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87-442: Lyra debuted in the one-shot Hulk: Raging Thunder #1 (August 2008), created by writer Jeff Parker and artist Mitch Breitweiser. She later appeared in the 2009 Hulk Family: Green Genes #1 one-shot. She appeared in the 2009 All New Savage She-Hulk series, her first solo four-issue limited series , by Fred Van Lente , Robert Q. Atkins , and Peter Vale. Lyra appeared in the 2010 Avengers Academy series. She later appeared in

174-462: A French chemist and physicist , discovered gamma radiation in 1900 while studying radiation emitted by radium . In 1903, Ernest Rutherford named this radiation gamma rays based on their relatively strong penetration of matter ; in 1900, he had already named two less penetrating types of decay radiation (discovered by Henri Becquerel ) alpha rays and beta rays in ascending order of penetrating power. Gamma rays from radioactive decay are in

261-455: A French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma radiation in 1900, while studying radiation emitted from radium . Villard knew that his described radiation was more powerful than previously described types of rays from radium, which included beta rays, first noted as "radioactivity" by Henri Becquerel in 1896, and alpha rays, discovered as a less penetrating form of radiation by Rutherford, in 1899. However, Villard did not consider naming them as

348-499: A brief fight with her, they manage to convince her to fight alongside them to stop Intelligencia. Following the defeat of Intelligencia, Lyra begins traveling with her father, brother , Jennifer, Rick Jones , and Betty Ross. During the Fear Itself storyline, Lyra teams up with Namor , Loa , and Doctor Strange when Namor needs help reclaiming New Atlantis from Attuma , who was transformed into Nerkodd: Breaker of Oceans. The group

435-414: A classic, traditional feel throughout, with some impressive figure work on Lyra herself. The artists do a good job matching the feel of Van Lente's script. It's always a gamble devoting an entire miniseries to an essentially unknown, unproven character, and Lyra may need a little tinkering to be a successful lead in the future, but All New Savage She-Hulk demonstrates a lot of potential and succeeds in being

522-541: A continuation of the story in the form of a 32-page release titled The Interman #0, to be illustrated by artist Tomm Coker , but the issue never came out. In 2005, Parker began working as a writer for Marvel , penning short stories for various anthology titles as well as the Fantastic Four ongoing series for the all-ages imprint Marvel Adventures , followed by Marvel Adventures: The Avengers . In 2006, Parker and artist Leonard Kirk launched Agents of Atlas ,

609-438: A crystal. The immobilization of nuclei at both ends of a gamma resonance interaction is required so that no gamma energy is lost to the kinetic energy of recoiling nuclei at either the emitting or absorbing end of a gamma transition. Such loss of energy causes gamma ray resonance absorption to fail. However, when emitted gamma rays carry essentially all of the energy of the atomic nuclear de-excitation that produces them, this energy

696-415: A different fundamental type. Later, in 1903, Villard's radiation was recognized as being of a type fundamentally different from previously named rays by Ernest Rutherford , who named Villard's rays "gamma rays" by analogy with the beta and alpha rays that Rutherford had differentiated in 1899. The "rays" emitted by radioactive elements were named in order of their power to penetrate various materials, using

783-473: A few weeks, suggesting their relatively small size (less than a few light-weeks across). Such sources of gamma and X-rays are the most commonly visible high intensity sources outside the Milky Way galaxy. They shine not in bursts (see illustration), but relatively continuously when viewed with gamma ray telescopes. The power of a typical quasar is about 10 watts, a small fraction of which is gamma radiation. Much of

870-448: A formidable radiation protection challenge, requiring shielding made from dense materials such as lead or concrete. On Earth , the magnetosphere protects life from most types of lethal cosmic radiation other than gamma rays. The first gamma ray source to be discovered was the radioactive decay process called gamma decay . In this type of decay, an excited nucleus emits a gamma ray almost immediately upon formation. Paul Villard ,

957-699: A fun old-school romp that is at least better than the last couple years of the title whose name it inherited." According to Diamond Comic Distributors , Fall of the Hulks: The Savage She-Hulks #1 was the 59th best selling comic book in March 2010. An alternate version of Lyra appears in Fall of the Hulks: Red Hulk . She and Intelligencia have taken over the world. An alternate version of Lyra appears in Venom . She

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1044-441: A last-ditch attempt to prevent the extinction of her people. Assisted by Boudicca, a digital wrist toy reprogrammed with Femizon technology, Lyra begins seeking the greatest hero of the era—by which she inevitably means a man, due to the word's definition male-specific curse in her culture. Due to many of the warring tribes of men having taken former heroes such as Wolverine and Sentry as symbols of worship to continue their war on

1131-455: A magnetic field indicated that they had no charge. In 1914, gamma rays were observed to be reflected from crystal surfaces, proving that they were electromagnetic radiation. Rutherford and his co-worker Edward Andrade measured the wavelengths of gamma rays from radium, and found they were similar to X-rays , but with shorter wavelengths and thus, higher frequency. This was eventually recognized as giving them more energy per photon , as soon as

1218-457: A means for sources of GeV photons using lasers as exciters through a controlled interplay between the cascade and anomalous radiative trapping . Thunderstorms can produce a brief pulse of gamma radiation called a terrestrial gamma-ray flash . These gamma rays are thought to be produced by high intensity static electric fields accelerating electrons, which then produce gamma rays by bremsstrahlung as they collide with and are slowed by atoms in

1305-408: A nuclear power plant, shielding can be provided by steel and concrete in the pressure and particle containment vessel, while water provides a radiation shielding of fuel rods during storage or transport into the reactor core. The loss of water or removal of a "hot" fuel assembly into the air would result in much higher radiation levels than when kept under water. When a gamma ray passes through matter,

1392-554: A number of astronomical processes in which very high-energy electrons are produced. Such electrons produce secondary gamma rays by the mechanisms of bremsstrahlung , inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation . A large fraction of such astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth's atmosphere. Notable artificial sources of gamma rays include fission , such as occurs in nuclear reactors , as well as high energy physics experiments, such as neutral pion decay and nuclear fusion . A sample of gamma ray-emitting material that

1479-716: A six-issue mini-series featuring the adventures of the eponymous superhero team composed of seldom-used Golden Age characters, such as Marvel Boy , Jimmy Woo and Namora . The mini-series was followed by several short stories and eventually the second volume of Agents of Atlas , launched in 2009. This iteration lasted for 11 issues, and was followed by two mini-series that saw Agents of Atlas crossover with Avengers and X-Men . In 2010, Parker and artist Gabriel Hardman launched another attempt at an ongoing series, titled simply Atlas , which ended after five issues. Between 2006 and 2009, Parker also wrote X-Men: First Class , another series aimed at younger audiences which retold

1566-690: A son of a grocery store owner, grew up in Burlington, North Carolina . His first exposure to comics came from reading the titles sold on the store's spinner racks , which included Dennis the Menace as well as various Archie and Harvey publications. After graduating from East Carolina University , where he majored in English Literature and Communications, Parker joined the Hillsbourough -based illustration studio Artamus Studios, whose other members over

1653-454: Is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei . It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves, typically shorter than those of X-rays . With frequencies above 30 exahertz ( 3 × 10  Hz ) and wavelengths less than 10 picometers ( 1 × 10  m ), gamma ray photons have the highest photon energy of any form of electromagnetic radiation. Paul Villard ,

1740-403: Is also a mode of relaxation of many excited states of atomic nuclei following other types of radioactive decay, such as beta decay, so long as these states possess the necessary component of nuclear spin . When high-energy gamma rays, electrons, or protons bombard materials, the excited atoms emit characteristic "secondary" gamma rays, which are products of the creation of excited nuclear states in

1827-603: Is also sufficient to excite the same energy state in a second immobilized nucleus of the same type. Gamma rays provide information about some of the most energetic phenomena in the universe; however, they are largely absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. Instruments aboard high-altitude balloons and satellites missions, such as the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope , provide our only view of the universe in gamma rays. Gamma-induced molecular changes can also be used to alter

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1914-482: Is also worth reading because it plants the seeds of She-Hulk and Lyra's friendship, which plays out further in She-Hulks: Hunt For The Intelligencia ." Bryan Joel of IGN gave All-New Savage She-Hulk #1 a grade of 7 out of 10, writing, "The issue looks just as good as it reads, thanks to the duo of Peter Vale and Robert Atkins. The artists share the pencil duties, but the whole issue maintains

2001-499: Is an ally of Red-Shulk and is a member of his task force. Lyra / She-Hulk appears as an alternate costume for Jennifer Walters / She-Hulk in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds and Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 . Jeff Parker (comics) Jeff Parker (born October 25, 1966) is an American comic book writer and artist . He is a member of Helioscope Studio (formerly Periscope Studio, also known as Mercury Studio). Parker,

2088-448: Is another possible mechanism of gamma ray production. Neutron stars with a very high magnetic field ( magnetars ), thought to produce astronomical soft gamma repeaters , are another relatively long-lived star-powered source of gamma radiation. More powerful gamma rays from very distant quasars and closer active galaxies are thought to have a gamma ray production source similar to a particle accelerator . High energy electrons produced by

2175-403: Is classified as X-rays and is the subject of X-ray astronomy . Gamma rays are ionizing radiation and are thus hazardous to life. They can cause DNA mutations , cancer and tumors , and at high doses burns and radiation sickness . Due to their high penetration power, they can damage bone marrow and internal organs. Unlike alpha and beta rays, they easily pass through the body and thus pose

2262-446: Is close to the edge of the visible universe . Due to their penetrating nature, gamma rays require large amounts of shielding mass to reduce them to levels which are not harmful to living cells, in contrast to alpha particles , which can be stopped by paper or skin, and beta particles , which can be shielded by thin aluminium. Gamma rays are best absorbed by materials with high atomic numbers ( Z ) and high density, which contribute to

2349-427: Is defined as the probability of cancer induction and genetic damage. The International Commission on Radiological Protection says "In the low dose range, below about 100 mSv, it is scientifically plausible to assume that the incidence of cancer or heritable effects will rise in direct proportion to an increase in the equivalent dose in the relevant organs and tissues" High doses produce deterministic effects, which

2436-404: Is dominated by the more common and longer-term production of gamma rays that emanate from pulsars within the Milky Way. Sources from the rest of the sky are mostly quasars . Pulsars are thought to be neutron stars with magnetic fields that produce focused beams of radiation, and are far less energetic, more common, and much nearer sources (typically seen only in our own galaxy) than are quasars or

2523-737: Is even assisted by Silver Surfer when he arrives to help. Following the Fear Itself storyline, Lyra is seen as part of the new class of students when the Avengers Academy moves to the former headquarters of the West Coast Avengers . After her time at the Avengers Academy, Lyra later resurfaces on an environmental crusade against fracking operations by large corporations. The Hulk, now controlled by his Doc Green persona, ambushes Lyra and attempts to defeat her as part of his plan to rid

2610-419: Is followed 99.88% of the time: Another example is the alpha decay of Am to form Np ; which is followed by gamma emission. In some cases, the gamma emission spectrum of the daughter nucleus is quite simple, (e.g. Co / Ni ) while in other cases, such as with ( Am / Np and Ir / Pt ),

2697-414: Is much slower in the case of a low-dose exposure. Studies have shown low-dose gamma radiation may be enough to cause cancer. In a study of mice, they were given human-relevant low-dose gamma radiation, with genotoxic effects 45 days after continuous low-dose gamma radiation, with significant increases of chromosomal damage, DNA lesions and phenotypic mutations in blood cells of irradiated animals, covering

She-Hulk (Lyra) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2784-572: Is rounded out with a seven-page behind the scenes conversation with Fred Van Lente, Jeff Parker, and Paul Tobin, moderated by editor Mark Paniccia. This may not be the most ideal way to try to justify the extra buck this issue runs above many other shelfmates, but it does offer a little more creativity than some randomly fished out reprint would." Joe Garza of SlashFilm included the All-New Savage She-Hulk comic book series in their "15 Best She-Hulk Comics You Need To Read," stating, "The story

2871-408: Is the severity of acute tissue damage that is certain to happen. These effects are compared to the physical quantity absorbed dose measured by the unit gray (Gy). When gamma radiation breaks DNA molecules, a cell may be able to repair the damaged genetic material, within limits. However, a study of Rothkamm and Lobrich has shown that this repair process works well after high-dose exposure but

2958-499: Is used for irradiating or imaging is known as a gamma source. It is also called a radioactive source , isotope source, or radiation source, though these more general terms also apply to alpha and beta-emitting devices. Gamma sources are usually sealed to prevent radioactive contamination , and transported in heavy shielding. Gamma rays are produced during gamma decay, which normally occurs after other forms of decay occur, such as alpha or beta decay. A radioactive nucleus can decay by

3045-667: The Cygnus X-3 microquasar . Natural sources of gamma rays originating on Earth are mostly a result of radioactive decay and secondary radiation from atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. However, there are other rare natural sources, such as terrestrial gamma-ray flashes , which produce gamma rays from electron action upon the nucleus. Notable artificial sources of gamma rays include fission , such as that which occurs in nuclear reactors , and high energy physics experiments, such as neutral pion decay and nuclear fusion . The energy ranges of gamma rays and X-rays overlap in

3132-536: The Venom symbiote —which she calls the "black bloom"—due to a vaccination injected when she was a child. She is able to feel minute traces of gamma rays in her environment and see the weak points in others. Lyra also has a regerative healing factor. Lyra must remain calm to use her superhuman abilities efficiently. She becomes weaker rather than stronger when she gets angry. She still maintains superhuman abilities such as enhanced strength, with her lowest strength being equivalent to that of Peter Parker / Spider-Man . This

3219-455: The electromagnetic spectrum , so the terminology for these electromagnetic waves varies between scientific disciplines. In some fields of physics, they are distinguished by their origin: gamma rays are created by nuclear decay while X-rays originate outside the nucleus. In astrophysics , gamma rays are conventionally defined as having photon energies above 100 keV and are the subject of gamma-ray astronomy , while radiation below 100 keV

3306-459: The extragalactic background light in the universe: The highest-energy rays interact more readily with the background light photons and thus the density of the background light may be estimated by analyzing the incoming gamma ray spectra. Gamma spectroscopy is the study of the energetic transitions in atomic nuclei, which are generally associated with the absorption or emission of gamma rays. As in optical spectroscopy (see Franck–Condon effect)

3393-537: The 2010 Fall of the Hulks: The Savage She-Hulks series, her second solo comic book series. She appeared the 2010 She-Hulks: Hunt for the Intelligencia series. Following the failed assassination attempt during which a key component of the male genetic birthing matrix—stolen to replace an identical component of the Femizon's matrix—is destroyed, Lyra is dispatched back in time to the era of Dark Reign on Earth-616 in

3480-471: The 616 and reunited with mother in Weirdworld , where the two have fun there. Lyra possesses superhuman strength, which she is able to enhance further through a meditative fighting-trance (that also greatly enhances her sensory perception of her surroundings), as well as superhuman stamina, durability, agility, and speed. She can leap over 600 feet upwards, and 1000 feet across. She also possesses an immunity to

3567-634: The Boy Robot animated series while contributing art to a number of short stories featuring the Escapist and Buffy the Vampire Slayer for Dark Horse and various ancillary Batman characters for DC. Parker's first major work as a writer was the 2003 graphic novel The Interman , which he also pencilled, inked, lettered, colored and self-published under the Octopus Press name. In 2006, Parker announced

She-Hulk (Lyra) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3654-598: The Dark Avengers corner Lyra, but Jennifer Walters rushes to her aid. Both manage to escape by the aid of A.R.M.O.R. Instead of returning to her Earth, Lyra decides to stay and become an agent of A.R.M.O.R. Lyra went out in search of Jennifer Walters, as only she could help her in orientation on Earth-616. However, she is attacked by the Gamma Corps, who were hired by Osborn to capture her and Boudicca to recover incriminating files she stole from Osborn and to gain knowledge of

3741-467: The Femizons, Lyra hopes that by killing the greatest hero, the men will have nothing to worship and many Femizons will be spared. She comes into conflict with the original She-Hulk (Jennifer Walters). In this fight, She-Hulk makes references to Thundra and how she looks similar to Lyra, which angers Lyra. It is then discovered that Lyra becomes weaker as she becomes angrier. Before Jennifer can capitalize,

3828-420: The K shell electrons of the atom, causing it to be ejected from that atom, in a process generally termed the photoelectric effect (external gamma rays and ultraviolet rays may also cause this effect). The photoelectric effect should not be confused with the internal conversion process, in which a gamma ray photon is not produced as an intermediate particle (rather, a "virtual gamma ray" may be thought to mediate

3915-451: The Sentry intervenes. Lyra tells the Sentry that she is looking for the greatest hero, and the name of that hero is Norman Osborn . When Lyra finally manages to confront him, she reveals that her mission is not to kill him, but to breed with him. Upon kissing him, she recollects all the evil he will be responsible for creating in the future and refuses to go through with it. Norman and the rest of

4002-481: The Unfathomable with artist Tom Fowler , published by DC Comics' Wildstorm imprint, and Underground with artist Steve Lieber , published by Image . Upon its completion, Underground was posted in its entirety on the "Comics and Cartoons" subsection of the imageboard website 4chan , which attracted the attention of Lieber, who joined the thread discussing the series and held an impromptu Q&A session with

4089-495: The absorption of gamma rays by a nucleus is especially likely (i.e., peaks in a "resonance") when the energy of the gamma ray is the same as that of an energy transition in the nucleus. In the case of gamma rays, such a resonance is seen in the technique of Mössbauer spectroscopy . In the Mössbauer effect the narrow resonance absorption for nuclear gamma absorption can be successfully attained by physically immobilizing atomic nuclei in

4176-706: The annihilating electron and positron are at rest, each of the resulting gamma rays has an energy of ~ 511 keV and frequency of ~ 1.24 × 10  Hz . Similarly, a neutral pion most often decays into two photons. Many other hadrons and massive bosons also decay electromagnetically. High energy physics experiments, such as the Large Hadron Collider , accordingly employ substantial radiation shielding. Because subatomic particles mostly have far shorter wavelengths than atomic nuclei, particle physics gamma rays are generally several orders of magnitude more energetic than nuclear decay gamma rays. Since gamma rays are at

4263-448: The anonymous users of the website. According to Parker and Lieber, this particular instance of comic book piracy led to a noticeable rise in sales of the series' collected edition. In 2021, Parker launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund his next creator-owned project, the graphic novel Blighter: Tracker of the Realm with art by Drew Moss. In 2010, Parker took over the writing duties of

4350-441: The atmosphere. Gamma rays up to 100 MeV can be emitted by terrestrial thunderstorms, and were discovered by space-borne observatories. This raises the possibility of health risks to passengers and crew on aircraft flying in or near thunderclouds. The most effusive solar flares emit across the entire EM spectrum, including γ-rays. The first confident observation occurred in 1972 . Extraterrestrial, high energy gamma rays include

4437-470: The average 10 seconds. Such relatively long-lived excited nuclei are termed nuclear isomers , and their decays are termed isomeric transitions . Such nuclei have half-lifes that are more easily measurable, and rare nuclear isomers are able to stay in their excited state for minutes, hours, days, or occasionally far longer, before emitting a gamma ray. The process of isomeric transition is therefore similar to any gamma emission, but differs in that it involves

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4524-482: The bombarded atoms. Such transitions, a form of nuclear gamma fluorescence , form a topic in nuclear physics called gamma spectroscopy . Formation of fluorescent gamma rays are a rapid subtype of radioactive gamma decay. In certain cases, the excited nuclear state that follows the emission of a beta particle or other type of excitation, may be more stable than average, and is termed a metastable excited state, if its decay takes (at least) 100 to 1000 times longer than

4611-496: The cancer often has a higher metabolic rate than the surrounding tissues. The most common gamma emitter used in medical applications is the nuclear isomer technetium-99m which emits gamma rays in the same energy range as diagnostic X-rays. When this radionuclide tracer is administered to a patient, a gamma camera can be used to form an image of the radioisotope's distribution by detecting the gamma radiation emitted (see also SPECT ). Depending on which molecule has been labeled with

4698-496: The cancerous cells. The beams are aimed from different angles to concentrate the radiation on the growth while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. Gamma rays are also used for diagnostic purposes in nuclear medicine in imaging techniques. A number of different gamma-emitting radioisotopes are used. For example, in a PET scan a radiolabeled sugar called fluorodeoxyglucose emits positrons that are annihilated by electrons, producing pairs of gamma rays that highlight cancer as

4785-660: The collision of pairs of neutron stars, or a neutron star and a black hole . The so-called long-duration gamma-ray bursts produce a total energy output of about 10 joules (as much energy as the Sun will produce in its entire life-time) but in a period of only 20 to 40 seconds. Gamma rays are approximately 50% of the total energy output. The leading hypotheses for the mechanism of production of these highest-known intensity beams of radiation, are inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation from high-energy charged particles. These processes occur as relativistic charged particles leave

4872-453: The comic book continuation of the 1960s Batman television series for DC Comics in the form of the digital-first series Batman '66 . The following year, he began writing the Aquaman ongoing series. 2016 saw the release of Future Quest , written by Parker and drawn by Evan Shaner, the flagship series of DC Comics' short-lived attempt at reimagining various Hanna-Barbera characters for

4959-466: The earliest adventures of X-Men. Parker's other work of the period includes Walk-In and the second volume of Gamekeeper for Virgin Comics . In 2006, he revived the Octopus Press branding to publish Dear John , a book collecting 25 years of correspondence between comic book retailer John Hitchcock and the legendary artist Alex Toth . In 2009, Parker launched two creator-owned series: Mysterius

5046-479: The emission of an α or β particle. The daughter nucleus that results is usually left in an excited state. It can then decay to a lower energy state by emitting a gamma ray photon, in a process called gamma decay. The emission of a gamma ray from an excited nucleus typically requires only 10 seconds. Gamma decay may also follow nuclear reactions such as neutron capture , nuclear fission , or nuclear fusion. Gamma decay

5133-562: The energy of the gamma rays, the thicker the shielding made from the same shielding material is required. Materials for shielding gamma rays are typically measured by the thickness required to reduce the intensity of the gamma rays by one half (the half-value layer or HVL). For example, gamma rays that require 1 cm (0.4 inch) of lead to reduce their intensity by 50% will also have their intensity reduced in half by 4.1 cm of granite rock, 6 cm (2.5 inches) of concrete , or 9 cm (3.5 inches) of packed soil . However,

5220-425: The energy range from a few kilo electronvolts (keV) to approximately 8 megaelectronvolts (MeV), corresponding to the typical energy levels in nuclei with reasonably long lifetimes. The energy spectrum of gamma rays can be used to identify the decaying radionuclides using gamma spectroscopy . Very-high-energy gamma rays in the 100–1000 teraelectronvolt (TeV) range have been observed from astronomical sources such as

5307-579: The first three letters of the Greek alphabet: alpha rays as the least penetrating, followed by beta rays, followed by gamma rays as the most penetrating. Rutherford also noted that gamma rays were not deflected (or at least, not easily deflected) by a magnetic field, another property making them unlike alpha and beta rays. Gamma rays were first thought to be particles with mass, like alpha and beta rays. Rutherford initially believed that they might be extremely fast beta particles, but their failure to be deflected by

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5394-617: The future that would be beneficial to Osborn. Lyra, however, proves to be too difficult to capture. She is later seen in the company of Red She-Hulk and M.O.D.O.K and has joined their ranks for unknown reasons. After Thundra betrays Intelligencia to aid Red Hulk , Lyra takes her position in the Frightful Four. It is later revealed that Lyra only joined The Frightful Four in hopes of getting information on Jennifer's whereabouts. She finds her in stasis on an Intelligencia base. Lyra manages to free her, but both are attacked by Red She-Hulk. After

5481-423: The gamma emission spectrum is complex, revealing that a series of nuclear energy levels exist. Gamma rays are produced in many processes of particle physics . Typically, gamma rays are the products of neutral systems which decay through electromagnetic interactions (rather than a weak or strong interaction). For example, in an electron–positron annihilation , the usual products are two gamma ray photons. If

5568-509: The gamma ray background produced when cosmic rays (either high speed electrons or protons) collide with ordinary matter, producing pair-production gamma rays at 511 keV. Alternatively, bremsstrahlung are produced at energies of tens of MeV or more when cosmic ray electrons interact with nuclei of sufficiently high atomic number (see gamma ray image of the Moon near the end of this article, for illustration). The gamma ray sky (see illustration at right)

5655-494: The intermediate metastable excited state(s) of the nuclei. Metastable states are often characterized by high nuclear spin , requiring a change in spin of several units or more with gamma decay, instead of a single unit transition that occurs in only 10 seconds. The rate of gamma decay is also slowed when the energy of excitation of the nucleus is small. An emitted gamma ray from any type of excited state may transfer its energy directly to any electrons , but most probably to one of

5742-551: The latter term became generally accepted. A gamma decay was then understood to usually emit a gamma photon. Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth include gamma decay from naturally occurring radioisotopes such as potassium-40 , and also as a secondary radiation from various atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. Natural terrestrial sources that produce gamma rays include lightning strikes and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes , which produce high energy emissions from natural high-energy voltages. Gamma rays are produced by

5829-410: The male population and even forcing some of them into her own royal harem of sex slaves. However, she formed a peaceful matriarchy like her home world and she would rather stay there than go back. The three are accidentally teleported back to Earth-616 , and Veteri and Jessup agree to become Lyra's servants until they can find a way to get her back to her kingdom. Lyra is later shown to have indeed left

5916-402: The mass of this much concrete or soil is only 20–30% greater than that of lead with the same absorption capability. Depleted uranium is sometimes used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources , due to the smaller half-value layer when compared to lead (around 0.6 times the thickness for common gamma ray sources, i.e. Iridium-192 and Cobalt-60) and cheaper cost compared to tungsten . In

6003-623: The material (atomic density) and σ the absorption cross section in cm . As it passes through matter, gamma radiation ionizes via three processes: The secondary electrons (and/or positrons) produced in any of these three processes frequently have enough energy to produce much ionization themselves. Additionally, gamma rays, particularly high energy ones, can interact with atomic nuclei resulting in ejection of particles in photodisintegration , or in some cases, even nuclear fission ( photofission ). High-energy (from 80 GeV to ~10 TeV ) gamma rays arriving from far-distant quasars are used to estimate

6090-494: The modern audiences. In 2021, Parker and artist Javier Pulido launched a new volume of the Ninjak series for Valiant , although Pulido was taken off the title after three issues for undisclosed reasons. Parker cites Alex Toth , Milton Caniff , Harvey Kurtzman , Carl Barks and Alan Moore among his influences. Gamma radiation A gamma ray , also known as gamma radiation (symbol γ ),

6177-411: The ongoing series Hulk , launched two years prior by Jeph Loeb . That same year, Parker became the writer of the long-running series Thunderbolts . After seeing the titular team through the company-wide crossover storyline " Siege ", Parker revamped the title as part of the " Heroic Age " initiative which promised lighter tone for Marvel's superhero offerings. In 2013, Parker helmed the launch of

6264-424: The probability for absorption is proportional to the thickness of the layer, the density of the material, and the absorption cross section of the material. The total absorption shows an exponential decrease of intensity with distance from the incident surface: where x is the thickness of the material from the incident surface, μ= n σ is the absorption coefficient, measured in cm , n the number of atoms per cm of

6351-471: The process). One example of gamma ray production due to radionuclide decay is the decay scheme for cobalt-60, as illustrated in the accompanying diagram. First, Co decays to excited Ni by beta decay emission of an electron of 0.31  MeV . Then the excited Ni decays to the ground state (see nuclear shell model ) by emitting gamma rays in succession of 1.17 MeV followed by 1.33 MeV . This path

6438-466: The properties of semi-precious stones , and is often used to change white topaz into blue topaz . Non-contact industrial sensors commonly use sources of gamma radiation in refining, mining, chemicals, food, soaps and detergents, and pulp and paper industries, for the measurement of levels, density, and thicknesses. Gamma-ray sensors are also used for measuring the fluid levels in water and oil industries. Typically, these use Co-60 or Cs-137 isotopes as

6525-553: The quasar, and subjected to inverse Compton scattering, synchrotron radiation , or bremsstrahlung, are the likely source of the gamma rays from those objects. It is thought that a supermassive black hole at the center of such galaxies provides the power source that intermittently destroys stars and focuses the resulting charged particles into beams that emerge from their rotational poles. When those beams interact with gas, dust, and lower energy photons they produce X-rays and gamma rays. These sources are known to fluctuate with durations of

6612-538: The radiation source. In the US, gamma ray detectors are beginning to be used as part of the Container Security Initiative (CSI). These machines are advertised to be able to scan 30 containers per hour. Gamma radiation is often used to kill living organisms, in a process called irradiation . Applications of this include the sterilization of medical equipment (as an alternative to autoclaves or chemical means),

6699-638: The rarer gamma-ray burst sources of gamma rays. Pulsars have relatively long-lived magnetic fields that produce focused beams of relativistic speed charged particles, which emit gamma rays (bremsstrahlung) when those strike gas or dust in their nearby medium, and are decelerated. This is a similar mechanism to the production of high-energy photons in megavoltage radiation therapy machines (see bremsstrahlung ). Inverse Compton scattering , in which charged particles (usually electrons) impart energy to low-energy photons boosting them to higher energy photons. Such impacts of photons on relativistic charged particle beams

6786-523: The region of the event horizon of a newly formed black hole created during supernova explosion. The beam of particles moving at relativistic speeds are focused for a few tens of seconds by the magnetic field of the exploding hypernova . The fusion explosion of the hypernova drives the energetics of the process. If the narrowly directed beam happens to be pointed toward the Earth, it shines at gamma ray frequencies with such intensity, that it can be detected even at distances of up to 10 billion light years, which

6873-422: The removal of decay-causing bacteria from many foods and the prevention of the sprouting of fruit and vegetables to maintain freshness and flavor. Despite their cancer-causing properties, gamma rays are also used to treat some types of cancer , since the rays also kill cancer cells. In the procedure called gamma-knife surgery, multiple concentrated beams of gamma rays are directed to the growth in order to kill

6960-556: The rest is emitted as electromagnetic waves of all frequencies, including radio waves. The most intense sources of gamma rays, are also the most intense sources of any type of electromagnetic radiation presently known. They are the "long duration burst" sources of gamma rays in astronomy ("long" in this context, meaning a few tens of seconds), and they are rare compared with the sources discussed above. By contrast, "short" gamma-ray bursts of two seconds or less, which are not associated with supernovae, are thought to produce gamma rays during

7047-509: The three types of genotoxic activity. Another study studied the effects of acute ionizing gamma radiation in rats, up to 10 Gy , and who ended up showing acute oxidative protein damage, DNA damage, cardiac troponin T carbonylation, and long-term cardiomyopathy . The natural outdoor exposure in the United Kingdom ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 μSv/h with significant increase around known nuclear and contaminated sites. Natural exposure to gamma rays

7134-809: The top of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of energy, all extremely high-energy photons are gamma rays; for example, a photon having the Planck energy would be a gamma ray. A few gamma rays in astronomy are known to arise from gamma decay (see discussion of SN1987A ), but most do not. Photons from astrophysical sources that carry energy in the gamma radiation range are often explicitly called gamma-radiation. In addition to nuclear emissions, they are often produced by sub-atomic particle and particle-photon interactions. Those include electron-positron annihilation , neutral pion decay , bremsstrahlung , inverse Compton scattering , and synchrotron radiation . In October 2017, scientists from various European universities proposed

7221-523: The total stopping power. Because of this, a lead (high Z ) shield is 20–30% better as a gamma shield than an equal mass of another low- Z shielding material, such as aluminium, concrete, water, or soil; lead's major advantage is not in lower weight, but rather its compactness due to its higher density. Protective clothing, goggles and respirators can protect from internal contact with or ingestion of alpha or beta emitting particles, but provide no protection from gamma radiation from external sources. The higher

7308-446: The tracer, such techniques can be employed to diagnose a wide range of conditions (for example, the spread of cancer to the bones via bone scan ). Gamma rays cause damage at a cellular level and are penetrating, causing diffuse damage throughout the body. However, they are less ionising than alpha or beta particles, which are less penetrating. Low levels of gamma rays cause a stochastic health risk, which for radiation dose assessment

7395-404: The world of Gamma -powered superhumans. He plans to send her back to her original timeline, but the process is hijacked by Doc Green's A.I., Gammon, who instead traps Lyra in a hellish alternate dimension. Randall Jessup and Daman Veteri (two of Doc Green's assistants) eventually manage to track down Lyra, only to find that she has become the empress of the dimension she was banished to, subjugating

7482-470: The years included Mike Wieringo , Richard Case , Scott Hampton , Dave Johnson , Craig Gilmore and Casey Jones. Parker began his career in comics as an artist, inking various projects pencilled by his Artamus Studios colleagues and illustrating Solitaire for Malibu and Wonder Woman for DC Comics . In 1999, Parker moved to Los Angeles , where he worked as a storyboard artist on the Big Guy and Rusty

7569-571: Was done by her Femizon creators as a fail-safe way to keep her from turning on them. Dalton Norman of Screen Rant named Lyra one of the "10 Best Marvel Characters Who Made Their Debut In The Hulk Comics." Lyra received "enough of a positive fan response to earn her a try-out in a brand-new mini-series." According to Diamond Comic Distributors , All-New Savage She-Hulk #1 was the 102nd best selling comic book in April 2009. Doug Zawisza of Comic Book Resources asserted, "All-New Savage She-Hulk #1

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