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59-489: The Astronomische Nachrichten journal was founded at the observatory by Schumacher and was edited there until the observatory's closure. In 1815 Heinrich Christian Schumacher initiated a large-scale geodetic survey of Jutland , stretching from Skagen to Lauenberg . To connect the Danish measurements with the greater European geodetic network , Schumacher involved Carl Friedrich Gauss , who in 1818 began his own survey of

118-465: A Biotechnology Centre. By 1999, the student population had grown to exceed 35,000, resulting in the university appointing additional professors and other personnel. In 2003, the revised Danish university law removed faculty, staff and students from the university decision process, creating a top-down control structure that has been described as absolute monarchy, since leaders are granted extensive powers while being appointed exclusively by higher levels in

177-483: A chair of theology, with the drawing up of a new University Charter. The resulting Charter was issued in 1539. Between 1675 and 1788, the university introduced the concept of degree examinations. An examination for theology was added in 1675, followed by law in 1736. By 1788, all faculties required an examination before they would issue a degree. In 1807, the British Bombardment of Copenhagen destroyed most of

236-412: A period of over 180 years. Although the journal was founded in 1821, the first volume was dated 1823. Volume 1 (1823) consisted of 33 issues and a total of 516 pages. The next year, volume 2 (1824), saw 34 issues and 497 pages. Apart from the years 1830–1832, when two volumes were published in 1831 and none in 1830 or 1832, single volumes of around 20–30 issues were published each year until 1846. Then it

295-715: A tenure track carrier system. It operates about fifty master's programmes taught in English, and has arranged about 150 exchange agreements with other institutions and 800 Erasmus agreements. Each year there are about 1,700 incoming exchange students, 2,000 outbound exchange students and 4,000 international degree-seeking students. About 3,000 PhD students study there each year. Most university students stay in privately owned dormitories ( kollegier in Danish) or apartments in Copenhagen . There are five dormitories that are partially administered by

354-448: A universal day for astronomical purposes, leading to the world being split into time zones independent of precise astronomical time. The observatory continued to make observations throughout the 1840s, with Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt sighting many astronomical objects in the constellation of Virgo , and Adolph Cornelius Petersen, who later became director, sighting NGC 2194 , among others, in 1849. The comet 23P/Brorsen–Metcalf

413-453: Is organized into six faculties and about 100 departments and research centres. The university employs about 5,600 academic staff and 4,400 technical and administrative staff. The six faculties are: The total number of enrolled students is about 40,000, including about 23,000 undergraduate students and 17,000 graduate students. The university has an international graduate talent programme which provides grants for international Ph.D., students and

472-510: Is the second-oldest university in Scandinavia after Uppsala University . The University of Copenhagen consists of six different faculties , with teaching taking place in its four distinct campuses, all situated in Copenhagen. The university operates 36 different departments and 122 separate research centres in Copenhagen, as well as a number of museums and botanical gardens in and outside

531-569: The Astronomische Nachrichten journal, one of the first scientific journals in the field of astronomy . Contributions by well-respected astronomers such as Carl Friedrich Gauss, Friedrich Bessel , and William Herschel made the journal, which still publishes to this day, the mouthpiece of the astronomical community. In the 1840s, the Altona-Kiel Railway Company established a 105 km railway line between Altona and

590-598: The Astrophysical Observatory of Potsdam . The observatory was in Potsdam , on the outskirts of Berlin, and from 1948 the journal was published by the publishing company Akademie-Verlag , under the auspices of the German Academy of Sciences Berlin . One of Kienle's students, Johann Wempe  [ de ] (1906–1980) succeeded him as editor in 1951 and held the post for 22 years. From 1949, and officially from

649-745: The Capital Region (three in Copenhagen and one in Frederiksberg ): The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and the Faculty of Science also use the Taastrup Campus , which is located in Taastrup on the western outskirts of Copenhagen. The Faculty of Science also has facilities in Helsingør , Hørsholm and Nødebo . The university is governed by a board consisting of 11 members: 6 members recruited outside

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708-731: The Hamburg Observatory already existed nearby, making the Altona Observatory redundant. Furthermore, air pollution from factories that were springing up throughout Altona was affecting observations. A lack of funds saw much of the observatory's equipment being sold to the University of Copenhagen and to the University of Kiel, as well as to the navy. Its library went to a Berlin antiquarian, although some works were later repurchased. Schumacher's long-time colleague Adolph Cornelius Petersen

767-707: The Kingdom of Hanover . To connect both networks, a fundamental station was needed in Altona. In 1821 Schumacher acquired a house situated in the Palmaille , in Altona , Hamburg , which was then under Danish administration. In the garden plot behind it, which fell steeply towards the Elbe river and allowed a wide view of the area, he erected the Altona Observatory to house the necessary fundamental station. The royal administration agreed to provide

826-572: The Panum Institute . The new university statute instituted in 1970 involved democratisation of the management of the university. It was modified in 1973 and subsequently applied to all higher education institutions in Denmark. The democratisation was later reversed with the 2003 university reforms. Further change in the structure of the university from 1990 to 1993 made a Bachelor's degree programme mandatory in virtually all subjects. Also in 1993,

885-476: The Protestant Reformation , it received a new seal, showing king Christian III with crown , sceptre , and globus cruciger above a crowned coat of arms vertically divided between halved versions of the coat of arms of Denmark (to the viewer's left, dexter ) and the coat of arms of Norway (to the viever's right, sinister ). The text is The 1537 seal is very similar to the current seal, which

944-585: The 1950s until the reunification of Germany in 1990, the journal was published in the German Democratic Republic , behind the Iron Curtain . From 1974 onwards, the journal issues list a chief editor and an editorial board, and the journal was bilingual, with the same material published in German and English. Akademie-Verlag was taken over by VCH in 1990. From 1996 to the present day (from volume 317),

1003-605: The Altona Observatory and Schumacher, developed an artificial medium time for its timetable, reducing the maximum variation from true geographic time to 20 seconds, which was considerably less noticeable. This issue appeared with all railways as travel distances and speeds increased, eventually leading to the convening of the International Meridian Conference in October 1884 in Washington, D. C. , which agreed to adopt

1062-559: The Carlsberg Foundation. The Housing Foundation Copenhagen is a separate commercial entity to the University of Copenhagen run by Chairman Erik Bisgaard Madsen and a board of directors. The Housing Foundation Copenhagen provides short-term housing exclusively for university international students ( sometimes Danish students), university staff and guest researchers. Their central office is based at South Campus. The Housing Foundation Copenhagen has received considerable criticism for

1121-560: The Danish capital. The University of Copenhagen also owns and operates multiple research stations around Denmark, with two additional ones located in Greenland . Additionally, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and the public hospitals of the Capital and Zealand Region of Denmark constitute the conglomerate Copenhagen University Hospital . As of October 2022, 10 Nobel laureates and 1 Turing Award laureate have been affiliated with

1180-575: The Departments of Political Science and Sociology are now located in the same facilities at CSS and can pool resources more easily. In January 2007, the University of Copenhagen merged with the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University and the Danish University of Pharmaceutical Science. The two universities were converted into faculties under the University of Copenhagen, and were renamed as

1239-443: The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. In January 2012, the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the veterinary third of the Faculty of Life Sciences merged with the Faculty of Health Sciences forming the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences – and the other two thirds of the Faculty of Life Sciences were merged into the Faculty of Science. The university has four main campus areas that are located in

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1298-494: The University of Copenhagen as students, alumni or faculty. Alumni include one president of the United Nations General Assembly and at least 24 prime ministers of Denmark . The University of Copenhagen was founded on 1 June 1479 and is the oldest university in Denmark. In 1475, Christian I of Denmark received a papal bull from Pope Sixtus IV with permission to establish a university in Denmark. The bull

1357-429: The University of Copenhagen was ranked first in Denmark and 84th in the world. In the 2021 QS World University Rankings list, the University of Copenhagen was ranked first in Denmark and 76th in the world. In the 2021 U.S. News & World Report 's Best Global Universities Rankings list, the University of Copenhagen was ranked first in Denmark and 34th in the world. The university cooperates with universities around

1416-543: The University of Copenhagen was to be administered without royal interference, and it was not subject to the usual laws governing the Danish people . The University of Copenhagen was dissolved in about 1531 as a result of the spread of Protestantism. It was re-established in 1537 by King Christian III after the Lutheran Reformation . The king charged Johannes Bugenhagen , who came from Wittenberg to Copenhagen to take up

1475-673: The astronomical centre of the civilised world. Other astronomical journals were also founded around this time, such as the British Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , which was founded in 1827. It was the importance of Astronomische Nachrichten , however, that led the American astronomer Benjamin A. Gould in 1850 to found The Astronomical Journal in the United States. Following Schumacher's death,

1534-631: The best university in Denmark and best in Continental Europe , 4th in Europe (after Oxford , UCL and Cambridge ) and 27th in the world. The 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranked the University of Copenhagen as the best university in Denmark and Scandinavia, 7th in Europe and 30th in the world. In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2021,

1593-414: The different faculties. The deans appoint heads of 50 departments. There is no faculty senate and faculty is not involved in the appointment of rector, deans, or department heads. Hence the university has no faculty governance, although there are elected Academic Boards at faculty level who advise the deans. As of 2018 , the governing body manages an annual budget of about DKK 8.9 billion. The university

1652-489: The exploitation of international students for business profits and poor living conditions, and most recently the refusal of shortening contracts for many international students affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The university's oldest known seal dates from a 1531 letter, it depicts Saint Peter with a key and a book. In a circle around him is the text When the university was re-established by Christian III in 1537 after

1711-667: The faculties at the university were restructured. Starting in 1842, the University Faculty of Medicine and the Academy of Surgeons merged to form the Faculty of Medical Science , while in 1848 the Faculty of Law was reorganised and became the Faculty of Jurisprudence and Political Science . In 1850, the Faculty of Mathematics and Science was separated from the Faculty of Philosophy . In 1845 and 1862 Copenhagen co-hosted Nordic student meetings with Lund University . The first female student

1770-454: The first international journals in the field of astronomy , was established in 1821 by the German astronomer Heinrich Christian Schumacher . It claims to be the oldest astronomical journal in the world that is still being published. The publication today specializes in articles on solar physics , extragalactic astronomy , cosmology , geophysics , and instrumentation for these fields. All articles are subject to peer review . The journal

1829-470: The interim director of the observatory and editor of the journal was Adolph Cornelius Petersen  [ de ] , who had worked at the observatory with Schumacher for 24 years from around 1825. Petersen, who died in 1854, was later aided as editor by the Danish astronomer Thomas Clausen , who had also previously worked at the observatory. The editor from 1854 was the German astronomer Christian August Friedrich Peters , who had taken over as director of

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1888-557: The journal being shunned by the greater astronomical community. In 1864 the 'Elbe Duchies' of Schleswig , Holstein , and Saxe-Lauenburg were ceded by Denmark to Austria and Prussia following the Second Schleswig War . The new rulers cut off financial support to the observatory and it was decided that it should be abandoned in favour of constructing a new observatory at Kiel. In 1871 construction plans and surveys were completed and Peters moved with his family to Kiel. Work began in

1947-571: The journal has been published by Wiley-VCH. This company was formed in 1996 when the German publishing company Verlag Chemie  [ de ] (founded 1921) joined John Wiley and Sons . The journal's editorial offices remain in Potsdam, at the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam , and the current editor (2007) is K. G. Strassmeier. The back catalogue of the journal includes 43,899 articles in 99,565 pages in 328 volumes, published over

2006-472: The journal was not published at all from 1944 to 1946 (Berlin suffered heavy damage in the closing years of World War II ). From 1947 to the present, the journal has published a volume per year in most years, but did not publish at all in some years in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. From 1974 to 1996, the journal was published as 6 issues a year, with each volume being 300–400 pages. Under the new publishers, Wiley, this pattern continued until 2003, at which point

2065-520: The journal was the organ of the Astronomische Gesellschaft . The editor from 1896 until his death in 1907 was the German astronomer Heinrich Kreutz , who had previously assisted Krueger. Kreutz edited volumes 140 to 175. Other staff members during the period from 1880 to 1907 included the astronomers Richard Schorr and Elis Strömgren . The editor from 1907 to 1938 was the German astronomer Hermann Kobold . After Kobold retired in 1938,

2124-665: The journal's editorial office moved from Kiel to Berlin , and during the Second World War the journal was published by the Astronomical Calculation Institute (Heidelberg University) (Astronomisches Recheninstitut) in Berlin-Dahlem . In 1945, the institute was relocated to Heidelberg , but the journal remained in the Berlin region. After the war, Astronomische Nachrichten was edited by Hans Kienle , director of

2183-501: The journal, from its founding in 1821 until his death in 1850. These early issues ran to hundreds of pages, and consisted mostly of letters sent by astronomers to Schumacher, reporting their observations. The journal proved to be a great success, and over the years Schumacher received thousands of letters from hundreds of contributors. The letters were published in the language in which they were submitted, mostly German, but also English, Italian and other languages. The journal's renown

2242-476: The law departments broke off from the Faculty of Social Sciences to form a separate Faculty of Law . In 1994, the University of Copenhagen designated environmental studies , north–south relations, and biotechnology as areas of special priority according to its new long-term plan. Starting in 1996 and continuing to the present, the university planned new buildings, including for the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Humanities at Amager (Ørestaden), along with

2301-424: The number of issues per year increased to 9 due to the publication of supplementary issues. Since 2004 there have been 10 issues a year. In 2006, volume 327, there were 10 issues and 1100 pages. University of Copenhagen The University of Copenhagen ( Danish : Københavns Universitet , abbr. KU ) is a public research university in Copenhagen, Denmark . Founded in 1479, the University of Copenhagen

2360-502: The observatory at Altona. In 1872, the observatory moved from Altona to Kiel , from where Peters continued to publish the journal until his death in 1880, aided in his final years by his son Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Peters . The journal would continue to be published in Kiel until 1938. Following Peters's death, Adalbert Krueger served as the new director of the observatory and editor of the journal from 1881 until he died in 1896. At this time

2419-531: The observatory should continue to operate for the time being. In 1854 Christian August Friedrich Peters , who had previous experience working at the Hamburg, Pulkovo , and Königsberg observatories, was appointed as the new director. He continued to publish Astronomische Nachrichten , with 58 volumes appearing during his time. Its quality, however, dropped significantly. Peters disliked Russian astronomers and frequently quarrelled with his German counterparts, leading to

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2478-553: The observatory with an annual budget, under the condition that Schumacher would live and work in Altona until his death. From the windows of the house several survey markers in the south, as well as the tower of St. Michael's Church in the east, could be sighted. A friend of Schumacher's, Johann Georg Repsold , set up a meridian circle in the observatory. In 1823, at the suggestion of the Danish Prime Minister Johan Sigismund von Møsting , Schumacher founded

2537-476: The organization. In 2005, the Center for Health and Society (Center for Sundhed og Samfund – CSS) opened in central Copenhagen, housing the Faculty of Social Sciences and Institute of Public Health, which until then had been located in various places throughout the city. In May 2006, the university announced further plans to leave many of its old buildings in the inner city of Copenhagen , an area that has been home to

2596-404: The port city of Kiel . It was found, however, that the endpoints of the lines had a time difference in exact astronomical time of about 40 seconds due to their distance. Depending on what time was adopted a train between Altona and Kiel could be considered to have arrived nearly a minute too early or too late, even if it was really on time. To address this problem, the railway, in collaboration with

2655-565: The spring of 1874 and, following an unusually hasty construction, was completed by October of the same year. Most of the instruments of the Altona Observatory were transferred to the new building. The home behind which the original observatory was built was destroyed in 1941 during a World War II bombing raid. Today, the German Federal Research Center for Fisheries stands in its place. Astronomische Nachrichten Astronomische Nachrichten ( Astronomical Notes ), one of

2714-450: The university for more than 500 years. The purpose of this has been to gather the university's many departments and faculties on three larger campuses in order to create a bigger, more concentrated and modern student environment with better teaching facilities, as well as to save money on rent and maintenance of the old buildings. The concentration of facilities on larger campuses also allows for more inter-disciplinary cooperation; for example,

2773-406: The university form the majority of the board, 2 members are appointed by the scientific staff, 1 member is appointed by the administrative staff, and 2 members are appointed by the university students. The rector, the prorector and the director of the university are appointed by the university board. The rector in turn appoints directors of the different parts of the central administration and deans of

2832-706: The university's buildings. By 1836, however, the new main building of the university was inaugurated amid extensive building that continued until the end of the century. The University Library (now a part of the Royal Library ), the Zoological Museum , the Geological Museum , the Botanic Garden with greenhouses , and the Technical College were also established during this period. Between 1842 and 1850,

2891-436: The university, and the task was his to employ various learned scholars at the new university and thereby establish its first four faculties : theology , law , medicine and philosophy . The royal decree made the University of Copenhagen enjoy royal patronage from its very beginning. Furthermore, the university was explicitly established as an autonomous institution, giving it a great degree of juridical freedom. As such,

2950-518: The university; however, only students who have passed at least two years of studies are considered for admission . These are normally referred to as the old dormitories , and they consist of: Regensen , Elers' Kollegium , Borchs Kollegium , Hassagers Kollegium , and Valkendorfs Kollegium . The University of Copenhagen also offers Carlsberg Foundation researcher apartments for a duration of 6 months to 3 years for visiting research and academic research staff who affiliated with research projects funded by

3009-605: The world. In January 2006, the University of Copenhagen entered into a partnership of ten top universities, along with the: Australian National University , ETH Zürich , National University of Singapore , Peking University , University of California , University of Cambridge , University of Oxford , University of Tokyo and Yale University . The partnership is referred to as the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU). The Department of Scandinavian Studies and Linguistics at University of Copenhagen signed

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3068-621: Was acknowledged by the British astronomer John Herschel (then secretary to the Royal Astronomical Society ) in a letter to the Danish King in 1840, writing that Astronomische Nachrichten was: ...one of the most remarkable and influential astronomical works, which have ever appeared and which, while operating more beneficially on the progress of its Science than any similar work of modern times [has] made your Majesty's city of Altona ...

3127-478: Was appointed as a temporary director while it was being decided what course of action should be taken. Petersen notably lacked any foreign language skills and struggled to deal with the upkeep of the Astronomische Nachrichten journal, which published material from all over Europe. He took language lessons but died shortly after his rise to directorship, in 1854. Finally, a Danish commission decided that

3186-518: Was discovered by Theodor Brorsen at the observatory on 20 July 1847. During the First Schleswig War , the home of Schumacher, who was a royalist Danish official, was surrounded by soldiers and he was placed under house arrest. He died 2 years later, at the end of 1850. Immediately following Schumacher's death, the financial department of Kiel intended to close the observatory. The University of Kiel planned to establish its own observatory and

3245-477: Was enrolled at the university in 1877. The university underwent explosive growth between 1960 and 1980. The number of students rose from around 6,000 in 1960 to about 26,000 in 1980, with a correspondingly large growth in the number of employees. Buildings built during this time period include the new Zoological Museum, the Hans Christian Ørsted and August Krogh Institutes, the campus centre on Amager Island , and

3304-478: Was founded in 1821 by Heinrich Christian Schumacher , under the patronage of Christian VIII of Denmark , and quickly became the world's leading professional publication for the field of astronomy. Schumacher edited the journal at the Altona Observatory , then under the administration of Denmark , later part of Prussia, and today part of the German city of Hamburg . Schumacher edited the first 31 issues of

3363-420: Was issued on 19 June 1475 as a result of the visit to Rome by Christian I's wife, Dorothea of Brandenburg , Queen of Denmark . On 4 October 1478 Christian I of Denmark issued a royal decree by which he officially established the University of Copenhagen. In this decree, Christian I set down the rules and laws governing the university. The royal decree elected magistar Peder Albertsen as vice chancellor of

3422-408: Was made in 2000 and is shown at the top of this page. The text is different and the crowned shield shows the coat of arms of Denmark (as has been the case since 1820, when the heraldic reference to Norway was removed). The text is In addition to the university seal, each of the university's six faculties carry seals of their own. The 2021 CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked the University of Copenhagen as

3481-407: Was mostly two volumes a year until 1884. There were a record number of five volumes published in 1884. Most years from 1884 to 1914 had three or more volumes. The years 1915–1919 (coinciding with World War I ) saw a dip in publication, with 1916 and 1919 only featuring one volume. From 1920 to 1940, most years saw three volumes published. Only one volume per year was published from 1941 to 1943, and

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