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84-522: Allergan plc was formed in March 2015 when Irish–registered Actavis plc acquired U.S.–registered Allergan, Inc. , and assumed the Allergan name. In 2016, Allergan sold its generic drugs business, Actavis, to Teva Pharmaceuticals for $ 40.5 billion. In June 2019, U.S. pharmaceutical company AbbVie announced it had reached an agreement to acquire Allergan for $ 63 billion. The merged company would be domiciled in

168-563: A public company via an initial public offering . In 1977, Allergan announced plans to build a factory in Westport, Ireland. In 1980, it was acquired by SmithKline Corporation for $ 259 million and was later spun-off by SmithKline Beecham in 1989. In 1989, Allergan opened a manufacturing plant in Waco, Texas , to manufacture eye care products. In 1991, Allergan acquired the company Oculinum which manufactured products for eye muscle disorders. Following

252-476: A $ 160 billion transaction. On April 5, 2016, after the Obama administration announced its plan to ban tax inversions , Pfizer terminated the acquisition and paid Allergan a $ 150 million breakup fee . In April 2016, the company announced it would partner with Heptares Therapeutics to develop a subtype-selective muscarinic agonists for Alzheimer's disease and announced the acquisition of Topokine Therapeutics, gaining

336-455: A Fort Lauderdale, Florida–based pharmaceutical company founded by Alan Cohen , making it the third largest specialty pharmaceutical company based on total prescriptions dispensed. In 2007, Dr. Allen Chao retired as President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and was succeeded by Paul M. Bisaro. The company's international presence began with the acquisition of the Arrow Group in 2009, providing

420-405: A cash and equity transaction valued at approximately $ 25 billion. Following the acquisition, the company restructured its executive leadership, with Paul Bisaro being named Executive Chairman, and Brent Saunders being appointed CEO and President of the combined organization. In November 2014, Actavis PLC announced its intention to acquire Allergan Inc , the manufacturer of Botox . Completion of

504-485: A common comorbidity, with schizotypal and OCPD having poor treatment response. The condition is also associated with a general increase in suicidality . The phrase obsessive–compulsive is sometimes used in an informal manner unrelated to OCD to describe someone as excessively meticulous, perfectionistic , absorbed, or otherwise fixated. However, the actual disorder can vary in presentation, and individuals with OCD may not be concerned with cleanliness or symmetry. OCD

588-506: A defining identity. In adolescent OCD patients, OVI is considered a severe symptom. Historically, OVI has been thought to be linked to poorer treatment outcome in patients with OCD, but it is currently considered a poor indicator of prognosis. The Overvalued Ideas Scale (OVIS) has been developed as a reliable quantitative method of measuring levels of OVI in patients with OCD, and research has suggested that overvalued ideas are more stable for those with more extreme OVIS scores. Though OCD

672-626: A dreaded event from occurring, or push the event from their thoughts. In any case, their reasoning is so idiosyncratic or distorted that it results in significant distress, either personally, or for those around the affected individual. Excessive skin picking , hair pulling , nail biting , and other body-focused repetitive behavior disorders are all on the obsessive–compulsive spectrum . Some individuals with OCD are aware that their behaviors are not rational, but they feel compelled to follow through with them to fend off feelings of panic or dread. Furthermore, compulsions often stem from memory distrust ,

756-577: A four-factor grouping structure to be most reliable: symmetry factor, forbidden thoughts factor, cleaning factor, and hoarding factor. The symmetry factor correlates highly with obsessions related to ordering, counting, and symmetry, as well as repeating compulsions. The forbidden thoughts factor correlates highly with intrusive thoughts of a violent, religious, or sexual nature. The cleaning factor correlates highly with obsessions about contamination and compulsions related to cleaning. The hoarding factor only involves hoarding-related obsessions and compulsions, and

840-407: A general sense of disarray or tension, accompanied by a belief that life cannot proceed as normal while the imbalance remains. A more intense obsession could be a preoccupation with the thought or image of a close family member or friend dying, or intrusive thoughts related to relationship rightness . Other obsessions concern the possibility that someone or something other than oneself—such as God ,

924-500: A genetic correlation between anorexia nervosa and OCD, suggesting a strong etiology. First and second hand relatives of probands with OCD have a greater risk of developing anorexia nervosa as genetic relatedness increases. A mutation has been found in the human serotonin transporter gene hSERT in unrelated families with OCD. A systematic review found that while neither allele was associated with OCD overall, in Caucasians ,

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1008-671: A history of child abuse or other stress -inducing events such as during the postpartum period or after streptococcal infections . Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and requires ruling out other drug-related or medical causes; rating scales such as the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) assess severity. Other disorders with similar symptoms include generalized anxiety disorder , major depressive disorder , eating disorders , tic disorders , body-focused repetitive behavior , and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder . Personality disorders are

1092-664: A major depressive episode in their lifetime. Comorbidity rates have been reported at between 19 and 90%, as a result of methodological differences. Between 9–35% of those with bipolar disorder also have OCD, compared to 1–2% in the general population. About 50% of those with OCD experience cyclothymic traits or hypomanic episodes. OCD is also associated with anxiety disorders. Lifetime comorbidity for OCD has been reported at 22% for specific phobia , 18% for social anxiety disorder , 12% for panic disorder , and 30% for generalized anxiety disorder . The comorbidity rate for OCD and ADHD has been reported to be as high as 51%. The cause of OCD

1176-467: A mean age of onset of less than 25. Some OCD subtypes have been associated with improvement in performance on certain tasks, such as pattern recognition (washing subtype) and spatial working memory (obsessive thought subtype). Subgroups have also been distinguished by neuroimaging findings and treatment response, though neuroimaging studies have not been comprehensive enough to draw conclusions. Subtype-dependent treatment response has been studied, and

1260-596: A number of other conditions, including obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or disorders in which perseveration is a possible feature (ADHD, PTSD , bodily disorders, or stereotyped behaviors ). Some cases of OCD present symptoms typically associated with Tourette syndrome, such as compulsions that may appear to resemble motor tics ; this has been termed tic-related OCD or Tourettic OCD . OCD frequently occurs comorbidly with both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder . Between 60 and 80% of those with OCD experience

1344-665: A recent meta-analysis showed that women are 1.6 times more likely to experience OCD. Based on data from 34 studies, the worldwide prevalence rate is 1.5% in women and 1% in men. OCD can present with a wide variety of symptoms. Certain groups of symptoms usually occur together as dimensions or clusters, which may reflect an underlying process. The standard assessment tool for OCD, the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), has 13 predefined categories of symptoms. These symptoms fit into three to five groupings. A meta-analytic review of symptom structures found

1428-443: A study found the average ages of onset to be 21 and 24 for males and females respectively. While some studies have shown that OCD with earlier onset is associated with greater severity, other studies have not been able to validate this finding. Looking at women specifically, a different study suggested that 62% of participants found that their symptoms worsened at a premenstrual age. Across the board, all demographics and studies showed

1512-446: A substantially higher rate than the general public. Moreover, severe OCD symptoms are consistently associated with greater sleep disturbance . Reduced total sleep time and sleep efficiency have been observed in people with OCD, with delayed sleep onset and offset. Some research has demonstrated a link between drug addiction and OCD. For example, there is a higher risk of drug addiction among those with any anxiety disorder, likely as

1596-672: A symptom of OCD characterized by insecurity in one's skills in perception , attention , and memory , even in cases where there is no clear evidence of a deficit. Common compulsions may include hand washing, cleaning, checking things (such as locks on doors), repeating actions (such as repeatedly turning on and off switches), ordering items in a certain way, and requesting reassurance. Although some individuals perform actions repeatedly, they do not necessarily perform these actions compulsively; for example, morning or nighttime routines and religious practices are not usually compulsions. Whether behaviors qualify as compulsions or mere habit depends on

1680-535: A way of coping with the heightened levels of anxiety. However, drug addiction among people with OCD may be a compulsive behavior. Depression is also extremely prevalent among people with OCD. One explanation for the high depression rate among OCD populations was posited by Mineka, Watson, and Clark (1998), who explained that people with OCD, or any other anxiety disorder, may feel "out of control". Someone exhibiting OCD signs does not necessarily have OCD. Behaviors that present as obsessive–compulsive can also be found in

1764-548: Is a lot of similarity between the clinical presentation of OCD in children and adults, and it is considered a highly familial disorder, with a phenotypic heritability of around 50%. Obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms tend to develop more frequently in children 10–14 years of age, with males displaying symptoms at an earlier age, and at a more severe level than females. In children, symptoms can be grouped into at least four types, including sporadic and tic-related OCD. The Children's Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)

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1848-412: Is also developing biosimilars products in oncology and other therapeutic categories, and currently has five biosimilar products in development. Actavis PLC has more than 40 manufacturing and distribution facilities around the world, with a capacity of approximately 40 billion units annually. Actavis Global Operations also included Anda Inc, the fourth-largest US generic pharmaceutical product distributor in

1932-1235: Is an important monitoring tool as it is responsive to pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Positive treatment response is characterized by 25% reduction in CY-BOCS total score, and diagnostic remission is associated with a 45%-50% reduction in Total Severity score (or a score <15). CBT is the first line treatment for mild to moderate cases of OCD in children, while medication plus CBT is recommended for moderate to severe cases. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SRIs ) are first-line medications for OCD in children with established AACAP guidelines for dosing. People with OCD may be diagnosed with other conditions as well, such as obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, major depressive disorder , bipolar disorder , generalized anxiety disorder , anorexia nervosa , social anxiety disorder , bulimia nervosa , Tourette syndrome , transformation obsession , ASD, ADHD, dermatillomania , body dysmorphic disorder , and trichotillomania . More than 50% of people with OCD experience suicidal tendencies, and 15% have attempted suicide . Depression, anxiety, and prior suicide attempts increase

2016-546: Is characterized by the acknowledgment that obsessive–compulsive beliefs are not or may not be true, while poor insight, in the middle of the continuum, is characterized by the belief that obsessive–compulsive beliefs are probably true. The absence of insight altogether, in which the individual is completely convinced that their beliefs are true, is also identified as a delusional thought pattern, and occurs in about 4% of people with OCD. When cases of OCD with no insight become severe, affected individuals have an unshakable belief in

2100-734: Is chronic and long-lasting with periods of severe symptoms followed by periods of improvement. Treatment can improve ability to function and quality of life, and is usually reflected by improved Y-BOCS scores. Treatment for OCD may involve psychotherapy , pharmacotherapy such as antidepressants , or surgical procedures such as deep brain stimulation or, in extreme cases, psychosurgery . Psychotherapies derived from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) models, such as exposure and response prevention , acceptance and commitment therapy , and inference based-therapy , are more effective than non-CBT interventions. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are more effective when used in excess of

2184-651: Is growing evidence to support the use of deep brain stimulation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant OCD. Obsessive–compulsive disorder affects about 2.3% of people at some point in their lives, while rates during any given year are about 1.2%. More than three million Americans suffer from OCD. According to Mercy , approximately 1 in 40 U.S. adults and 1 in 100 U.S. children have OCD. Although possible at times with triggers such as pregnancy , onset rarely occurs after age 35, and about 50% of patients experience detrimental effects to daily life before age 20. While OCD occurs worldwide,

2268-567: Is identified on a continuum, obsessive-compulsive beliefs are characterized on a spectrum, ranging from obsessive doubt to delusional conviction. In the United States , overvalued ideation (OVI) is considered most akin to poor insight—especially when considering belief strength as one of an idea's key identifiers. Furthermore, severe and frequent overvalued ideas are considered similar to idealized values , which are so rigidly held by, and so important to affected individuals, that they end up becoming

2352-422: Is sometimes referred to as primarily obsessional obsessive–compulsive disorder (Pure O), it is also considered a misnomer due to associated mental compulsions and reassurance seeking behaviors that are consistent with OCD. Compulsions occur often and typically take up at least one hour per day, impairing one's quality of life. Compulsions cause relief in the moment, but cause obsessions to grow over time due to

2436-441: Is supported by the pattern of memory distrust; the more often compulsions are repeated, the more weakened memory trust becomes, and this cycle continues as memory distrust increases compulsion frequency. For body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRB) such as trichotillomania (hair pulling), skin picking , and onychophagia (nail biting), behavioral interventions such as habit reversal training and decoupling are recommended for

2520-591: Is the gold standard measure for assessment of pediatric OCD. It follows the Y-BOCS format, but with a Symptom Checklist that is adapted for developmental appropriateness. Insight, avoidance, indecisiveness, responsibility, pervasive slowness, and doubting, are not included in a rating of overall severity. The CY-BOCS has demonstrated good convergent validity with clinician-rated OCD severity, and good to fair discriminant validity from measures of closely related anxiety, depression, and tic severity. The CY-BOCS Total Severity score

2604-653: Is unknown. Both environmental and genetic factors are believed to play a role. Risk factors include a history of adverse childhood experiences or other stress -inducing events. Some medications, toxin exposures, and drugs, such as methamphetamine or cocaine , can induce obsessive–compulsive symptoms in people without a history of OCD. Atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine and clozapine can induce OCD in some people, particularly individuals with schizophrenia . The diagnostic criteria include: 1) General OCD symptoms (obsessions, compulsions, skin picking, hair pulling, etc.) that developed soon after exposure to

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2688-440: The devil , or disease —will harm either the patient or the people or things the patient cares about. Others with OCD may experience the sensation of invisible protrusions emanating from their bodies, or feel that inanimate objects are ensouled . Another common obsession is scrupulosity , the pathological guilt/anxiety about moral or religious issues. In scrupulosity, a person's obsessions focus on moral or religious fears, such as

2772-482: The Actavis name. In 2013, Actavis acquired Irish-registered Warner Chilcott for $ 5 billion and used the transaction to execute a corporate tax inversion to Ireland. In 2014, Actavis acquired Forest Laboratories for $ 25 billion. In 2015, Irish-based Actavis plc acquired U.S.-based Allergan, Inc. , for $ 70 billion, and in effect redomiciled Allergan to Ireland in a corporate tax inversion. Actavis CEO Brent Saunders became

2856-566: The CEO of the combined company. In June 2015, the company took the Allergan name. As of 2020, the company operated four facilities in Ireland. On July 7, 2015, the company acquired the rights to the late stage CGRP migraine portfolio of Merck & Co , as well as two experimental drugs for an upfront payment of $ 250 million. Later that summer, the company acquired Oculeve for $ 125 million and Naurex for an upfront payment of $ 560 million. In October 2015,

2940-556: The L allele was associated with OCD. Another meta-analysis observed an increased risk in those with the homozygous S allele, but found the LS genotype to be inversely associated with OCD. A genome -wide association study found OCD to be linked with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near BTBD3 , and two SNPs in DLGAP1 in a trio-based analysis, but no SNP reached significance when analyzed with case-control data. One meta-analysis found

3024-689: The U.S. for tax purposes. Allergan's global headquarters are located in Dublin, Ireland. The company also maintains a significant presence in the United States, with administrative and operational headquarters located in various locations across the country, including Irvine, California and Madison, New Jersey. Allergan plc was created from the 2015 merger and Irish corporate tax inversion of two companies, Irish-based Actavis plc and U.S.-based Allergan, Inc. In 1948, pharmacist Gavin S. Herbert founded Allergan Pharmaceuticals, Inc . In 1970, Allergan, Inc. became

3108-675: The UK market and charging excessive and unfair prices". It was alleged that the company had increased the price of hydrocortisone tablets by more than 12,000% over the course of eight years. It sold about 943,000 packets of the tablets to the National Health Service in 2015. 10 mg hydrocortisone tablets,, which were sold for 79p in April 2008, cost £88 per pack by March 2016; 20 mg hydrocortisone tablets in March 2008 were sold for £1.07, but £102.74 in 2016. From 2008 to 2015, NHS expenditure on

3192-434: The United States. On June 15, 2015, Actavis plc changed its name to Allergan plc , but the company's U.S. and Canadian generics business will continue to operate under the Actavis name. In July 2015, Allergan PLC announced it would sell its Generics division of the company, including Anda Inc, to Teva Pharmaceuticals for $ 40.5 billion, a transaction proposed for completion by the first quarter of 2016. The company

3276-485: The ability of companies to perform such inversions, although Actavis was exempt from these regulations as its move abroad had already been completed. CEO Paul Bisaro stated that in making the inversion, they were trying to "level the playing field" given the high corporate tax rate in the United States. On July 1, 2014, Actavis announced that it had completed its acquisition of Forest Laboratories (who previously acquired, Furiex Pharmaceuticals Inc and Aptalis Pharma ) in

3360-1197: The acquisition of Irish-based Allergan, Inc. ) is a global pharmaceutical company focused on acquiring, developing, manufacturing and marketing branded pharmaceuticals, generic and over-the-counter medicines, and biologic products. Actavis has a commercial presence across approximately 100 countries. The company has global headquarters in Dublin , Ireland and administrative headquarters in Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey , United States. Actavis markets brand products through six franchises in key therapeutic categories including: Aesthetics/Dermatology/Plastic Surgery; Neurosciences/CNS; Eye Care; Women's Health and Urology; GI and Cystic Fibrosis; and Cardiovascular Disease and Infectious Disease. The company's products include Botox , Namenda , Restasis , Linzess , Bystolic , Juvederm, Latisse , Lo Loestrin Fe, Estrace , Teflaro , Dalvance , Ozurdex , Optive, Natrelle, Viibryd , Liletta , Saphris , Enablex , Actonel , Androderm , Gelnique and others. Actavis also operates

3444-546: The acquisition of Keller Medical, a company that manufactures devices for use during breast augmentation surgery. On December 12, the company announced the acquisition of Repros Therapeutics , a developer of drugs for reproductive system diseases . In September 2018, Allergan acquired the aesthetic company, Bonti, for $ 195 million. In March 2019, the company acquired Envy Medical, Inc. As of 2019, Allergan's Botox product had annual sales of nearly $ 4 billion. In 2018, along with several other drug manufacturers and distributors,

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3528-489: The acquisition, Watson adopted Actavis' name for its global operations. On October 1, 2013, Actavis acquired Irish pharmaceutical company Warner Chilcott PLC (previously known as Galen) in a stock-for-stock transaction valued at approximately $ 8.5 billion. The combination created a company with approximately $ 10 billion in anticipated combined annual 2013 revenue, and the third-largest US specialty pharmaceutical company with approximately $ 3 billion in annual revenue focused on

3612-450: The acquisition, the product was renamed Botox. In 1996, Allergan received FDA approval for Alphagan ophthalmic solution for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. In 1998, Allergan established The Allergan Foundation, a private US-based charitable foundation. In 2005, Allergan acquired Inamed which had a licensing agreement with Corneal Group Laboratoires for Juvederm products. In 2006, Allergan gained rights to Juvederm products. In

3696-549: The affected individual, and even to those around them, as a crisis of sexual identity . Furthermore, the doubt that accompanies OCD leads to uncertainty regarding whether one might act on the troubling thoughts, resulting in self-criticism or self-loathing. Most people with OCD understand that their thoughts do not correspond with reality; however, they feel that they must act as though these ideas are correct or realistic. For example, someone who engages in compulsive hoarding might be inclined to treat inorganic matter as if it had

3780-676: The behavioral pattern, but to each individual occurrence. For example, someone compulsively checking the front door may argue that the time and stress associated with one check is less than the time and stress associated with being robbed, and checking is consequently the better option. This reasoning often occurs in a cyclical manner, and can continue for as long as the affected person needs it to in order to feel safe. In cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), OCD patients are asked to overcome intrusive thoughts by not indulging in any compulsions. They are taught that rituals keep OCD strong, while not performing them causes OCD to become weaker. This position

3864-723: The cause of onset, researchers asked participants in one study what they felt was responsible for triggering the initial onset of their illness. 29% of patients answered that there was an environmental factor in their life that did so. Specifically, the majority of participants who answered with that noted their environmental factor to be related to an increased responsibility. Obsessions are stress-inducing thoughts that recur and persist, despite efforts to ignore or confront them. People with OCD frequently perform tasks, or compulsions , to seek relief from obsession-related anxiety. Within and among individuals, initial obsessions vary in clarity and vividness. A relatively vague obsession could involve

3948-583: The company acquired AqueSys, developer of ocular implants for an initial payment of $ 300 million, along with Kythera Biopharmaceuticals, a company focused on the medical aesthetics market, for $ 2.1 billion. In late 2015, the company announced the acquisition of Northwood Medical Innovation, the developer of earFold . On November 25, 2015, the company announced it would partner with Rugen Therapeutic to develop new therapies for autism spectrum disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder . On November 23, 2015, Allergan and Pfizer announced their intention to merge in

4032-438: The company acquired RetroSense Therapeutics for more than $ 60 million, announced the acquisition of Tobira Therapeutics for approximately $ 1.7 billion and, a day later, the acquisition of Akarna Therapeutics for $ 50 million. In October 2016, the company sold Anda, its generic drug distribution business, to Teva for $ 500 million and acquired Vitae Pharmaceuticals, focused on dermatology treatments, for $ 639 million. That same month,

4116-415: The company announced it would acquire Motus Therapeutics, a developer of treatments for gastrointestinal disorders, for $ 200 million. On November 22, 2016, the company acquired Chase Pharmaceuticals for $ 125 million. In 2017, the company acquired LifeCell, a specialist in regenerative medicine, for $ 2.9 billion and Zeltique Aesthetics, maker of CoolSculpting, for $ 2.4 billion. On June 7, the company announced

4200-551: The company moved to Southern California into an initial 2,000-square-foot (190 m ) leased facility in Corona , and the development and manufacturing of generic pharmaceuticals began. The Corona site became the corporate headquarters for the rapidly expanding US company. Throughout its history, Actavis has expanded both organically and as the result of strategic acquisitions. In 1993, Actavis, then Watson, announced its initial public offering (IPO) of shares of common stock. The company

4284-464: The company was sued by several municipalities and states in the U.S. due to the manufacture of opioids , which have been abused in what has been referred to as the opioid epidemic . In June 2019, U.S. pharmaceutical company AbbVie announced it had reached an agreement to acquire Allergan for $ 63 billion, which would return Allergan to the U.S. for tax purposes. On the announcement of the transaction, Abbvie disclosed that its 2019 net effective tax rate

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4368-559: The company with a core leadership position in modified release products, solid oral dosages, transdermals, semi-solids, liquids and injectables. The company's manufacturing facilities are located in Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Northern-Ireland, Italy, Malta, Puerto Rico, Romania, Singapore, Serbia, Thailand, the UK and the US. Actavis PLC has 27 global R&D facilities focusing on

4452-638: The company with commercial presence in more than 20 international markets. As a result of the Arrow acquisition, the company also acquired the biopharmaceutical development organization Eden Biodesign in Liverpool , UK. In 2011, Watson moved its corporate headquarters from Corona, California to Parsippany , New Jersey. The new LEED-certified corporate headquarters at the Morris Corporate Center in Parsippany

4536-609: The context in which they are performed. For instance, arranging and ordering books for eight hours a day would be expected of someone who works in a library, but this routine would seem abnormal in other situations. In other words, habits tend to bring efficiency to one's life, while compulsions tend to disrupt it. Furthermore, compulsions are different from tics (such as touching, tapping, rubbing, or blinking) and stereotyped movements (such as head banging, body rocking, or self-biting), which are usually not as complex and not precipitated by obsessions. It can sometimes be difficult to tell

4620-528: The core therapeutic categories of women's health, urology, gastroenterology and dermatology. In association with the merger the company relocated its corporate headquarters to Ireland while maintaining its operational headquarters in Parsippany, taking advantage of the lower (17% vs. 35% in the United States) Irish corporate tax rate. This deal inspired a series of similar moves by other drug companies and led to new Treasury Department regulations limiting

4704-1717: The deal would increase its market capitalization to $ 147 billion. On March 17, 2015, Actavis PLC completed the acquisition of Allergan Inc in a cash and equity transaction valued at approximately $ 70.5 billion. The combination created a $ 23 billion diversified global pharmaceutical company with commercial reach across 100 countries. In June 2015, Actavis PLC officially changed its name to Allergan PLC. Auden Mckenzie Holdings Limited ( Acq. 2015 by Actavis ) Durata Therapeutics ( Acq. 2014 by Actavis ) Forest Laboratories ( Acq. 2014 by Actavis ) Furiex Pharmaceuticals Inc (Acq. 2014 by Forest) Aptalis Pharma (Eurand Pharmaceuticals & Axcan Pharma merged 2011, Acq. 2014 by Forest) Galen ( Acq. 2013 by Actavis ) Warner Chilcott PLC (Acq. 2000 by Galen, adopted Warners name) Procter & Gamble 's prescription drug unit (Acq. 2009 by Warner) Watson Pharmaceuticals Andrx Corporation (Acq. 2006 by Watson) Arrow Group (Acq. 2009 by Watson) Eden Biodesign (Acq. by Watson) Specifar Pharmaceuticals S.A. (Acq. 2011 by Watson) Ascent Pharmahealth Ltd (Acq. 2012 by Watson) Actavis Group (Acq. 2012 by Watson, adopted Actavis' name) Kythera Biopharmaceuticals (Acq. 2015) MAP Pharmaceuticals Inc (Acq. 2013) Inamed Corporation (Acq. 2006) Allergan (Advanced Medical Optics spun off in 2006) The company's global headquarters are located in Dublin, Ireland, and administrative headquarters are located in Parsippany , New Jersey, US. The company has 40 manufacturing facilities in five continents providing

4788-508: The development of modified release products, solid oral dosages, transdermals, semi-solids, liquids and injectables around the world. The company's R&D facilities are located in Belgium, Bulgaria, China, France, Iceland, Italy, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Romania, the UK and the US. In December 2016, the company was accused by the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) of breaking competition law by "abuse of its dominant position" in

4872-441: The difference between compulsions and complex tics, and about 10–40% of people with OCD also have a lifetime tic disorder. People with OCD rely on compulsions as an escape from their obsessive thoughts; however, they are aware that relief is only temporary, and that intrusive thoughts will return. Some affected individuals use compulsions to avoid situations that may trigger obsessions. Compulsions may be actions directly related to

4956-507: The drug rose from £522,000 to £70 million. The CMA reported its decision on 31 March 2022, confirming its findings of excessive and unfair prices being charged and anti-competitive agreements preventing the entry of potential competition into the market. Due to their production of " Promethazine With Codeine Cough Syrup ", the main ingredient in recreational drug nicknamed ' lean ', the brand has been name-dropped by multiple well known hip-hop artists. Actavis discontinued production of

5040-821: The fear of being an evil person or the fear of divine retribution for sin. Mysophobia , a pathological fear of contamination and germs , is another common obsession theme. Some people with OCD experience sexual obsessions that may involve intrusive thoughts or images of "kissing, touching, fondling, oral sex , anal sex , intercourse , incest , and rape " with "strangers, acquaintances, parents, children, family members, friends, coworkers, animals, and religious figures", and can include heterosexual or homosexual contact with people of any age. Similar to other intrusive thoughts or images, some disquieting sexual thoughts are normal at times, but people with OCD may attach extraordinary significance to such thoughts. For example, obsessive fears about sexual orientation can appear to

5124-420: The hoarding subtype has consistently been least responsive to treatment. While OCD is considered a homogeneous disorder from a neuropsychological perspective, many of the symptoms may be the result of comorbid disorders. For example, adults with OCD have exhibited more symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than adults without OCD. In regards to

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5208-418: The need to perform certain routines ( compulsions ) repeatedly to relieve the distress caused by the obsession, to the extent where it impairs general function. Obsessions are persistent unwanted thoughts, mental images, or urges that generate feelings of anxiety , disgust , or discomfort. Some common obsessions include fear of contamination , obsession with symmetry , the fear of acting blasphemously ,

5292-719: The obsession, such as someone obsessed with contamination compulsively washing their hands, but they can be unrelated as well. In addition to experiencing the anxiety and fear that typically accompanies OCD, affected individuals may spend hours performing compulsions every day. In such situations, it can become difficult for the person to fulfill their work, familial, or social roles. These behaviors can also cause adverse physical symptoms; for example, people who obsessively wash their hands with antibacterial soap and hot water can make their skin red and raw with dermatitis . Individuals with OCD often use rationalizations to explain their behavior; however, these rationalizations do not apply to

5376-410: The phase IIb/III compound XAF5 - a treatment for dermatochalasis . In August 2016, Allergan plc sold its generic drugs business to Teva Pharmaceutical Industries in a $ 40.5 billion deal and announced the acquisition of ForSight VISION5 for more than $ 95 million. In September 2016, CEO Saunders announced what he called a social contract to limit prices on the company's medications. That same month,

5460-617: The reality of their delusions, which can make their cases difficult to differentiate from psychotic disorders . Some people with OCD exhibit what is known as overvalued ideas , ideas that are abnormal compared to affected individuals' respective cultures, and more treatment-resistant than most negative thoughts and obsessions. After some discussion, it is possible to convince the individual that their fears are unfounded. It may be more difficult to practice exposure and response prevention therapy (ERP) on such people, as they may be unwilling to cooperate, at least initially. Similar to how insight

5544-666: The recommended depression dosage; however, higher doses can increase side effect intensity. Commonly used SSRIs include sertraline , fluoxetine , fluvoxamine , paroxetine , citalopram , and escitalopram . Some patients fail to improve after taking the maximum tolerated dose of multiple SSRIs for at least two months; these cases qualify as treatment-resistant and can require second-line treatment such as clomipramine or atypical antipsychotic augmentation. While SSRIs continue to be first-line, recent data for treatment-resistant OCD supports adjunctive use of neuroleptic medications, deep brain stimulation, and neurosurgical ablation. There

5628-513: The repeated reward-seeking behavior of completing the ritual for relief. Many adults with OCD are aware that their compulsions do not make sense, but they still perform them to relieve the distress caused by obsessions. For this reason, thoughts and behaviors in OCD are usually considered egodystonic . In contrast, thoughts and behaviors in obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) are usually considered egosyntonic , helping differentiate between

5712-429: The risk of future suicide attempts. It has been found that between 18 and 34% of females currently experiencing OCD scored positively on an inventory measuring disordered eating. Another study found that 7% are likely to have an eating disorder, while another found that fewer than 5% of males have OCD and an eating disorder. Individuals with OCD have also been found to be affected by delayed sleep phase disorder at

5796-447: The same disorders than matched controls . In cases in which OCD develops during childhood, there is a much stronger familial link in the disorder than with cases in which OCD develops later in adulthood. In general, genetic factors account for 45–65% of the variability in OCD symptoms in children diagnosed with the disorder. A 2007 study found evidence supporting the possibility of a heritable risk for OCD. Research has found there to be

5880-483: The sentience or rights of living organisms, despite accepting that such behavior is irrational on an intellectual level. There is debate as to whether hoarding should be considered an independent syndrome from OCD. Some people with OCD perform compulsive rituals because they inexplicably feel that they must do so, while others act compulsively to mitigate the anxiety that stems from obsessive thoughts. The affected individual might feel that these actions will either prevent

5964-609: The spring of 1983, colleagues Allen Chao and David Hsia formed Watson Pharmaceuticals, a drug development in Libertyville, Illinois . In late fall of 1983, the company moved to Corona, California , and began to develop and manufacture generic pharmaceuticals. In February 1993, the company became a public company via an initial public offering . In 2011, the company moved its corporate headquarters from Corona, California , to Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey . On October 31, 2012, Watson acquired Actavis for € 4.25 billion and took

6048-675: The substance or medication which can produce such symptoms. 2) The onset of symptoms cannot be explained by an obsessive–compulsive and related disorder that is not substance/medication-induced and should last for a substantial period of time (about 1 month) 3) This disturbance does not only occur during delirium . 4) Clinically induces distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. There appear to be some genetic components of OCD causation, with identical twins more often affected than fraternal twins. Furthermore, individuals with OCD are more likely to have first-degree family members exhibiting

6132-511: The sufferer's sexual orientation , and the fear of possibly harming others or themselves. Compulsions are repeated actions or routines that occur in response to obsessions to achieve a relief from anxiety. Common compulsions include excessive hand washing , cleaning , counting , ordering, repeating, avoiding triggers, hoarding , neutralizing, seeking assurance, praying, and checking things. People with OCD may only perform mental compulsions such as needing to know or remember things. While this

6216-431: The syrup in 2014. However, Actavis have not ceased production of cough syrup containing hydrocodone and homatropine . Many rappers , such as Migos , Chief Keef and Future , mention Actavis cough syrup in their music. Obsessive compulsive disorder Obsessive–compulsive disorder ( OCD ) is a mental and behavioral disorder in which an individual has intrusive thoughts (an obsession ) and feels

6300-468: The treatment of compulsive behaviors. OCD sometimes manifests without overt compulsions, which may be termed "primarily obsessional OCD." OCD without overt compulsions could, by one estimate, characterize as many as 50–60% of OCD cases. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), identifies a continuum for the level of insight in OCD, ranging from good insight (the least severe) to no insight (the most severe). Good or fair insight

6384-399: The two. Although the exact cause of OCD is unknown, several regions of the brain have been implicated in its neuroanatomical model including the anterior cingulate cortex , orbitofrontal cortex , amygdala , and BNST . The presence of a genetic component is evidenced by the increased likelihood for both identical twins to be affected than both fraternal twins . Risk factors include

6468-464: The world's third-largest generics business. The company has been ranked in the top 3 in 12 global markets, the top 5 in 16 global markets, and in the top 10 in 33 global markets. Actavis also develops and out-licenses generic pharmaceutical products outside the US through its Medis third-party business, the world's largest generic pharmaceutical out-licensing business. Medis has more than 300 customers globally, and offers more than 200 products. Actavis PLC

6552-1275: Was 9%, but that post the acquisition, the Group's effective tax rate would rise to 13%. The merger was expected to close in 2020. On May 8, 2020, AbbVie completed its acquisition of Allergan. Auden Mckenzie Holdings Limited (Acq 2015) Durata Therapeutics (Acq 2014) Silom Medical Company (Acq 2014) Axcan Pharma Eurand Pharmaceuticals Furiex Pharmaceuticals Inc (Acq 2014) Galen (Acq 2013) Uteron Pharma, S.A. (Acq 2013) Warner Chilcott Plc (Acq 2000) Procter & Gamble (Prescription drug div, Acq 2009) Watson Pharmaceuticals Andrx Corporation (Acq 2006) Arrow Group (Acq 2009) Eden Biodesign Specifar Pharmaceuticals S.A. (Acq 2011) Ascent Pharmahealth Ltd (Acq 2012) Actavis Group (Acq 2012) Kythera Biopharmaceuticals (Acq 2015) MAP Pharmaceuticals Inc (Acq 2013) Inamed Corporation (Acq 2006) Allergan (Advanced Medical Optics spun off in 2006) Janssen-Ortho Spun off in 2006 Abbott Laboratories Acq 2007 Envy Medical, Inc. (Acq 2019) Actavis plc Actavis Generics (formerly known as Watson Pharmaceuticals and Actavis plc , prior to

6636-514: Was formally dedicated on June 9, 2011. In November 2012, Watson acquired the Switzerland-based, global generics company Actavis Group for € 4.25 billion , creating the world's third largest generics company, with a leading position in key established commercial markets including the US, the UK, Nordics, Canada, Australia, and emerging markets in Central and Eastern Europe, and Russia. Following

6720-413: Was founded in the spring of 1983, when, with funding from friends and family, colleagues Allen Chao, Ph.D. and David Hsia, Ph.D., began a small drug development enterprise. Just two months later, the founders established an initial product-development and analytical laboratory with six employees (including both founders) in a leased space in Libertyville, Illinois (U.S.). By late fall of the same year,

6804-575: Was identified as being distinct from other symptom groupings. When looking into the onset of OCD, one study suggests that there are differences in the age of onset between males and females, with the average age of onset of OCD being 9.6 for male children and 11.0 for female children. Children with OCD often have other mental disorders, such as ADHD, depression, anxiety, and disruptive behavior disorder. Continually, children are more likely to struggle in school and experience difficulties in social situations (Lack 2012). When looking at both adults and children

6888-587: Was initially listed on the NASDAQ under the ticker symbol WATS. The company moved to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1997, and began trading under the symbol WPI. In 2000, the company acquired Schein Pharmaceutical Inc, an acquisition that more than doubled the company's size. In that same year, the group reported revenues in excess of $ 1 billion. In the fall of 2006, it acquired Andrx Corporation,

6972-653: Was not significantly affected. People with OCD show impairment in formulating an organizational strategy for coding information, set-shifting , and motor and cognitive inhibition . Specific subtypes of symptom dimensions in OCD have been associated with specific cognitive deficits. For example, the results of one meta-analysis comparing washing and checking symptoms reported that washers outperformed checkers on eight out of ten cognitive tests. The symptom dimension of contamination and cleaning may be associated with higher scores on tests of inhibition and verbal memory. Approximately 1–2% of children are affected by OCD. There

7056-403: Was once believed to be associated with above-average intelligence, this does not appear to necessarily be the case. A 2013 review reported that people with OCD may sometimes have mild but wide-ranging cognitive deficits , most significantly those affecting spatial memory and to a lesser extent with verbal memory , fluency , executive function , and processing speed , while auditory attention

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