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44-552: The Altan Debter , Golden Book ( Mongolian Cyrillic : Алтан дэвтэр Altan devter , Mongolian script : ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ Altan debter ) is an early, now lost history of the Mongols . Rashid-al-Din Hamadani had access to it when writing his Chronicles, Jami al-Tawarikh . Some believe that The Secret History of the Mongols is based on it, though the historian David Morgan argues that

88-567: A semivowel (й). The soft sign (ь) , which appears only after consonants, indicates that the preceding consonant is soft ( palatalized ). Also, alveolar consonants are palatalized when followed by certain vowels: д , з , л , н , р , с , т , ц and дз are softened when they are followed by a "soft" vowel: є , і , ю , я . See iotation . The apostrophe negates palatalization in places that it would be applied by normal orthographic rules. It also appears after labial consonants in some words, such as ім'я "name", and it

132-460: A Cyrillic type face ( шрифт , shryft ) has upright ( прямий , priamyi ) and cursive (курсивний, kursyvnyi ) font forms, the latter of which later came to be called ( письмівка , pys’mivka ). Several lowercase letters in the cursive printed form bear little resemblance to the corresponding lowercase letters in the upright printed form, more closely resembling the corresponding handwritten lowercase cursive forms instead, particularly for

176-812: A Russian orthography until 1905 (called the Yaryzhka , after the Russian letter yery ы). The Kulishivka was adopted by Ukrainian publications, only to be banned again from 1914 until after the February Revolution of 1917. The Zhelekhivka became official in Galicia in 1893, and was adopted by many eastern Ukrainian publications after the Revolution. The People's Republic of Ukraine adopted official Ukrainian orthographies in 1918 and 1919, and Ukrainian publication increased, and then flourished under Skoropadsky's Hetmanate . Under

220-666: A compromise between Galician and Soviet proposals, called the Ukrainian orthography of 1928 , or Skrypnykivka , after Ukrainian Commissar of Education Mykola Skrypnyk . It was officially recognized by the Council of People's Commissars in 1928, and by the Lviv Shevchenko Scientific Society in 1929, and adopted by the Ukrainian diaspora . The Skrypnykivka was the first universally adopted native Ukrainian orthography. However, by 1930 Stalin 's government started to reverse

264-424: A preceding consonant. The digraphs дз and дж are normally used to represent single affricates /d͡z/ and /d͡ʒ/ . Palatalization of consonants before е , у , а is indicated by writing the corresponding letter є , ю , я instead (theoretical palatalization before и is not indicated as і already corresponds to the palatized or "soft" counterpart of и ). Compared to other Cyrillic alphabets,

308-640: A proposal by L. M. Ivanenko of the Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics). On 21 May 2019, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved a new version of the orthography prepared by the Ukrainian National Commission on Spelling. The new edition brought to life some features of orthography in 1928 , which were part of the Ukrainian orthographic tradition. At the same time, the commission was guided by

352-703: Is also used in the spelling of some words, but is not considered a letter. Ukrainian orthography is based on the phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme. The orthography also has cases in which semantic, historical, and morphological principles are applied. In the Ukrainian alphabet the "Ь" could also be the last letter in the alphabet (this was its official position from 1932 to 1990). Twenty-one letters represent consonants ( б , в , г , ґ , д , ж , з , к , л , м , н , п , р , с , т , ф , х , ц , ч , ш , щ ), ten represent vowels ( а , е , є , и , і , ї , о , у , ю , я ), and one represents

396-531: Is as follows (with borrowed sounds in parentheses): Үү and Өө are sometimes also written as the Ukrainian letters Її (or Vv) and Єє respectively, when using Russian software or keyboards that do not support them. Initial long vowels and non-initial full vowels are written with double vowel letters, while initial short vowels and non-initial epenthetic vowels are written with single vowel letters. Conversely, every vowel letter except у and ү can also represent schwa and zero in non-first syllables. Palatalisation

440-412: Is called українська абетка ( IPA: [ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ ɐˈbɛtkɐ] ; tr. ukrainska abetka ), from the initial letters а ( tr. a ) and б ( tr. b ); алфавіт ( tr. alfavit ); or, archaically, азбука ( tr. azbuka ), from the acrophonic early Cyrillic letter names азъ ( tr. az ) and буки ( tr. buki ). Ukrainian text is sometimes romanised (written in

484-513: Is done in other languages written using Russian-based Cyrillic), дз for modern з, дж for modern ж, ии for modern ий and йө for modern е (to represent the "yö" sound at the beginning of words), but the alphabet was changed to its final form on 13 November. The standard Mongolian Cyrillic keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows: Ukrainian alphabet The Ukrainian alphabet ( Ukrainian : абе́тка, áзбука or алфа́ві́т , romanized :  abetka, azbuka or alfavit )

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528-598: Is indicated by и (i), the soft sign ь (') or е (ye), ё (yo), я (ya) and ю (yu) after the palatalised consonant. These latter letters are pronounced without [j] in that position. Щ is never used in Mongolian and only used in Russian words containing the letter. It is pronounced identically to Ш, and is often omitted when teaching the Cyrillic alphabet. Sometimes, Russian loanwords with Щ will be spelled with Ш instead: борш, Хрушев. The difference between [e~i] might be dialectal, while

572-455: Is missing the letter ґ . KOI8-U stands for Код обміну інформації 8 бітний — український , "Code for information interchange 8 bit — Ukrainian", analogous to " ASCII ". KOI8-U is a Ukrainianized version of KOI8-R . Windows-1251 works for the Ukrainian alphabet, as well as for other Cyrillic alphabets. Ukrainian falls within the Cyrillic (U+0400 to U+04FF) and Cyrillic Supplementary (U+0500 to U+052F) blocks of Unicode . The characters in

616-528: Is realized as /d͡z/ . Examples: джміль ( dzhmil , "a bumble bee"), бджола ( bdzhola , "a bee"), дзвоник ( dzvonyk , "a bell"). In print, several lowercase Cyrillic letters resemble smaller versions of their corresponding uppercase forms. Handwritten Cyrillic cursive letterforms vary somewhat from their corresponding printed (typeset) counterparts, particularly for the letters г , д , и , й , and т . [REDACTED] Like Latin script , whose typefaces have roman and italic forms,

660-654: Is retained in transliterations from the Latin alphabet: Кот-д'Івуар ( Côte d'Ivoire ) and О'Тул ( O'Toole ). The apostrophe is used similarly in Belarusian orthography, while the same function is served in Russian by the hard sign ( ъ ): compare Ukrainian об'єкт and Belarusian аб'ект vs. Russian объект ("object"). There are other exceptions to the phonemic principle in the alphabet. Some letters represent two phonemes: щ /ʃt͡ʃ/ , ї /ji/ or /jɪ/ , and є /jɛ/ , ю /ju/ , я /jɑ/ when they do not palatalize

704-511: Is the set of letters used to write Ukrainian , which is the official language of Ukraine . It is one of several national variations of the Cyrillic script . It comes from the Cyrillic script , which was devised in the 9th century for the first Slavic literary language , called Old Slavonic . In the 10th century, Cyrillic script became used in Kievan Rus' to write Old East Slavic , from which

748-462: The Belarusian , Russian , Rusyn , and Ukrainian alphabets later evolved. The modern Ukrainian alphabet has 33 letters in total: 21 consonants , 1 semivowel , 10 vowels and 1 palatalization sign . Sometimes the apostrophe (') is also included, which has a phonetic meaning and is a mandatory sign in writing, but is not considered as a letter and is not included in the alphabet. In Ukrainian, it

792-720: The Bolshevik government of Ukraine , Ukrainian orthographies were confirmed in 1920 and 1921. In 1925, the Ukrainian SSR created a Commission for the Regulation of Orthography. During the period of Ukrainization in Soviet Ukraine, the 1927 International Orthographic Conference was convened in Kharkiv , from May 26 to June 6. At the conference, a standardized Ukrainian orthography and method for transliterating foreign words were established,

836-692: The First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century, to write the Old Church Slavonic liturgical language . It was named after Saint Cyril , who with his brother Methodius had created the earlier Glagolitic Slavonic script. Cyrillic was based on Greek uncial script , and adopted Glagolitic letters for some sounds which were absent in Greek – it also had some letters which were only used almost exclusively for Greek words or for their numeric value : Ѳ , Ѡ , Ѱ , Ѯ , Ѵ . The early Cyrillic alphabet

880-454: The Latin alphabet ) for non-Cyrillic readers or transcription systems. There are several common methods for romanizing Ukrainian including the international Cyrillic-to-Latin transcription standard ISO 9 . There have also been several historical proposals for a native Ukrainian Latin alphabet , but none have caught on. The alphabet comprises 33 letters, representing 40 phonemes . The apostrophe

924-415: The Cyrillic alphabet. The Cyrillic script had many advantages over the traditional Mongolian script known as Hudum Mongol Bichig. In the traditional Mongolian script, certain letters such as "t" and "d," "o" and "u" were frequently confused, and there were inconsistencies in letter formation at the beginning, middle, and end of words. The low legibility between letters and the need to memorize the shapes of all

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968-496: The Cyrillic script continues to be used in everyday life. In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to use both Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script in official documents by 2025. In China, the Cyrillic alphabet is also used by Chinese for learning the modern Mongolian language, as well as by some Mongols in Inner Mongolia to demonstrate their ethnic identity. The Cyrillic alphabet used for Mongolian

1012-581: The Skrypnykivka continued to be used by Ukrainians in Galicia and the worldwide diaspora. During the period of Perestroika in the USSR, a new Ukrainian Orthographic Commission was created in 1986. A revised orthography was published in 1990, reintroducing the letter ge ґ . It also revised the alphabetical order, moving the soft sign ь from the end of the alphabet, to a position before the letter ю , which helps sort Ukrainian text together with Belarusian (following

1056-481: The Ukrainization policy, partly attributing the peasant resistance to collectivization to Ukrainian nationalists. In 1933, the orthographic reforms were abolished, decrees were passed to bring the orthography steadily closer to Russian. His reforms discredited and labelled "nationalist deviation", Skrypnyk committed suicide rather than face a show trial and execution or deportation. The Ukrainian letter ge ґ, and

1100-567: The alphabet, influencing Mykhailo Maksymovych 's nineteenth-century Galician Maksymovychivka script for Ukrainian, and its descendant, the Pankevychivka , which is still in use, in a slightly modified form, for the Rusyn language in Carpathian Ruthenia . In reaction to the hard-to-learn etymological alphabets, several reforms attempted to introduce a phonemic Ukrainian orthography during

1144-441: The difference between ɵ~o is positional. /ɡ/ and /ɢ/ are both indicated by the letter г ⟨g⟩ , but the phonetic value of that letter is mostly predictable. In words with "front" (+ATR) vowels (see Mongolian phonology for details), it always means /ɡ/ , because only /ɡ/ occurs in such words. In words with "back" (−ATR) vowels, it always means /ɢ/ , except syllable-finally, where it means /ɡ/ ; to acquire

1188-464: The end. However, the Mongolian script has become a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schooling and is slowly gaining in popularity. The Mongolian script is a highly uncommon vertical script, and unlike other historically vertical-only scripts such as the Chinese script it cannot easily be adapted for horizontal use, which puts it at a disadvantage compared to Cyrillic for many modern purposes. Thus,

1232-572: The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries stimulated literary and academic activity in both Dnieper Ukraine (part of the Russian Empire ) and western Ukraine (Austrian-controlled Galicia ). In Galicia, the Polish-dominated local government tried to introduce a Latin alphabet for Ukrainian , which backfired by prompting a heated "War of the Alphabets", bringing the issue of orthography into

1276-521: The letters г , д , и , й , п , and т . Quoted text is typically enclosed in unspaced French guillemets («angle-quotes»), or in lower and upper quotation marks as in German. Reference: Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style (version 2.5), pp. 262–264. Vancouver, Hartley & Marks. ISBN   0-88179-133-4 . There are various character encodings for representing Ukrainian with computers. ISO 8859-5 encoding

1320-408: The modern Ukrainian alphabet is most similar to those of the other East Slavic languages : Belarusian , Russian , and Rusyn . It has retained the two early Cyrillic letters і (i) and izhe ( и ) to represent related sounds /i/ and /ɪ/ as well as the two historical forms e ( е ) and ye ( є ). Its unique letters are the following: The Cyrillic script was a writing system developed in

1364-410: The modern Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian languages. Spoken Ukrainian has an unbroken history, but the literary language has suffered from two major historical fractures. Various reforms of the alphabet by scholars of Church Slavonic, Ruthenian , and Russian languages caused the written and spoken word to diverge by varying amounts. Etymological rules from Greek and South Slavic languages made

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1408-479: The nineteenth century, based on the example of Vuk Karadžić 's Serbian Cyrillic. These included Panteleimon Kulish 's Kulishivka alphabet used in his 1857 Notes on Southern Rus' and Hramatka , the Drahomanivka alphabet promoted in the 1870s by Mykhailo Drahomanov , and Yevhen Zhelekhivskyi's Zhelekhivka alphabet from 1886, which standardized the letters ї ( yi ) and ґ ( g ). A Ukrainian cultural revival of

1452-462: The old Mongolian script continued for over 10 years. It took 21 years for Mongolia to achieve nationwide literacy, with the literacy rate increasing from around 2% to over 97%. This greatly facilitated the development of modern Mongolian culture. After the Mongolian democratic revolution in 1990 , the traditional Mongolian script was briefly considered to replace Cyrillic, but the plan was canceled in

1496-679: The orthography imprecise and difficult to master. Meletii Smotrytskyi's Slavonic Grammar of 1619 was very influential on the use of Church Slavonic, and codified the use of the letters Я ( ya ), Е ( e ), and Ґ ( g ). Various Russian alphabet reforms were influential as well, especially Peter the Great 's Civil Script of 1708 (the Grazhdanka ). It created a new alphabet specifically for non-religious use, and adopted Latin-influenced letterforms for type. The Civil Script eliminated some archaic letters ( Ѯ , Ѱ , Ѡ , Ѧ ), but reinforced an etymological basis for

1540-446: The phonetic combinations ль, льо, ля were eliminated, and Russian etymological forms were reintroduced (for example, the use of -іа- in place of -я-). An official orthography was published in Kyiv in 1936, with revisions in 1945 and 1960. This orthography is sometimes called Postyshivka , after Pavel Postyshev , Stalin's official who oversaw the dismantling of Ukrainisation. In the meantime,

1584-526: The public eye. The Cyrillic script was favoured, but conservative Ukrainian cultural factions (the Old Ruthenians and Russophiles ) opposed publications which promoted a pure Ukrainian orthography. In Dnieper Ukraine, proposed reforms suffered from periodic bans of publication and performance in the Ukrainian language. One such decree was the notorious 1876 Ems Ukaz , which banned the Kulishivka and imposed

1628-685: The range U+0400–U+045F are basically the characters from ISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions. In the following table, Ukrainian letters have titles indicating their Unicode information and HTML entity. In a visual browser you can hold the mouse pointer over the letter to see this information. Elements in HTML and XML would normally have the Ukrainian language indicated using the IETF language tag uk ( lang="uk" in HTML and xml:lang="uk" in XML). Although indicating

1672-460: The ruling Mongol dynasty had access to the book. The real identity of the author of the book remains unknown. This article related to Central Asian history is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Mongolia -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet Mongolian Cyrillic is the most recent of the many writing systems that have been used for Mongolian . It uses

1716-590: The same characters as the Russian alphabet except for the two additional characters Өө ⟨ö⟩ and Үү ⟨ü⟩ . It was introduced in the 1940s in the Mongolian People's Republic under Soviet influence , after two months in 1941 where Latin was used as the official script , while Latinisation in the Soviet Union was in vogue. On 1 January 1946, the Mongolian language officially adopted

1760-420: The syllables in the language individually increased the learning burden of traditional Mongolian script. Additionally, the structural characteristics of the traditional Mongolian script resulted in wider line spacing, occupying more space and increasing paper usage. Moreover, vertical alignment of text was not well-suited to the needs of modern society. Therefore, following the script reform, the movement to replace

1804-478: The two sources, though in agreement on broad facts and events, are "clearly quite independent of each other." It also inspired the still-extant Shengwu qinzheng lu . The book was stored in the state archive of the Ilkhans in the form of separate sheets. Some of the sheets were never put in order. The book was written in the Mongolian language and was therefore considered sacred. Only the nobles and princes belonging to

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1848-456: The understanding that the language practice of Ukrainians in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century has already become part of the Ukrainian orthographic tradition. For other transliteration systems, see romanisation of Ukrainian . Notes: There are also digraphs which are pronounced as a single sound: ⟨дж⟩ , which is pronounced /dʒ/ , like dg in knowledge , and ⟨дз⟩ , which

1892-428: The value of /ɢ/ , it is written followed by a single mute syllable-final vowel letter. Similarly, a mute vowel is added to final н ⟨n⟩ to make it denote /n/ and not /ŋ/ . ф (f) and к (k) are loan consonants and will often be adapted into the Mongolian sound system as [pʰ] and [x] . The original plan as at 10 October 1945 was to use э only at the beginning of words and in long vowel combinations (as

1936-421: Was brought to Kievan Rus' at the end of the first millennium, along with Christianity and the Old Church Slavonic language. The alphabet was adapted to the local spoken Old East Slavic language, leading to the development of indigenous East Slavic literary language alongside the liturgical use of Church Slavonic. The alphabet changed to keep pace with changes in language, as regional dialects developed into

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