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32-454: Takebe Mitsushige was the 700 koku Amagasaki gundai under Toyotomi Hideyoshi , and was married to an adopted daughter of Ikeda Terumasa . In 1615, his son Takebe Matsunaga distinguished himself in the Siege of Osaka and as a result, he was awarded, jointly with his uncle Ikeda Shigetoshi , a 10,000 koku holding in northern Settsu Province, centered on Kawabe and Nishinari districts. This

64-491: A money economy developed in the later Middle Ages, the serfs' corvée came to be commuted to money payments. With the advent of the early modern period, demesne lands came to be cultivated by paid labourers. Eventually, many of the demesne lands were leased out either on a perpetual (i.e., hereditary) or a temporary renewable basis so that many peasants functioned virtually as free proprietors after having paid their fixed rents. In times of inflation or debasement of coinage,

96-647: A cadet branch of the clan, resulting in a reduction to 48,000 koku . The Aoyama ruled until 1711, and the period was a prosperous one for Amagasaki Domain. The Aoyama were transferred to Iiyama Domainin Shinano Province , and Amagasaki was given to former Kakegawa daimyō Matsudaira Tadataka of the Sakurai-branch of the Matsudaira clan . The domain was reduced to 40,000 koku . Later, the Tokugawa shogunate increased

128-624: A demesne farm: it derives from Old English bere ( barley ) and ton ( enclosure ). The system of manorial land tenure , broadly termed feudalism , was conceived in France, but was exported to areas impacted by French expansion during the Middle Ages , including the British Isles after the Norman Conquest . In this feudal system, the demesne was all the land retained and managed by a lord of

160-518: Is a Chinese-based Japanese unit of volume. 1 koku is equivalent to 10 to ( 斗 ) or approximately 180 litres (40 imp gal; 48 US gal), or about 150 kilograms (330 lb) of rice. It converts, in turn, to 100 shō and 1000 gō . One gō is the traditional volume of a single serving of rice (before cooking), used to this day for the plastic measuring cup that is supplied with commercial Japanese rice cookers . The koku in Japan

192-403: Is the shi or dan ( Chinese : 石 ; pinyin : shí, dàn ; Wade–Giles : shih, tan ) also known as hu ( 斛 ; hú ; hu ), now approximately 103 litres but historically about 59.44 litres (13.07 imp gal; 15.70 US gal). The Chinese dan is equal to 10 dou ( 斗 ; dǒu ; tou ) " pecks ", 100 sheng ( 升 ; shēng ; sheng ) " pints ". While

224-530: Is the land held by the Crown , and ancient demesne is the legal term for the land held by the king at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086. The word derives from Old French demeine , ultimately from Latin dominus , "lord, master of a household" – demesne is a variant of domaine . The word barton , which is historically synonymous to demesne and is an element found in many place-names, can refer to

256-571: The Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868) of the Edo period of Japanese history , each feudal domain had an assessment of its potential income known as kokudaka (production yield) which in part determined its order of precedence at the Shogunal court. The smallest kokudaka to qualify the fief-holder for the title of daimyō was 10,000 koku (worth ¥ 705.53 million (2016) (equivalent to ¥ 719.91 million or US$ 6.6 million in 2019) ) and Kaga han ,

288-498: The Tōhoku region or Ezo ( Hokkaidō ), where rice could not be grown, the economy was still measured in terms of koku , with other crops and produce converted to their equivalent value in terms of rice. The kokudaka was not adjusted from year to year, and thus some fiefs had larger economies than their nominal koku indicated, due to land reclamation and new rice field development, which allowed them to fund development projects. Koku

320-564: The kokudaka to 45,000 koku with the shogunate exchanging 62 villages in Settsu for 71 in Harima Province; however, 36 of the villages in Settsu were wealthy villages known for their sake brewing industry, whereas the villages in Harima were rural and were scattered in various locations, making their administration difficult. As a result, although the nominal kokudaka had increased by 5000 koku ,

352-538: The rent might come to represent a pittance , reducing the feudal aristocrat to poverty among a prosperous gentry . Demesne lands that were leased out for a term of years remained demesne lands, though no longer in the occupation of the lord of the manor. See, for example, Musgrave v Inclosure Commissioners (1874) LR 9 QB 162, a case in which the three judges of the Queen's Bench Divisional Court and everyone else concerned assumed without argument that farms which were let by

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384-478: The Japanese Ministry of Finance had collected actual samples of masu from the masu-za  [ ja ] (measuring-cup guilds ) of both eastern and western Japan, they found that the measurements were close to the average of take-jaku and kane-jaku . The "lumber koku " or "maritime koku " is defined as equal to 10 cubic shaku in the lumber or shipping industry, compared with

416-577: The actual kokudaka decreased sharply. In January 1868, Matsudaira Tadaoki, the last daimyō , pledged allegiance to the Imperial Court in the Boshin War , and in February of the same year, he changed his surname to "Sakurai" under the direction of the new Meiji government . In 1871, the domain became "Amagasaki Prefecture" due to the abolition of the han system , and was incorporated into Hyōgo Prefecture

448-649: The arrival of daimyō Maeda Toshiie into the city in 1583, although Maeda's income was not raised to over a million koku until after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. The James Clavell novel Shōgun uses the Koku measure extensively as a plot device by many of the main characters as a method of reward, punishment and enticement. While fiction, it shows the importance of the fief, the rice measure and payments. Feudal domain A demesne ( / d ɪ ˈ m eɪ n , - ˈ m iː n / di- MAYN , -⁠ MEEN ) or domain

480-495: The current dan is 103 litres in volume, the dan of the Tang dynasty (618–907) period equalled 59.44 litres. The exact modern koku is calculated to be 180.39 litres, 100 times the capacity of a modern shō . This modern koku is essentially defined to be the same as the koku from the Edo period (1600–1868), namely 100 times the shō equal to 64827 cubic bu in

512-636: The following year. Matsudaira Tadaoki was later made a viscount ( shishaku ) in the kazoku peerage and later became one of the founders of Hakuaisha (later known as the Japanese Red Cross Society ) during the Satsuma Rebellion . As with most domains in the han system , Amagasaki Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka , based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. Koku The koku ( 斛 )

544-399: The largest fief (other than that of the shōgun ), was called the "million- koku domain". Its holdings totaled around 1,025,000 koku (worth ¥ 72.3 billion  (2016) (equivalent to ¥ 73.77 billion or US$ 676.77 million in 2019) ). Many samurai , including hatamoto (a high-ranking samurai), received stipends in koku , while a few received salaries instead. The kokudaka

576-570: The lord of the manor were part of the lord's demesne land. In Ireland, demesne lands were often demarcated with high stone walls. Today, 24 townlands in Ireland bear the name of "Demesne", and many others contain the word. Immediately following the Norman Conquest of 1066, all land in England was claimed by King William the Conqueror as his absolute title by allodial right , being the commencement of

608-521: The manor for his own use and support. It was not necessarily all contiguous to the manor house . A portion of the demesne lands, called the lord's waste , served as public roads and common pasture land for the lord and his tenants. Most of the remainder of the land in the manor was sub-enfeoffed by the lord to others as sub-tenants. Initially, the demesne lands were worked on the lord's behalf by villeins or by serfs , who had no right of tenure on it, in fulfilment of their feudal obligations, but as

640-538: The royal demesne, also known as Crown land . The king made grants of very large tracts of land under various forms of feudal tenure from his demesne, generally in the form of feudal baronies . The land not so enfeoffed , for example royal manors administered by royal stewards and royal hunting forests , thus remained within the royal demesne. In the Domesday Book of 1086, this land is referred to as terra regis (literally "the king's land"), and in English common law

672-524: The royal demesne, in exchange for a fixed annual sum thenceforth payable to the monarch, called the Civil List . The royal estate of Windsor , still occupied by British monarchs and never relinquished since 1066, is a rare example of an ancient royal demesne. In the Lordship of Ireland , King Henry II claimed a large area as the royal demesne in 1171: Dublin , its hinterland, the coastline down to Arklow and

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704-426: The so-called setchū-shaku ( setchū-jaku or "compromise shaku "), measuring 302.97 mm, a middle-ground value between two different kane-jaku standards. A researcher has pointed out that the ( shin ) kyō-masu  [ ja ] cups ought to have used take-jaku which were 0.2% longer. However, the actual measuring cups in use did not quite attain the take shaku metric, and when

736-477: The standard koku measures 6.48 cubic shaku . A lumber koku is conventionally accepted as equivalent to 120 board feet , but in practice may convert to less. In metric measures 1 lumber koku is about 278.3 litres (61.2 imp gal; 73.5 US gal). The exact measure now in use was devised around the 1620s, but not officially adopted for all of Japan until the Kanbun era (1660s). Under

768-551: The term ancient demesne refers to the land that was held by the Crown at the time of the Domesday Book. The royal demesne was not a static portfolio: it could be increased, for example, as a result of escheat or forfeiture where a feudal tenure would end and revert to its natural state in the royal demesne, or it could be reduced by later grants of land. During the reign of King George III (1760–1820), Parliament appropriated most of

800-641: The traditional shakkanhō measuring system. The kyō-masu ( 京枡 , "Kyoto masu ") , the semi-official one shō measuring box since the late 16th century under Daimyo Nobunaga , began to be made in a different (larger) size in the early Edo period, sometime during the 1620s. Its dimensions, given in the traditional Japanese shaku length unit system, were 4 sun 9 bu square times 2 sun 7 bu depth. Its volume, which could be calculated by multiplication was: 1 koku = 100 shō = 100 × (49 bu × 49 bu × 27 bu ) = 100 × 64,827 cubic bu Although this

832-597: Was all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor under the feudal system for his own use, occupation, or support. This distinguished it from land sub-enfeoffed by him to others as sub-tenants. In contrast, the entire territory controlled by a monarch both directly and indirectly via their tenant lords would typically be referred to as their realm . The concept originated in the Kingdom of France and found its way to foreign lands influenced by it or its fiefdoms . In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, royal demesne

864-468: Was also used to measure how much a ship could carry when all its loads were rice. Smaller ships carried 50 koku (7.5 tonnes, 7.4 long tons, 8.3 short tons) while the biggest ships carried over 1,000 koku (150 tonnes, 150 long tons, 170 short tons). The biggest ships were larger than military vessels owned by the shogunate. The Hyakumangoku Matsuri (Million- Koku Festival) in Kanazawa , Japan celebrates

896-413: Was promulgated, it defined the shō unit as the capacity of the standard kyo-masu of 64827 cubic bu . The same act also defined the shaku length as 10 ⁄ 33 metre. The metric equivalent of the modern shō is 2401 ⁄ 1331 litres. The modern koku is therefore 240,100 ⁄ 1331 litres, or 180.39 litres. The modern shaku defined here is set to equal

928-442: Was referred to as shin kyō-masu or the "new" measuring cup in its early days, its use supplanted the old measure in most areas in Japan, until the only place still left using the old cup (" edo-masu ") was the city of Edo , and the Edo government passed an edict declaring the kyō-masu the official nationwide measure standard in 1669 ( Kanbun 9). When the 1891 Japanese Weights and Measures Act  [ ja ]

960-466: Was reported in terms of brown rice ( genmai ) in most places, with the exception of the land ruled by the Satsuma clan which reported in terms of unhusked or non- winnowed rice ( momi ( 籾 ) . Since this practice had persisted, past Japanese rice production statistics need to be adjusted for comparison with other countries that report production by milled or polished rice . Even in certain parts of

992-729: Was the start of Amagasaki Domain. In 1617, Takebe Masanaga was transferred to Hayashida Domain and Ikeda Shigetoshi to Ikeda Domain , both in Harima Province . They were replaced by Toda Ujikane , formerly of Zeze Domain , with a kokudaka of 50,000 koku . He constructed Amagasaki Castle. In 1635 he was promoted to Ogaki Domain in Mino Province , and replaced by Aoyama Yoshinari, formerly of Kakegawa Domain in Tōtōmi Province . By developing new rice lands, he raised his kokudaka to 54,000 koku , but his son Aoyama Yukinari created

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1024-446: Was typically used as a dry measure . The amount of rice production measured in koku was the metric by which the magnitude of a feudal domain ( han ) was evaluated. A feudal lord was only considered daimyō class when his domain amounted to at least 10,000 koku . As a rule of thumb , one koku was considered a sufficient quantity of rice to feed one person for one year. The Chinese equivalent or cognate unit for capacity

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