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76-578: Gustaf Allan Pettersson (19 September 1911 – 20 June 1980) was a Swedish composer and violist . He is considered one of the 20th century's most important Swedish composers and was described as one of the last great symphonists, often compared to Gustav Mahler . His music can hardly be confused with other 20th-century works. In the final decade of his life, his symphonies (typically one-movement works) developed an international following, particularly in Germany and Sweden. Of these, his best known work

152-675: A building with no elevator. In 1975, after a dispute about a change in a concert program for an American tour, the Stockholm Philharmonic was forbidden to perform works by Pettersson "for all time". The ban was lifted in 1976. Pettersson was awarded the Litteris et Artibus , a Swedish royal medal established in 1853, in 1977. In autumn 1978, he moved to a state living quarters. He began writing his seventeenth symphony, but died, at age 68, in Stockholm's Maria Magdalena parish before finishing it. He

228-409: A chamber setting. Jazz music has also seen its share of violists, from those used in string sections in the early 1900s to a handful of quartets and soloists emerging from the 1960s onward. It is quite unusual though, to use individual bowed string instruments in contemporary popular music. There are few well-known viola virtuoso soloists, perhaps because little virtuoso viola music was written before

304-542: A cycle of all Pettersson symphonies produced by BIS Records was completed. Violist In the past, the viola varied in size and style, as did its names. The word viola originates from the Italian language. The Italians often used the term viola da braccio , meaning, literally, 'of the arm'. "Brazzo" was another Italian word for the viola, which the Germans adopted as Bratsche . The French had their own names: cinquiesme

380-730: A few years later with his Symphony No. 7  [ sv ; nl ] (1966), which premiered on 13 October 1968 in Stockholm Concert Hall with Antal Doráti conducting the Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. A recording of his seventh symphony, with the same conductor and orchestra, was released in 1969. It was a breakthrough, establishing his international reputation, and he received two Swedish Grammis in 1970. The conductors Antal Doráti and Sergiu Comissiona premiered and made first recordings of several of Pettersson's symphonies and contributed to his rise to fame during

456-527: A large five-movement work with piano, Pietà , Airat Ichmouratov Viola Concerto No. 1 , Op. 7 and Three Romances for Viola, Strings, and Harp , Op. 22. The viola is sometimes used in contemporary popular music, mostly in the avant-garde . John Cale of The Velvet Underground used the viola, as do some modern groups such as alternative rock band 10,000 Maniacs , Imagine Dragons , folk duo John & Mary , British Sea Power , The Airborne Toxic Event, Marillion , and others often with instruments in

532-483: A lengthy viola solo. Gabriel Fauré's Requiem was originally scored (in 1888) with divided viola sections, lacking the usual violin sections, having only a solo violin for the Sanctus . It was later scored for orchestra with violin sections, and published in 1901. Recordings of the older scoring with violas are available. While the viola repertoire is quite large, the amount written by well-known pre-20th-century composers

608-481: A major role in orchestral music, a prominent example being Richard Strauss ' tone poem Don Quixote for solo cello and viola and orchestra. Other examples are the "Ysobel" variation of Edward Elgar 's Enigma Variations and the solo in his work, In the South (Alassio) , the pas de deux scene from act 2 of Adolphe Adam 's Giselle and the "La Paix" movement of Léo Delibes 's ballet Coppélia , which features

684-442: A moveable neck and maple-veneered carbon fibre back, to reduce weight: violas played in the same manner as cellos (see vertical viola ); and the eye-catching "Dalí -esque" shapes of both Bernard Sabatier's violas in fractional sizes—which appear to have melted—and David Rivinus' Pellegrina model violas. Other experiments that deal with the "ergonomics vs. sound" problem have appeared. The American composer Harry Partch fitted

760-830: A number of works for viola. Amplification of a viola with a pickup , an instrument amplifier (and speaker), and adjusting the tone with a graphic equalizer can make up for the comparatively weaker output of a violin-family instrument string tuned to notes below G3. There are two types of instruments used for electric viola: regular acoustic violas fitted with a piezoelectric pickup and specialized electric violas, which have little or no body. While traditional acoustic violas are typically only available in historically used earth tones (e.g., brown, reddish-brown, blonde), electric violas may be traditional colors or they may use bright colors, such as red, blue or green. Some electric violas are made of materials other than wood. Most electric instruments with lower strings are violin-sized, as they use

836-409: A romance for viola and orchestra, his Op. 85, which explores the emotive capabilities of the viola's timbre. In addition, his Eight pieces for clarinet, viola, and piano, Op. 83, features the viola in a very prominent, solo aspect throughout. His Concerto for Clarinet, Viola, and Orchestra , Op. 88 has been quite prominent in the repertoire and has been recorded by prominent violists throughout

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912-614: A series of concerts (in 1994–1995) programmed almost all of them. In 2002, a Swedish Allan Pettersson Society ( Allan Pettersson-sällskapet  [ sv ] ) has been founded. The selected discography includes the original format of the recording and releasing label. Some of the LP releases have been reissued on CD. A 12-CD pack of the Complete Symphonies of Allan Pettersson has been produced by CPO ( Classic Produktion Osnabrück ) based on recordings of 1984, 1988, 1991–1995, 2004. In 2023,

988-634: A series of works entitled The Viola in My Life , which feature concertante viola parts. In spectral music , the viola has been sought after because of its lower overtone partials that are more easily heard than on the violin. Spectral composers like Gérard Grisey , Tristan Murail , and Horațiu Rădulescu have written solo works for viola. Neo-Romantic, post-Modern composers have also written significant works for viola including Robin Holloway Viola Concerto Op. 56 and Sonata Op. 87, Peter Seabourne

1064-462: A traditional-sized viola, particularly in orchestral music, changes in the tone of a viola can have unintended consequences upon the balance in ensembles. One of the most notable makers of violas of the twentieth century was Englishman A. E. Smith , whose violas are sought after and highly valued. Many of his violas remain in Australia, his country of residence, where during some decades the violists of

1140-515: A tribute to Pettersson's life and work, quoting sketches of his unfinished Symphony No. 17. Roy Andersson used the finale of Symphony No. 7 in his short film World of Glory ( Härlig är jorden ). After Pettersson's death, the Internationale Allan Pettersson Gesellschaft (International Allan Pettersson Society) issued six yearbooks, Classic Produktion Osnabrück CPO began recording his complete works, and

1216-504: A very distinctive sound and can hardly be confused with that of any other 20th-century composer. His symphonies, which range from 22 to 70 minutes long, are typically one-movement works. Pettersson's music is demanding on performers and listeners. Pettersson quoted songs from his own 24 Barefoot Songs in several of his compositions. Musicologist Ivanka Stoïanova designed a theory of musical space about Pettersson's music. Most of his music has now been recorded at least once and much of it

1292-426: A viola with a cello neck to allow the use of his 43-tone scale, called the "adapted viola". Luthiers have also created five-stringed violas, which allow a greater playing range. A person who plays the viola is called a violist or a viola player . The technique required for playing a viola has certain differences compared with that of a violin, partly because of its larger size: the notes are spread out further along

1368-512: Is Symphony No. 7. His music later found success in the United States. The conductors Antal Doráti and Sergiu Comissiona premiered and recorded several of his symphonies. Pettersson's song cycle Barefoot Songs influenced many of his compositions. Doráti arranged eight of the Barefoot Songs . Birgit Cullberg produced three ballets based on Pettersson's music. Pettersson studied at

1444-421: Is also available in a transcription for viola). Brahms also wrote " Two Songs for Voice, Viola and Piano ", Op. 91, "Gestillte Sehnsucht" ("Satisfied Longing") and "Geistliches Wiegenlied" ("Spiritual Lullaby") as presents for the famous violinist Joseph Joachim and his wife, Amalie . Dvořák played the viola and apparently said that it was his favorite instrument: his chamber music is rich in important parts for

1520-474: Is buried in the Högalid Church columbarium . Pettersson's music can be compared to Mahler 's symphonic output, especially in the magnificent design and the passion and dynamism. The symphonic eccentric Pettersson is not an avant-gardist . His kinetic and organic development of musical matter uses traditional means of expression. Basic motifs are constantly being changed and developed. Pettersson's writing

1596-466: Is equivalent to a half-size violin . For a child who needs a smaller size, a fractional-sized violin is often strung with the strings of a viola. Unlike the violin, the viola does not have a standard full size. The body of a viola would need to measure about 51 cm (20 in) long to match the acoustics of a violin, however it can only be played vertically like a Cello, hence the name Vertical viola . For centuries, viola makers have experimented with

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1672-435: Is normally tuned first, to the pitch of the ensemble: generally 400–442 Hz. The other strings are then tuned to it in intervals of fifths, usually by bowing two strings simultaneously. Most violas also have adjusters — fine tuners , particularly on the A string that make finer changes. These adjust the tension of the string via rotating a small knob above the tailpiece . Such tuning is generally easier to learn than using

1748-429: Is now available in published scores. Pettersson began composing songs and smaller chamber works in the 1930s. His production from the 1940s includes the song cycle twenty-four Barefoot Songs (1943–1945) based on his poems and a dissonant concerto for violin and string quartet (1949), which is influenced by Béla Bartók and Paul Hindemith . Pettersson soon found his own compositional style. In 1951, he created

1824-587: Is one of the more notable users of such an electric viola and he has used them both for melodies in his solo work and for drones in his work with The Velvet Underground (e.g. " Venus in Furs "). Other notable players of the electric viola are Geoffrey Richardson of Caravan and Ramsey. Instruments may be built with an internal preamplifier , or may put out an unbuffered transducer signal . While such signals may be fed directly to an amplifier or mixing board , they often benefit from an external preamp/ equalizer on

1900-548: Is possible for the ensemble. Mozart also wrote for the viola in his Sinfonia Concertante , a set of two duets for violin and viola, and the Kegelstatt Trio for viola, clarinet, and piano. The young Felix Mendelssohn wrote a little-known Viola Sonata in C minor (without opus number, but dating from 1824). Robert Schumann wrote his Märchenbilder for viola and piano. He also wrote a set of four pieces for clarinet, viola, and piano, Märchenerzählungen . Max Bruch wrote

1976-487: Is relatively small. There are many transcriptions of works for other instruments for the viola and the large number of 20th-century compositions is very diverse. See "The Viola Project" at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, where Professor of Viola Jodi Levitz has paired a composer with each of her students, resulting in a recital of brand-new works played for the very first time. In the earlier part of

2052-476: Is strung with thicker gauge strings than the violin. This, combined with its larger size and lower pitch range, results in a deeper and mellower tone. However, the thicker strings also mean that the viola responds to changes in bowing more slowly. Practically speaking, if a violist and violinist are playing together, the violist must begin moving the bow a fraction of a second sooner than the violinist. The thicker strings also mean that more weight must be applied with

2128-541: Is very strenuous and often has many simultaneous polyphonic lines . His symphonies end on common major or minor chords—but tonality, which depends on some sense, however attenuated, of tonal progression, is found mostly in slower sections. This can be shown at the openings and endings of his 6th and 7th symphonies, and the end of his 9th. Overwhelmingly serious in tone, often dissonant, his music rises to ferocious climaxes, relieved, especially in his later works, by lyrical oases (" lyrische Inseln "). Pettersson's music has

2204-601: The Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra ). He also studied composition with the composer and conductor Karl-Birger Blomdahl , orchestration with the conductor Tor Mann , and counterpoint with organist and composer Otto Olsson . In 1943, he married a physiotherapist, Gudrun Tyra Charlotta Gustafsson (1921–2017). In September 1951, he went to Paris to study composition and was a student of composers René Leibowitz , Arthur Honegger , Olivier Messiaen , and Darius Milhaud . Pettersson returned to Sweden at

2280-641: The Royal Swedish Academy of Music 's conservatory. For more than a decade, he was a violist in the Stockholm Concert Society ; after retiring he devoted himself exclusively to composition. Later in his life, he experienced rheumatoid arthritis . Pettersson was awarded the Swedish royal medal Litteris et Artibus . Born on 19 September 1911, Gustaf Allan Pettersson was the youngest of four children. His father, Karl Viktor Pettersson (1875–1952),

2356-630: The Sydney Symphony Orchestra had a dozen of them in their section. More recent (and more radically shaped) innovations have addressed the ergonomic problems associated with playing the viola by making it shorter and lighter, while finding ways to keep the traditional sound. These include the Otto Erdesz "cutaway" viola, which has one shoulder cut out to make shifting easier; the "Oak Leaf" viola, which has two extra bouts; viol -shaped violas such as Joseph Curtin 's "Evia" model, which also uses

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2432-404: The alto clef . When viola music has substantial sections in a higher register, it switches to the treble clef to make it easier to read. The viola often plays the "inner voices" in string quartets and symphonic writing, and it is more likely than the first violin to play accompaniment parts. The viola occasionally plays a major, soloistic role in orchestral or chamber music. Examples include

2508-460: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Symfoni nr 7 (Allan Pettersson) " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try

2584-1011: The cantata Vox Humana (1974) on texts by Latin American poets. During the prolific last decade of his life, he also wrote a concerto for violin and orchestra (1977–1978, rev. 1980) written for the violinist Ida Haendel , a Symphony No. 16 (1979) which features a bravura solo part for alto saxophone commissioned by American saxophonist Frederick L. Hemke , and an incomplete, posthumously discovered concerto for viola and orchestra (1979–1980). In 1968–1969, conductor and composer Antal Doráti arranged eight of Pettersson's Barefoot Songs as full-scale orchestral songs. Choreographer Birgit Cullberg produced three ballets based on Pettersson's music. Rapport (1976, Symphony No. 7), Vid Urskogens rand (1977, Concerto No. 1 for String Orchestra), Krigsdanser ( War Dance ) (1979, Symphony No. 9). The four orchestral sketches " ... das Gesegnete, das Verfluchte " (1991) by Peter Ruzicka are

2660-1070: The symphonic poem Don Quixote , by Richard Strauss , the 13th Quartet by Dmitri Shostakovich , and a symphony with a main viola line: Harold en Italie , by Hector Berlioz . In the earlier part of the 20th century, more composers began to write for the viola, encouraged by the emergence of specialized soloists such as Lionel Tertis and William Primrose . English composers Arthur Bliss , Edwin York Bowen , Benjamin Dale , Frank Bridge , Benjamin Britten , Rebecca Clarke and Ralph Vaughan Williams all wrote substantial chamber and concert works. Many of these pieces were commissioned by, or written for, Tertis. William Walton , Bohuslav Martinů , Tōru Takemitsu , Tibor Serly , Alfred Schnittke , and Béla Bartók have written well-known viola concertos. The concerti by Bartók , Paul Hindemith , Carl Stamitz , Georg Philipp Telemann , and Walton are considered major works of

2736-530: The viola repertoire . Hindemith , who was a violist, wrote a substantial amount of music for viola, including the concerto Der Schwanendreher . The viola is similar in material and construction to the violin. A full-size viola's body is between 25 and 100 mm (1 and 4 in) longer than the body of a full-size violin (i.e., between 38 and 46 cm [15–18 in]), with an average length of 41 cm (16 in). Small violas typically made for children typically start at 30 cm (12 in), which

2812-419: The 1970s. Pettersson was hospitalized for nine months in 1970, soon after the composition of his Symphony No. 9 , his longest symphony. He began writing the condensed Symphony No. 10 (1972) from his sickbed. Pettersson was admitted to Karolinska Hospital , because of a life-threatening kidney ailment. He recovered, but rheumatoid arthritis confined him most of the time to his fourth-floor apartment in

2888-411: The 20th century, more composers began to write for the viola, encouraged by the emergence of specialized soloists such as Tertis. Englishmen Arthur Bliss , Edwin York Bowen , Benjamin Dale , and Ralph Vaughan Williams all wrote chamber and concert works for Tertis. William Walton , Bohuslav Martinů , and Béla Bartók wrote well-known viola concertos. Hindemith wrote a substantial amount of music for

2964-439: The 20th century. From his earliest works, Brahms wrote music that prominently featured the viola. Among his first published pieces of chamber music, the sextets for strings Op. 18 and Op. 36 contain what amounts to solo parts for both violas. Late in life, he wrote two greatly admired sonatas for clarinet and piano, his Op. 120 (1894): he later transcribed these works for the viola (the solo part in his Horn Trio

3040-468: The amp and speaker to create a big sound, so they do not need a large soundbox. Indeed, some electric violas have little or no soundbox, and thus rely entirely on amplification. Fewer electric violas are available than electric violins. It can be hard for violists who prefer a physical size or familiar touch references of a viola-sized instrument, when they must use an electric viola that uses a smaller violin-sized body. Cale, formerly of The Velvet Underground,

3116-490: The beatings he received from his father and the threat of reform school could not diminish his interest in music. Through strict self-discipline and with the help of music, Pettersson freed himself from his social misery and difficult family circumstances. Aged 14, he finished elementary school and took up full-time practice on the violin. He later made two unsuccessful attempts to enter the Royal Swedish Academy of Music 's conservatory. In 1930, he began studying violin and later

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3192-502: The bow to make them vibrate. The viola's bow has a wider band of horsehair than a violin's bow, which is particularly noticeable near the frog (or heel in the UK). Viola bows, at 70–74 g (2.5–2.6 oz), are heavier than violin bows (58–61 g [2.0–2.2 oz]). The profile of the rectangular outside corner of a viola bow frog generally is more rounded than on violin bows. The viola's four strings are normally tuned in fifths:

3268-410: The earliest viola concertos known, and one for two violas ), Alessandro Rolla , Franz Anton Hoffmeister and Carl Stamitz . The viola plays an important role in chamber music . Mozart used the viola in more creative ways when he wrote his six string quintets . The viola quintets use two violas, which frees them (especially the first viola) for solo passages and increases the variety of writing that

3344-446: The end of 1952. In the early 1950s, he was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis . He gave up playing the viola and began devoting his life to composition. In 1954, Pettersson received an annual state composition grant for his first time. By the time of his Symphony No. 5, completed in 1962, his mobility and health were compromised considerably. In 1964, the government granted him a lifelong guaranteed income. His greatest success came

3420-1177: The end of a short cable, before being fed to the sound system . In rock and other loud styles, the electric viola player may use effects units such as reverb or overdrive . Symfoni nr 7 (Allan Pettersson) Look for Symfoni nr 7 (Allan Pettersson) on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Symfoni nr 7 (Allan Pettersson) in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use

3496-406: The experimental Seven Sonatas for two Violins . At the same time, he composed the first of his seventeen symphonies , which he left unfinished. This work has been recorded in a performing version prepared by trombonist and conductor Christian Lindberg in 2011. Pettersson about the symphonic output of the 1950s: No one in the 1950s noticed, that I am always breaking up the structures, that I

3572-402: The fingerboard and often require different fingerings. The viola's less responsive strings and the heavier bow warrant a somewhat different bowing technique, and a violist has to lean more intensely on the strings. The viola is held in the same manner as the violin; however, due to its larger size, some adjustments must be made to accommodate. The viola, just like the violin, is placed on top of

3648-534: The fingerboard, or tuned up by pressing the part of the string in the pegbox. These techniques may be useful in performance, reducing the ill effects of an out-of-tune string until an opportunity to tune properly. The tuning C–G–D–A is used for the great majority of all viola music. However, other tunings are occasionally employed, both in classical music , where the technique is known as scordatura , and in some folk styles. Mozart , in his Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra in E ♭ , wrote

3724-496: The great composers, several preferred the viola to the violin when they were playing in ensembles, the most noted being Ludwig van Beethoven , Bach and Mozart. Other composers also chose to play the viola in ensembles, including Joseph Haydn , Franz Schubert , Mendelssohn, Dvořák, and Benjamin Britten . Among those noted both as violists and as composers are Rebecca Clarke and Hindemith. Contemporary composers and violists Kenji Bunch , Scott Slapin , and Lev Zhurbin have written

3800-405: The greatest amount of material related to the viola, including scores, recordings, instruments, and archival materials from some of the world's greatest violists. Music that is written for the viola primarily uses the alto clef , which is otherwise rarely used. Viola music employs the treble clef when there are substantial sections of music written in a higher register. The alto clef is defined by

3876-405: The left hand, facilitated by employing the fleshier pad of the finger rather than the tip, and to hold the bow and right arm further away from the player's body. A violist must bring the left elbow further forward or around, so as to reach the lowest string, which allows the fingers to press firmly and so create a clearer tone. Different positions are often used, including half position. The viola

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3952-402: The left shoulder between the shoulder and the left side of the face (chin). Because of the viola's size, violists with short arms tend to use smaller-sized instruments for easier playing. The most immediately noticeable adjustments that a player accustomed to playing the violin has to make are to use wider-spaced fingerings. It is common for some players to use a wider and more intense vibrato in

4028-416: The lowest string is C (an octave below middle C ), with G, D, and A above it. This tuning is exactly one fifth below the violin, so that they have three strings in common—G, D, and A—and is one octave above the cello. Each string of a viola is wrapped around a peg near the scroll and is tuned by turning the peg. Tightening the string raises the pitch; loosening the string lowers the pitch. The A string

4104-536: The most recent being in 1985. In 1980, Maurice Riley produced the first attempt at a comprehensive history of the viola, in his History of the Viola , which was followed with the second volume in 1991. The IVS published the multi-language Viola Yearbook from 1979 to 1994, during which several other national chapters of the IVS published respective newsletters. The Primrose International Viola Archive at Brigham Young University houses

4180-499: The only violist to ever win the Carl Flesch International Violin Competition , and Emanuel Vardi , the first violist to record the 24 Caprices by Paganini on viola. Many noted violinists have publicly performed and recorded on the viola as well, among them Eugène Ysaÿe , Yehudi Menuhin , David Oistrakh , Pinchas Zukerman , Maxim Vengerov , Julian Rachlin , James Ehnes , and Nigel Kennedy . Among

4256-449: The pegs, and adjusters are usually recommended for younger players and put on smaller violas, though pegs and adjusters are usually used together. Some violists reverse the stringing of the C and G pegs, so that the thicker C string does not turn so severe an angle over the nut , although this is uncommon. Small, temporary tuning adjustments can also be made by stretching a string with the hand. A string may be tuned down by pulling it above

4332-405: The piece are easier to achieve on the viola. However, occasional changes must be made due to differences in the ways that the two instruments are played, as well as their differences in range. In early orchestral music, the viola part was usually limited to filling in harmonies , with very little melodic material assigned to it. When the viola was given a melodic part, it was often duplicated (or

4408-427: The placement of C 4 on the middle line of the staff. As the viola is tuned exactly one octave above the cello, music that is notated for the cello can be easily transcribed for alto clef without any changes in key. For example, there are numerous editions of Bach's Cello Suites transcribed for viola. The viola also has the advantage of smaller scale-length, which means that the stretches needed by cellists to play

4484-417: The size and shape of the viola, often adjusting proportions or shape to make a lighter instrument with shorter string lengths, but with a large enough sound box to retain the viola sound. Prior to the eighteenth century, violas had no uniform size. Large violas (tenors) were designed to play the lower register viola lines or second viola in five part harmony depending on instrumentation. A smaller viola, nearer

4560-431: The size of the violin, was called an alto viola . It was more suited to higher register writing, as in the viola 1 parts, as their sound was usually richer in the upper register. Its size was not as conducive to a full tone in the lower register. Several experiments have intended to increase the size of the viola to improve its sound and harmony. Hermann Ritter 's viola alta , which measured about 48 cm (19 in),

4636-540: The slow movement in scordatura), Alexander Glazunov (who wrote an Elegy , Op. 44, for viola and piano), and Maurice Ravel all promised concertos for viola, yet all three died before doing any substantial work on them. In the latter part of the 20th century a substantial repertoire was produced for the viola; many composers including Miklós Rózsa , Revol Bunin , Alfred Schnittke , Sofia Gubaidulina , Giya Kancheli and Krzysztof Penderecki , have written viola concertos . The American composer Morton Feldman wrote

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4712-410: The smith's hammer. My father was a smith who may have said no to God, but not to alcohol. My mother was a pious woman who sang and played with her four children. With his parents and siblings, Pettersson lived in a damp, one-room basement apartment with bars on the window. When he was 10, Pettersson bought a cheap violin with money he earned from selling Christmas cards and taught himself to play it. Even

4788-448: The twentieth century. Pre-twentieth century viola players of note include Stamitz, Rolla, Antonio Rolla , Chrétien Urhan , Casimir Ney , Louis van Waefelghem , and Ritter. Important viola pioneers from the twentieth century were Tertis, William Primrose , Hindemith, Théophile Laforge , Cecil Aronowitz , Maurice Vieux , Borisovsky, Lillian Fuchs , Dino Asciolla , Frederick Riddle , Walter Trampler , Ernst Wallfisch , Csaba Erdélyi,

4864-642: The viola by performers and composers in the twentieth century led to increased research devoted to the instrument. Paul Hindemith and Vadim Borisovsky made an early attempt at an organization, in 1927, with the Violists' World Union. But it was not until 1968, with the creation of the Viola-Forschungsgesellschaft, now the International Viola Society (IVS), that a lasting organization took hold. The IVS now consists of twelve chapters around

4940-467: The viola part in D major, and specified that the violist raises the strings in pitch by a semitone. He probably intended to give the viola a brighter tone so the rest of the ensemble would not overpower it. Tertis, in his transcription of the Elgar cello concerto , wrote the slow movement with the C string tuned down to B ♭ , enabling the viola to play one passage an octave lower. A renewal of interest in

5016-707: The viola, as well as counterpoint and harmony , at the Royal Swedish Academy of Music's conservatory ( Royal College of Music, Stockholm ). At the beginning of World War II, he was in Paris, studying the viola with the French violist Maurice Vieux . Pettersson won the Jenny Lind scholarship prize in 1938, using it to study abroad. During the 1940s he worked as a violist in the Stockholm Concert Society (later

5092-416: The viola. Two Czech composers, Bedřich Smetana and Leoš Janáček , included significant viola parts, originally written for viola d'amore , in their quartets " From My Life " and " Intimate Letters " respectively: the quartets begin with an impassioned statement by the viola. This is similar to Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven all occasionally played the viola part in chamber music. The viola occasionally has

5168-400: The viola; being himself a violist, he often performed his own works. Claude Debussy 's Sonata for flute, viola and harp has inspired a significant number of other composers to write for this combination. Charles Wuorinen composed his virtuosic Viola Variations in 2008 for Lois Martin. Elliott Carter also wrote several works for viola including his Elegy (1943) for viola and piano; it

5244-827: The world, the largest being the American Viola Society (AVS), which publishes the Journal of the American Viola Society . In addition to the journal, the AVS sponsors the David Dalton Research Competition and the Primrose International Viola Competition . The 1960s also saw the beginning of several research publications devoted to the viola, beginning with Franz Zeyringer's, Literatur für Viola , which has undergone several versions,

5320-399: Was a small viola, haute contre was a large viola, and taile was a tenor . Today, the French use the term alto , a reference to its range. The viola was popular in the heyday of five-part harmony , up until the eighteenth century, taking three lines of the harmony and occasionally playing the melody line. Music for the viola differs from most other instruments in that it primarily uses

5396-553: Was a violent, alcoholic blacksmith, and his mother, Ida Paulina (née Svenson) (1876–1960), was a dressmaker. Pettersson was born at Granhammar manor in Västra Ryd parish in the Uppland province of Sweden. He grew up poor in Stockholm's Södermalm district, where he lived during his whole life. He once said: I wasn't born under a piano, I didn't spend my childhood with my father, the composer... no, I learnt how to work white-hot iron with

5472-566: Was creating a whole new symphonic form. It took four years to write the conceptual and style-defining Symphony No. 6 (1963–1966). His Symphony No. 7 and Symphony No. 8 (1968–1969) have been recorded more than his other works and are probably his best-known. In the 1970s, he composed two related works about social protest and compassion, the Symphony No. 12 for mixed chorus and orchestra (1973–1974) to poems by Literature Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda with contemporary relevance and

5548-469: Was in unison with) the melody played by other strings. The concerti grossi, Brandenburg Concertos , composed by J. S. Bach , were unusual in their use of viola. The third concerto grosso, scored for three violins, three violas, three cellos, and basso continuo, requires virtuosity from the violists. Indeed, Viola I has a solo in the last movement which is commonly found in orchestral auditions. The sixth concerto grosso, Brandenburg Concerto No. 6 , which

5624-474: Was intended for use in Wagner 's operas. The Tertis model viola, which has wider bouts and deeper ribs to promote a better tone, is another slightly "nonstandard" shape that allows the player to use a larger instrument. Many experiments with the acoustics of a viola, particularly increasing the size of the body, have resulted in a much deeper tone, making it resemble the tone of a cello. Since many composers wrote for

5700-523: Was scored for 2 violas "concertino", cello, 2 violas da gamba , and continuo, had the two violas playing the primary melodic role. He also used this unusual ensemble in his cantata, Gleichwie der Regen und Schnee vom Himmel fällt, BWV 18 and in Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut, BWV 199 , the chorale is accompanied by an obbligato viola. There are a few Baroque and Classical concerti, such as those by Georg Philipp Telemann (one for solo viola , being one of

5776-548: Was subsequently transcribed for clarinet. Ernest Bloch , a Swiss-born American composer best known for his compositions inspired by Jewish music, wrote two famous works for viola, the Suite 1919 and the Suite Hébraïque for solo viola and orchestra. Rebecca Clarke was a 20th-century composer and violist who also wrote extensively for the viola. Lionel Tertis records that Elgar (whose cello concerto Tertis transcribed for viola, with

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