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26-399: A significant site in the valley contains the remains of an old village. The Tu'ulaumea Tupua near Amalau Valley is an important legendary site. In Amalau Cove, pillow lavas can be observed along the shoreline. The pillow lavas indicate extrusion under water. The beach at the head of Amalau Bay is a mixture of cobbles and basaltic boulders, also with big chunks of coral which have been rounded by

52-419: A few species of bird may disperse seeds of one plant species. This lack of specialization could be because fruit availability varies by season and year, which tends to discourage frugivore animals from focusing on just one plant species. Furthermore, different seed dispersers tend to disperse seeds to different habitats, at different abundances, and distances, depending on their behavior and numbers. There are

78-717: A fruiting tree in Arkansas . Prior to 1980, most reports of avian frugivory were made in the tropics. From 1979–1981, a number of studies recognized the importance of fruits to fall temperate assemblages of passerine migrants. The earliest of these field studies were conducted in the fall of 1974 in upstate New York by Robert Rybczynski & Donald K. Riker and separately by John W. Baird in New Jersey , each documenting ingestion of fruits in stands of fruit-bearing shrubs by mixed species assemblages dominated by migrant white-throated sparrows . Mammals are considered frugivorous if

104-441: A main focus of frugivory research. An article by Bette A. Loiselle and John G. Blake, "Potential Consequences of Extinction of Frugivorous Birds for Shrubs of a Tropical Wet Forest", discusses the important role frugivorous birds have on ecosystems. The conclusions of their research indicate how the extinction of seed-dispersing species could negatively affect seed removal, seed viability, and plant establishment. The article highlights

130-660: A number of fruit characteristics that seem to be adaptive characteristics to attract frugivores. Animal-dispersed fruits may advertise their palatability to animals with bright colors and attractive smells (mimetic fruits). Fruit pulp is generally rich in water and carbohydrates and low in protein and lipids . However, the exact nutritional composition of fruits varies widely. The seeds of animal-dispersed fruits are often adapted to survive digestion by frugivores. For example, seeds can become more permeable to water after passage through an animal's gut. This leads to higher germination rates. Some mistletoe seeds even germinate inside

156-554: A quarter of hunters reported accidentally shooting a many-colored fruit dove. Frugivore A frugivore ( / f r uː dʒ ɪ v ɔːr / ) is an animal that thrives mostly on raw fruits or succulent fruit-like produce of plants such as roots, shoots, nuts and seeds. Approximately 20% of mammalian herbivores eat fruit. Frugivores are highly dependent on the abundance and nutritional composition of fruits. Frugivores can benefit or hinder fruit-producing plants by either dispersing or destroying their seeds through digestion. When both

182-526: Is a small platform of twigs where one white egg is laid. It is a small dove, 23 cm (9.1 in) in length. Adults weigh in at 90 g (3.2 oz). The male is mostly pale yellow-white with a red crown and red bar across the back. The female is mostly green, darker on the back and greyer on the head and breast. Her crown is red while the undertail-coverts are red in Samoan birds and yellow in birds from Fiji and Tonga. Male Ptilinopus perousii perousii

208-440: Is pale on the bottom and yellow on top. There is also a crimson band and corona. The female is said to resemble the purple-capped fruit dove ; however, there is no yellow band. They have grey on the bottom while green on top. It only has a crimson corona unlike the male. The many-colored fruit dove is in the columbid family with the other doves and pigeons. It a fruit dove meaning it belongs to genus Ptilinopus . However, it

234-551: Is so important in the tropics, many researchers have studied the loss of frugivores and related it to changed plant population dynamics. Several studies have noted that even the loss of only large frugivores, such as monkeys, could have a negative effect, since they are responsible for certain types of long-distance seed dispersal that is not seen with other frugivore types, like birds. However, plant species whose seeds are dispersed by animals may be less vulnerable to fragmentation than other plant species. Frugivores can also benefit from

260-669: Is the fruit of the durian tree, which tastes somewhat like sweet custard. Orangutans discard the skin, eat the flesh, and spit out the seeds. Other examples of mammalian frugivores include fruit bats and the gray-bellied night monkey , also known as the owl monkey: "Owl monkeys are frugivores and supplement their diet with flowers, insects, nectar, and leaves (Wright 1989; 1994). They prefer small, ripe fruit when available and in order to find these, they forage in large-crown trees (larger than ten meters [32.8 ft]) (Wright 1986). Seasonal availability of fruit varies across environments. Aotus species in tropical forests eat more fruit throughout

286-656: Is very far from most other doves and has no close relatives due to it being endemic to the South Pacific islands. The two subspecies are Ptilinopus perousii mariae and P. p. perousii . The mariae subspecies is found in Fiji and Tonga . Its English name is literal: it is a many-colored dove that eats fruit. The Samoan name manuma means shy bird and comes from the Samoan words for bird and shame. Their Latin name comes from Captain Jean Francois de Galaup Comte de la Pérouse of

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312-593: The French navy , of whom explored the Pacific. Manuma are found across many islands and archipelagos across Polynesia with a range of 660,000 sq. km. They are most often found in Fiji and Tonga. They can be found in lowland subtropical and tropical broadleaf forests. In these forests, they are found in the canopies. They can also be found in urban areas. The manuma's fossil range is from 0.12 million years ago to today, exclusively in

338-586: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), their population is in decline in American Samoa. The justification of the conservation status is that the decline is not extreme enough and the restricted area is not small enough for the vulnerability status. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, large numbers of this bird were reported on Tutuila , American Samoa. In the 1970s, a population survey found there were around 80 individuals present. In

364-529: The Samoan language , is a species of bird in the family Columbidae . It occurs on islands in the south-west Pacific Ocean where it is found in Fiji , the Samoan Islands , and Tonga . Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . Today, the birds are most often found in Fiji and Tonga . It usually feeds high in the canopy on fruit and berries, especially banyan fig . The nest

390-547: The fruit -producing plant and the frugivore benefit by fruit-eating behavior the interaction is a form of mutualism . Seed dispersal is important for plants because it allows their progeny to move away from their parents over time. The advantages of seed dispersal may have led to the evolution of fleshy fruits , which entice animals to consume them and move the plant's seeds from place to place. While many fruit-producing plant species would not disperse far without frugivores, their seeds can usually germinate even if they fall to

416-465: The 1990s, Cyclone Val and Cyclone Ofa killed or damaged a number of banyan trees, or otherwise stripped them bare of leaves and fruit. Hunting is another cause of the bird's decline on Tutuila. Hunters in search of lupe ( Pacific imperial pigeon , Ducula pacifica ) or manutagi ( purple-capped fruit-doves , Ptilinopus porphyraceus ) may kill many-colored fruit doves instead. In interviews conducted by American Samoa environmental officials, more than

442-604: The 1990s, there were 50 individuals on Tutuila reported. Biologists with the American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources and workers from Pacific Bird Conservation and the Toledo Zoo captured four many-colored fruit dove to begin a captive breeding project at Association of Zoos and Aquariums facilities. The many-colored fruit dove chief food source, the banyan fruit, are also in decline due to deforestation and their susceptibility to storm damage. In

468-615: The Amalau Valley during early morning or in the late afternoon. At some parts of the year, the bats remain visible throughout the day. A raised “Bat Observation Tower” platform has been proposed erected in the Amalau Valley in order to allow visitors to observe avifauna such as the flying foxes who frequent this area. 14°15′18″S 170°39′33″W  /  14.25500°S 170.65917°W  / -14.25500; -170.65917 Many-colored Fruit Dove The many-colored fruit dove ( Ptilinopus perousii ), also known as manuma in

494-439: The animal. While frugivores and fruit-producing plant species are present worldwide, there is some evidence that tropical forests have more frugivore seed dispersers than the temperate zones. Frugivore seed dispersal is a common phenomenon in many ecosystems. However, it is not a highly specific type of plant–animal interaction. For example, a single species of frugivorous bird may disperse fruits from several species of plants, or

520-985: The disperser's intestine. Many seed-dispersing animals have specialized digestive systems to process fruits, which leave seeds intact. Some bird species have shorter intestines to rapidly pass seeds from fruits, while some frugivorous bat species have longer intestines. Some seed-dispersing frugivores have short gut-retention times, and others can alter intestinal enzyme composition when eating different types of fruits. Since plants invest considerable energy into fruit production, many have evolved to encourage mutualist frugivores to consume their fruit for seed dispersal. Some have also evolved mechanisms to decrease consumption of fruits when unripe and from non-seed-dispersing predators. Predators and parasites of fruit include seed predators, insects, and microbial frugivores. Plants have developed both chemical and physical adaptations : Physical deterrents: Chemical deterrents: Examples of secondary chemical defenses in fruit: Birds are

546-421: The ground directly below their parent. Many types of animals are seed dispersers. Mammal and bird species represent the majority of seed-dispersing species. However, frugivorous tortoises, lizards, amphibians, and even fish also disperse seeds. For example, cassowaries are a keystone species because they spread fruit through digestion, many of the seeds of which will not grow unless they have been digested by

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572-750: The importance that seed-dispersing birds have on the deposition of plant species. Examples of seed-dispersing birds are the hornbill , the toucan , the aracari , the cotinga (ex. Guianan cock-of-the-rock ), and some species of parrots . Frugivores are common in the temperate zone , but mostly found in the tropics . Many frugivorous birds feed mainly on fruits until nesting season, when they incorporate protein-rich insects into their diet. Facultatively-baccivorous birds may also eat bitter berries, such as juniper, in months when alternative foods are scarce. In North America, red mulberry ( Morus rubra ) fruits are widely sought after by birds in spring and early summer; as many as 31 species of birds were recorded visiting

598-574: The ocean waves. Amalau Valley has been described as a “prime bird- and bat-watching area." Amalau Valley has been described as the best place in American Samoa to observe the Many-colored Fruit Dove . There are also large numbers of White-tailed Tropicbirds , White Terns , and Brown Noddies present. Amalau Valley is a particularly great site to observe fruit bats, especially the Samoa flying fox . The Samoan flying fox can easily be observed in

624-648: The quaternary. The many-colored fruit dove is a frugivore . It forages the canopies of trees in search of figs . On Samoa and American Samoa it is mostly the banyan . This strict diet keeps the two fig species in check; however, any decline in the amount of figs may be a disaster for the many-colored fruit dove. However, on Fiji and Tonga, manuma are known to eat fruits of ylang ylang ( Cananga odorata ), bishop wood ( Bischofia javanica ), and māgele ( Trema cannabina ). Manuma are often found in small flocks. In each flock there are normally more males than females. While not listed as threatened or endangered by

650-585: The seed is dispersed and able to establish. One example of a mammalian frugivore is the maned wolf , or Chrysocyon brachyurus , which is found in South America. A study by José Carlos Motta-Junior and Karina Martins found that the maned wolf is probably an important seed disperser. The researchers found that 22.5–54.3% of the diet was fruit. 65% of the diet of orangutans consists of fruit. Orangutans primarily eat fruit, along with young leaves, bark, flowers, honey, insects, and vines. One of their preferred foods

676-441: The year because it is more readily available compared to the dry forests where fruit is limited in the dry season and owl monkeys are more dependent on leaves." Some species of fish are frugivorous, such as the tambaqui . Since seed dispersal allows plant species to disperse to other areas, the loss of frugivores could change plant communities and lead to the local loss of particular plant species. Since frugivore seed dispersal

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