2007 by the Neenah Paper Company . The mills and properties which the company assumed included but were not limited to- Pulp and paper industry In the manufacturing process, pulp is introduced into a paper machine where it is shaped into a paper web and water is extracted through pressing and drying stages. Pressing involves removing water from the sheet by applying force. This process employs

361-441: Was that these men were primarily interested in marketing the stocks and bonds, and not one was concerned with the manufacture of paper.” Initially the company board sought papermaker and former congressman William Whiting II to serve as its chief executive. Whiting would decline their offer, and indeed the company was unable to absorb his own namesake company, which would become the largest independent manufacturer of writing paper in

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