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51-1232: (Redirected from American Contact Dermatitis Society ) Annual award Allergen of the Year is an annual "award" voted upon by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. The purpose of the award is "to draw attention to the agents causing the most significant clinical effects, those that are underrecognized and those that have become obsolete or for which exposure patterns have changed". Awards [ edit ] Year Allergen Description References 2024 Sulfites Group of compounds used to preserve food and drink products. 2023 Lanolin Natural wax from sheep's wool, often used in skincare products. 2022 Aluminium Common metal. 2021 Acetophenone azine Compound found in EVA foam , used in sporting equipment and footwear. 2020 Isobornyl acrylate Used in medical devices for diabetes patients. 2019 Parabens (selected as

102-490: A compound ingredient; or as a food additive or component of a food additive; or as a processing aid or component of a processing aid. Sulfites that can be added to foods in Canada are potassium bisulfite, potassium metabisulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium dithionite , sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, sulfur dioxide and sulfurous acid . These can also be declared using the common names sulfites, sulfates, sulfiting agents. In

153-432: A food containing it. Asthmatics and possibly people with salicylate sensitivity (or aspirin sensitivity) are at an elevated risk for reaction to sulfites. Anaphylaxis and life-threatening reactions are rare. Other potential symptoms include sneezing , swelling of the throat , hives , and migraine . A 2017 study has shown negative impacts of sulfites on bacteria found in the human microbiome . In 1986,

204-581: A non-allergen) "One of the least allergenic preservatives available". 2018 Propylene glycol Used in foods and cosmetics 2017 Alkyl glucoside – 2016 Cobalt Metal 2015 Formaldehyde Preservative 2014 Benzophenones – 2013 Methylisothiazolinone This chemical is used as a preservative in many cosmetics, lotions, and makeup removers; some of its side effects include flaky or scaly skin, breakouts, redness or itchiness, and moderate to severe swelling in

255-428: A recent study of Polish children and adolescents with chronic/recurrent eczema, positive reactions to thiomersal were found in 11.7% of children (7–8 y.o.) and 37.6% of adolescents (16–17 y.o.). This difference in the sensitization rates can be explained by changing exposure patterns: The adolescents received six thiomersal-preserved vaccines during their life course, with the last immunization taking place 2–3 years before

306-497: A refrigeration requirement that developing countries could ill afford. At the Minamata Convention on Mercury in 2013 thiomersal was excluded from the treaty. Thiomersal is very toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and in contact with skin (EC hazard symbol T+), with a danger of cumulative effects. It is also very toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in aquatic environments (EC hazard symbol N). In

357-671: A vaccine preservative has been called into question by anti-vaccination groups. A 1999 statement issued in CDC 's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report announced that "the Public Health Service ( PHS ), the American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP ), and vaccine manufacturers agree that thimerosal-containing vaccines should be removed as soon as possible" and that these groups would collaborate to replace them while manufacturers committed "to eliminate or reduce as expeditiously as possible

408-479: Is as an antiseptic and antifungal agent, due to its oligodynamic effect . In multidose injectable drug delivery systems, it prevents serious adverse effects such as the Staphylococcus infection that, in one 1928 incident, killed 12 of 21 children vaccinated with a diphtheria vaccine that lacked a preservative. Unlike other preservatives at the time, such as phenol and cresol , thiomersal does not reduce

459-737: Is the 2017 Allergen of the Year? | the Dermatologist" . ^ Fowler, Joseph F. (2016). "Cobalt" . Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug . 27 (1): 3–8. doi : 10.1097/DER.0000000000000154 . ISSN   2162-5220 . PMID   26756508 . ^ Pontén, Ann; Bruze, Magnus (2015). "Formaldehyde". Dermatitis . 26 (1): 3–6. doi : 10.1097/DER.0000000000000075 . PMID   25581665 . ^ Heurung, Ashley R.; Raju, Srihari I.; Warshaw, Erin M. (2014). "Benzophenones". Dermatitis . 25 (1): 3–10. doi : 10.1097/DER.0000000000000025 . PMID   24407064 . ^ "Benzophenones named 2014 Contact Allergen of

510-870: Is used in patch testing for people who have dermatitis , conjunctivitis , and other potentially allergic reactions. A 2007 study in Norway found that 1.9% of adults had a positive patch test reaction to thiomersal; a higher prevalence of contact allergy (up to 6.6%) was observed in German populations. Thiomersal-sensitive individuals can receive intramuscular rather than subcutaneous immunization, though there have been no large sample sized studies regarding this matter to date. In real-world practice on vaccination of adult populations, contact allergy does not seem to elicit clinical reaction. Thiomersal allergy has decreased in Denmark, probably because of its exclusion from vaccines there. In

561-929: Is used to augment black henna tattoos . It has been shown to cause severe blistering and scarring, and its topical use is banned in some countries. 2005 Corticosteroids A class of steroid hormones , can be used to treat a variety of medical conditions. 2004 Cocamidopropyl betaine A mixture of closely related organic compounds, used in soaps and shampoos. 2003 Bacitracin Common antibiotic. 2002 Thimerosal Well-established antiseptic and antifungal agent, often used in medicines and vaccines. 2001 Gold Precious metal, used often in jewelry. 2000 Disperse blue dye Dye used to color synthetic textiles. See also [ edit ] List of cutaneous conditions References [ edit ] ^ "Review ACDS' Allergen of

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612-571: The European Union , "EU law requires food labels to indicate "contains sulfites" (when exceeding 10 milligrams per kilogram or per litre) without specifying the amount". High sulfite content in the blood and urine of babies can be caused by molybdenum cofactor deficiency disease which leads to neurological damage and early death unless treated. Treatment, requiring daily injections, became available in 2009. Thimerosal Thiomersal ( INN ), or thimerosal ( USAN , JAN ), also sold under

663-563: The World Health Organization reported no evidence of toxicity from thiomersal in vaccines and no reason on safety grounds to change to more expensive single-dose administration. The United Nations Environment Program backed away from an earlier proposal of putting thiomersal on the list of banned vaccine compounds as part of its campaign to reduce mercury exposure. It stated that eliminating it in multi-dose vaccines, primarily used in developing countries, would lead to high cost and

714-478: The central nervous system and the kidneys are targets. Loss of motor coordination is a common sign. Similar signs and symptoms have been observed in accidental human poisonings. The mechanisms of toxic action are unknown. Fecal excretion accounts for most of the elimination from the body. Ethylmercury clears from blood with a half-life of about 18 days in adults by breakdown into other chemicals, including inorganic mercury. The half-life of ethylmercury in

765-504: The mercury content of their vaccines." It remains in use as a preservative for certain annual flu vaccines , mostly those stored in multi-dose vials. Morris Kharasch , a chemist then at the University of Maryland filed a patent application for thiomersal in 1927; Eli Lilly later marketed the compound under the trade name Merthiolate. In vitro tests conducted by Lilly investigators H. M. Powell and W. A. Jamieson found that it

816-487: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of sulfites as preservatives on foods intended to be eaten fresh (such as salad ingredients). This has contributed to the increased use of erythorbic acid and its salts as preservatives. They also cannot be added to foods high in vitamin B1 such as meats because sulfites can destroy vitamin B1 from foods Generally, U.S. labeling regulations do not require products to indicate

867-578: The US are sulfur dioxide , sodium sulfite , sodium bisulfite , potassium bisulfite , sodium metabisulfite , and potassium metabisulfite . Products likely to contain sulfites at less than 10 ppm (fruits and alcoholic beverages) do not require ingredients labels, and the presence of sulfites usually is undisclosed. In Australia and New Zealand, sulfites must be declared in the statement of ingredients when present in packaged foods in concentrations of 10 mg/kg (ppm) or more as an ingredient; or as an ingredient of

918-609: The United Kingdom, similar laws apply. Bottles of wine that contain over 10 mg/L (ppm) of "sulfites" (or sulfur dioxide) are required to bear "contains sulphites" on the label. This does not differ if sulfites are naturally occurring or added in the winemaking process. Sulfites are often used as preservatives in dried fruits , preserved radish , and dried potato products. Most beers no longer contain sulfites, although some alcoholic ciders contain them. Although shrimp are sometimes treated with sulfites on fishing vessels,

969-537: The United States, wines bottled after mid-1987 must have a label stating that they contain sulfites if they contain more than 10 parts per million (ppm) . In the European Union an equivalent regulation came into force in November 2005. This includes sulfur dioxide , and the limit is on the milligrams per kilogram or per litre of sulfur dioxide equivalent. In 2012, a new regulation for organic wines came into force. In

1020-650: The Year Review ACDS’ Allergen of the Year 2000-2015 , by The Dermatologist. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allergen_of_the_Year&oldid=1243970539 " Category : Allergology Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Sulfite Sulfites are substances that naturally occur in some foods and

1071-460: The Year Archived 2015-04-22 at archive.today ^ Sasseville, D (2010). "Neomycin". Dermatitis . 21 (1): 3–7. doi : 10.2310/6620.2009.09073 . PMID   20137735 . S2CID   220581833 . ^ "American Contact Dermatitis Society names mixed dialkyl thioureas contact allergen of the year" (PDF) . American Contact Dermatitis Society. 20 March 2009. Archived from

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1122-864: The Year 2000 to 2020". Dermatologic Clinics . 38 (3): 309–320. doi : 10.1016/j.det.2020.02.011 . PMID   30570578 . S2CID   219050576 . ^ Fransway, Anthony F.; Fransway, Paulina J.; Belsito, Donald V.; Yiannias, James A. (January 2019). "Paraben Toxicology" . Dermatitis . 30 (1): 32–45. doi : 10.1097/DER.0000000000000428 . ISSN   2162-5220 . PMID   30570577 . S2CID   58580094 . ^ Fransway, AF; Fransway, PJ; Belsito, DV (2019). "Parabens". Dermatitis . 30 (1): 3–31. doi : 10.1097/DER.0000000000000429 . PMID   30570578 . S2CID   58552762 . ^ Jacob, Sharon E; Scheman, Andrew; McGowan, Maria A (2018). "Propylene Glycol". Dermatitis . 29 (1): 3–5. doi : 10.1097/DER.0000000000000315 . PMID   29059092 . S2CID   24598433 . ^ "What

1173-496: The Year 2000-2015" . www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com . Retrieved 2024-01-24 . ^ Ekstein, Samuel F.; Warshaw, Erin M. (2024). "Sulfites: Allergen of the Year 2024" . Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug . 35 (1): 6–12. doi : 10.1089/derm.2023.0154 . ISSN   2162-5220 . PMID   37590472 . ^ Johnson, Hadley; Norman, Thomas; Adler, Brandon L.; Yu, JiaDe (August 2023). "Lanolin: The 2023 American Contact Dermatitis Society Allergen of

1224-616: The Year" . Cutis . 107 (5): 238–240. doi : 10.12788/cutis.0252 . ISSN   2326-6929 . PMID   34288849 . ^ Jan 01;325-9, Dermatitis Acetophenone Azine Dermatitis 2021; Raison-Peyron, N.; MEDLINE®/PubMed®, D. Sasseville From; Medicine, a database of the U. S. National Library of. "Acetophenone Azine" . PracticeUpdate . Retrieved 2024-01-26 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) ^ Aerts O, Herman A, Mowitz M, Bruze M, Goossens A (6 Jan 2020), "Isobornyl Acrylate.[Contact Allergen of

1275-525: The Year" . Cutis . 112 (2): 78–81. doi : 10.12788/cutis.0825 . ISSN   2326-6929 . PMID   37820332 . ^ Novack, Danielle E.; Yu, Jiade; Adler, Brandon L. (July 2022). "Aluminum: The 2022 American Contact Dermatitis Society Allergen of the Year" . Cutis . 110 (1): 21–24. doi : 10.12788/cutis.0566 . ISSN   2326-6929 . PMID   36179228 . ^ Reeder, Margo; Atwater, Amber Reck (May 2021). "Acetophenone Azine: The 2021 American Contact Dermatitis Society Allergen of

1326-542: The Year" . Family Practice News . ^ Bruze, M; Zimerson, E (2011). "Dimethyl fumarate". Dermatitis . 22 (1): 3–7. doi : 10.2310/6620.2011.00002 . PMID   21291637 . S2CID   220574758 . ^ "2009/251/EC: Commission Decision of 17 March 2009" . Official Journal of the European Union. 2009-03-20. ^ McNamara, Damian. (2010). Neomycin Is Named Contact Allergen of

1377-720: The Year" . www.mdedge.com . Retrieved 2024-01-24 . ^ Castanedo-Tardana, Mari Paz; Zug, Kathryn A. (2013). "Methylisothiazolinone". Dermatitis . 24 (1): 2–6. doi : 10.1097/DER.0b013e31827edc73 . PMID   23340392 . S2CID   220573338 . ^ Wachter, Kerri (16 March 2012). "Acrylates Named Contact Allergen of the Year" . Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Dermatology News. ^ Sasseville, D (2012). "Acrylates in contact dermatitis". Dermatitis . 23 (1): 6–16. doi : 10.1097/DER.0b013e31823d1b81 . PMID   22653063 . S2CID   5498021 . ^ McNamara, Damian (3 February 2011). "Dimethyl Fumarate Named 2011 Allergen of

1428-512: The Year: Fragrance" . Dermatitis . 18 (1): 3–7. doi : 10.2310/6620.2007.06053 . PMID   17303039 . ^ DeLeo, Vincent A. (2006). "Contact Allergen of the Year: p-Phenylenediamine" . Dermatitis . 17 (2): 53–55. PMID   16956454 . ^ Macneil, Jane Saladof (2006). "Henna Tattoo Ingredient is Allergen of the Year" (PDF) . Skin and Allergy News . Archived from

1479-530: The Year].", Dermatitis , 31 (1): 4–12, doi : 10.1097/DER.0000000000000549 , PMID   31913984 , S2CID   210119397 ^ Militello, Michelle; Hu, Sophia; Laughter, Melissa; Dunnick, Cory A.; Sasseville, D.; Fowler Jr, J. F.; Dekoven, J. G.; Pratt, M. D.; Maibach, H. I.; Taylor, J. S.; Marks, J. G.; Mathias CGT; Deleo, V. A.; Zirwas, J. M.; Zug, K. A.; Atwater, A. R.; Silverberg, J.; Reeder, M. J. (2020). "American Contact Dermatitis Society Allergens of

1530-454: The body, it is metabolized or degraded to ethylmercury (C 2 H 5 Hg ) and thiosalicylate . Cases have been reported of severe mercury poisoning by accidental exposure or attempted suicide, with some fatalities. Animal experiments suggest that thiomersal rapidly dissociates to release ethylmercury after injection; that mercury's disposition patterns are similar to those after exposure to equivalent doses of ethylmercury chloride; and that

1581-507: The brains of infant monkeys is 14 days. Risk assessment for effects on the nervous system have been made by extrapolating from dose-response relationships for methylmercury . Methylmercury and ethylmercury distribute to all body tissues, crossing the blood–brain barrier and the placental barrier , and ethylmercury also moves freely throughout the body. Concerns based on extrapolations from methylmercury caused thiomersal to be removed from U.S. childhood vaccines, starting in 1999. Later it

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1632-453: The chemical may not appear on the label. In 1986, the Food and Drug Administration in the United States banned the addition of sulfites to all fresh fruit and vegetables that are eaten raw. E numbers for sulfites as food additives are: Allergic reactions to sulfites appear to be very rare in the general population, but more common in hyperallergic individuals. Sulfites are counted among

1683-620: The currently recommended vaccine schedule, the CBER found these amounts exceeded new standards for methylmercury exposure recently established by the Environmental Protection Agency. On July 7, 1999, both the American Academy of Pediatrics and the US Public Health Service issued a statement calling for the removal of thiomersal-containing vaccines “as expeditiously as possible.” By March 2001, thiomersal-free versions of all

1734-606: The eye area. 2012 Acrylate – 2011 Dimethyl fumarate Chemical often used to inhibit the growth of mold . Has been banned in consumer products in the European Union since 2009. 2010 Neomycin Common antibiotic . 2009 Mixed dialkyl thiourea Neoprene rubber is a common source. 2008 Nickel Cheap metal, widely used in coins and household items. 2007 Fragrance A variety of compounds with smells or odours. 2006 p -Phenylenediamine Common hair dye chemical that

1785-486: The five most important drugs ever developed by the company. Thiomersal features mercury (II) with a coordination number 2, i.e. two ligands are attached to Hg, the thiolate and the ethyl group . The carboxylate group confers solubility in water . Like other two-coordinate Hg(II) compounds, the coordination geometry of Hg is linear, with a 180° S-Hg-C angle. Typically, organomercury thiolate compounds are prepared from organomercury chlorides. Thiomersal's main use

1836-400: The human body. They are also used as regulated food additives. When in food or drink, sulfites are often lumped together with sulfur dioxide . The structure of the sulfite anion can be described with three equivalent resonance structures . In each resonance structure, the sulfur atom is double-bonded to one oxygen atom with a formal charge of zero (neutral), and sulfur is singly bonded to

1887-472: The name merthiolate is an organomercury compound. It is a well-established antiseptic and antifungal agent . The pharmaceutical corporation Eli Lilly and Company named it Merthiolate. It has been used as a preservative in vaccines , immunoglobulin preparations, skin test antigens , antivenins , ophthalmic and nasal products, and tattoo inks. In spite of the scientific consensus that fears about its safety are unsubstantiated, its use as

1938-750: The original (PDF) on 2015-04-27 . Retrieved 2015-04-20 . ^ Isaksson, Marléne; Bruze, Magnus (2005). "Corticosteroids" . Dermatitis . 16 (1): 3–5. PMID   15996344 . Archived from the original on 2018-07-25. ^ "Corticosteroids" . NHS inform . Retrieved 2024-07-20 . ^ "Focus on the Non-T.R.U.E. Test Allergen — Cocamidopropyl Betaine" . www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com . Retrieved 2024-01-24 . ^ Jacob, S. E.; Amini, S (2008). "Cocamidopropyl betaine". Dermatitis . 19 (3): 157–60. doi : 10.2310/6620.2008.06043 . PMID   18627690 . ^ Sood, A; Taylor, J. S. (2003). "Bacitracin: Allergen of

1989-607: The original (PDF) on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2019 . ^ Anderson, B. E. (2009). "Mixed dialkyl thioureas". Dermatitis . 20 (1): 3–5. doi : 10.2310/6620.2008.08062 . PMID   19321113 . ^ Brunk, Doug. (2008). Nickel is Named Contact Allergen of the Year . Archived 2015-04-27 at the Wayback Machine ^ Kornik, R; Zug, K. A. (2008). "Nickel". Dermatitis . 19 (1): 3–8. doi : 10.2310/6620.2008.07082 . PMID   18346389 . ^ Storrs, Frances J. (2007). "Allergen of

2040-488: The other two oxygen atoms, which each carry a formal charge of −1, together accounting for the −2 charge on the anion. There is also a non-bonded lone pair on the sulfur, so the structure predicted by VSEPR theory is trigonal pyramidal, as in ammonia (NH 3 ). In the hybrid resonance structure, the S−O bonds are equivalently of bond order one and one-third. Evidence from O NMR spectroscopic data suggests that protonation of

2091-478: The potency of the vaccines that it protects. Bacteriostatics such as thiomersal are not needed in single-dose injectables. In the United States, the European Union, and a few other affluent countries, thiomersal is no longer used as a preservative in routine childhood vaccination schedules . In the U.S., all vaccines routinely recommended for children 6 years of age and younger are available in formulations that do not contain thimerosal. Two vaccines (a TD and

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2142-432: The presence of sulfites in foods unless it is added specifically as a preservative; still, many companies voluntarily label sulfite-containing foods. Sulfites used in food processing (but not as a preservative) are required to be listed if they are not incidental additives (21 CFR 101.100(a)(3)), and if there are more than 10 ppm in the finished product (21 CFR 101.100(a)(4)) Sulfites that are allowed to be added in food in

2193-471: The preservative was the cause of autism. The scientific consensus is that no evidence supports these claims, while the rate of autism continued to climb in children who did not take the thiomersal-preserved childhood vaccines. Scientific and medical bodies such as the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization , as well as governmental agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and

2244-435: The recommended childhood vaccines for children up to age 6 were available in the United States following the introduction of the new DtAP vaccine. Following the phasing out of thiomersal from most U.S. and European vaccines, some parents saw the action to remove thiomersal—in the setting of a perceived increasing rate of autism as well as increasing number of vaccines in the childhood vaccination schedule—as indicating that

2295-508: The single-dose version of the trivalent influenza vaccine Fluvirin) that may contain a trace of thiomersal from steps in manufacture, but less than 1 microgram of mercury per dose. The multi-dose versions of some trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines can contain up to 25 micrograms of mercury per dose from thiomersal. Also, four rarely used treatments for pit viper, coral snake, and black widow venom contain thiomersal. Outside North America and Europe, many vaccines contain thiomersal;

2346-464: The study. Younger children received only four thiomersal-preserved vaccines, with the last one applied five years before the study, while further immunizations were performed with thiomersal-free vaccines. The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research ( CBER ) at the FDA initiated a formal risk assessment of thiomersal in vaccines beginning in 1998. After determining the levels of ethylmercury exposure from

2397-778: The sulfite ion gives a mixture of isomers: Sulfites are used as a food preservative or enhancer. They may come in various forms, such as: Sulfites occur naturally in all wines to some extent. Sulfites are commonly introduced to arrest fermentation at a desired time, and may also be added to wine as preservatives to prevent spoilage and oxidation at several stages of the winemaking . Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) protects wine not only from oxidation, but also from bacteria. Organic wines are not necessarily sulfite-free, but generally have lower amounts and regulations stipulate lower maximum sulfite contents for these wines. In general, white wines contain more sulfites than red wines and sweeter wines contain more sulfites than drier ones. In

2448-494: The top nine food allergens , but a reaction to sulfite is not a true allergy. Some people have positive skin allergy tests to sulfites indicating true ( IgE -mediated) allergy. Chronic skin conditions in the hands, perineum , and face have been reported in individuals that regularly use cosmetics or medications containing sulfites. Occupational exposure to sulfites has been reported to cause persistent skin symptoms. It may cause breathing difficulty within minutes after eating

2499-1593: The year" . American Journal of Contact Dermatitis . 14 (1): 3–4. PMID   14744414 . Archived from the original on 2022-06-25. ^ "Focus On: Bacitracin Allergen of the Year 2003" . www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com . Retrieved 2024-01-24 . ^ Ingber, Arieh (2003). "Thimerosal—the surprising allergen of the year". Clinics in Dermatology . 21 (4): 340–1. doi : 10.1016/S0738-081X(03)00016-6 . ^ "Thimerosal and Vaccines | Vaccine Safety | CDC" . www.cdc.gov . 2020-08-25 . Retrieved 2024-01-30 . ^ Ehrlich, A; Belsito, D. V. (2000). "Allergic contact dermatitis to gold". Cutis . 65 (5): 323–6. PMID   10826096 . ^ Chen, Jennifer K.; Lampel, Heather P. (2015). "Gold contact allergy: clues and controversies" . Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug . 26 (2): 69–77. doi : 10.1097/DER.0000000000000101 . ISSN   2162-5220 . PMID   25757078 . ^ Pratt, M; Taraska, V (2000). "Disperse blue dyes 106 and 124 are common causes of textile dermatitis and should serve as screening allergens for this condition". American Journal of Contact Dermatitis . 11 (1): 30–41. doi : 10.1016/S1046-199X(00)90030-7 . PMID   10684387 . ^ "Disperse Blue Mix 124/106 | Allergic Contact Dermatitis Database" . www.contactdermatitisinstitute.com . Retrieved 2024-01-30 . External links [ edit ] ACDS Allergens of

2550-557: Was forty to fifty times as effective as phenol against Staphylococcus aureus . It was used to kill bacteria and prevent contamination in antiseptic ointments, creams, jellies, and sprays used by consumers and in hospitals, including nasal sprays, eye drops, contact lens solutions, immunoglobulins , and vaccines. Thiomersal was used as a preservative ( bactericide ) so that multidose vials of vaccines could be used instead of single-dose vials, which are more expensive. By 1938, Lilly's assistant director of research listed thiomersal as one of

2601-440: Was reported that ethylmercury is eliminated from the body and the brain significantly faster than methylmercury, so the late-1990s risk assessments turned out to be overly conservative. Though inorganic mercury metabolized from ethylmercury has a much longer half-life in the brain, at least 120 days, it appears to be much less toxic than the inorganic mercury produced from mercury vapor , for reasons not yet understood. Thiomersal

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