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37-620: Alfonsine ( Romagnol : Agl'infulsẽ or Agl'infulsèn ) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Ravenna in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna . It is located 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of Bologna and 15 kilometres (9 mi) northwest of Ravenna . It is located between the Senio River and the Adriatic Sea . Its economy is based mostly on agriculture, especially wine and fruit production. There are two main theories regarding

74-527: A Western Romance language related to French , Romansh and Italian . However, the use of Forlivese is mostly limited to familiar terms and sentences, and is rare amongst Forlì inhabitants. Some pieces of literature and a recent translation of the Gospels are available. In his De vulgari eloquentia , Dante Alighieri also speaks of the Romagna dialect and cites the city of Forlì as meditullium , that is, as

111-916: Is not stressed are reduced in Romagnol to being only monosyllabic . An atonic syllable is dropped. These three tables list the vowel inventory of the "classical" version of the northern macro-dialect of Romagnol. The following table lists the vowels above alongside their relative orthography: orthography pronunciation around Lugo (RA) The letter z is always pronounced as either [ θ ] or [ ð ] and not [ t͡s ] or [ d͡z ] as in Standard Italian. [ ŋ ] occurs only before velar stops. Romagnol, in addition to its larger inventory of vowels, also has more consonants compared to Standard Italian. Additionally, consonants have these differences from Standard Italian: International Fujita scale The International Fujita scale (abbreviated as IF-Scale ) rates

148-401: Is often generically called a " dialect ". This is often incorrectly understood as to mean a dialect of Italian , which actually is not the case. Forlivese and Italian are different languages and are not mutually intelligible. Forlivese is a central Romagna variety and is intelligible to speakers of other neighbouring Romagna varieties. Like all other dialects of Romagna , Forlivese is

185-588: Is spoken to the east of this river and to the south of the Reno river . In the rest of Emilia-Romagna Region , Emilian is spoken in all the rest of the region moving from the Sillaro river to the west, up to Piacenza , and to the north of the Reno, up to the Po . The Reno river is the border between Romagnol and the dialect of Ferrara. Romagnol is spoken also in some villages northwards of

222-544: Is spoken, but its status as sub-variant of Romagnol or as separate language is disputed. Romagnol's first acknowledgement outside regional literature was in Dante Alighieri's treatise De vulgari eloquentia , wherein Dante compares "the language of Romagna" to his native Tuscan dialect . Eventually, in 1629, the author Adriano Banchieri wrote the treatise Discorso della lingua Bolognese , which countered Dante's claim that

259-575: Is the "Oratorio di S. Vincenzo Ferrari" (Oratory of San Vincenzo Ferrari) built in the mid-18th century, which houses a painting of the Virgin Mary attributed to the Longhi school. Also noteworthy is the reconstructed "Santuario della Madonna del Bosco" (Shrine of Our Lady of the Woods). Rebuilt on the ruins of its predecessor, it hosts a collection of 18th and 19th century Christian artifacts. In piazza Monti, where

296-434: Is written in a mixture of Italian and Romagnol . The first Romagnol poem dates back to the end of the 16th century: E Pvlon matt. Cantlena aroica (Mad Nap), a mock-heroic poem based on Orlando Furioso and written by an anonymous author from San Vittore di Cesena  [ it ] . The original poem comprised twelve cantos, of which only the first four survived (1848 lines). The first Romagnol poet to win fame

333-476: The IF scale , only wind speeds measured at or below 10 metres (11 yd) can be used to determine a rating. Doppler weather radar measurements are also able to be used to determine a rating if they are measured within damaging distance. For radar measurements, any readings below 60 metres (66 yd) can be used to determine a rating. For three-second wind speed measurements, it is assumed to be an average of 88.8% of

370-566: The Santerno river are considered by speakers of Sammarinese as being less, but still, intelligible, while past the Sillaro such intelligibility is lost. Forlivese is the central variety of Romagnol spoken in the city of Forlì and in its province. In Italian-speaking contexts, Forlivese (like most of the other non-Italian language varieties spoken within the borders of the Italian Republic)

407-606: The intensity of tornadoes and other wind events based on the severity of the damage they cause. It is used by the European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) and various other organizations including Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) and State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) . The scale is intended to be analogous to the Fujita and Enhanced Fujita scales, while being more applicable internationally by accounting for factors such as differences in building codes. In 2018,

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444-579: The Military Valor award for the Italian war of Independence as well as the silver medal for Military Valor for World War II for the sacrifices of its people as well as their participation to the Partisan resistance . Alfonsine is twinned with: Romagnol language Romagnol belongs to the Gallo-Italic family alongside Piedmontese , Ligurian and Lombard , forming with Emilian and as one of

481-489: The Reno river, such as Argenta and Filo, where people of Romagnol origin live alongside people of Ferrarese origin. Ferrara goes into Emilian language territory. Outside Emilia-Romagna, Romagnol is spoken in the Republic of San Marino ("Sammarinese"), and in two municipalities located in the province of Florence , Marradi and Palazzuolo sul Senio . In the province of Pesaro and Urbino of Marche region, Gallo-Picene

518-680: The Senio river. In the area 70% of the houses were destroyed, while the historic center was completely destroyed by the Germans before their retreat northward, after having been heavily bombed by the Allies. The center of Alfonsine was later rebuilt between 1946 and 1956 by the architect Giuseppe Vaccaro . On July 22nd, 2023, a strong tornado would track through areas in and around Alfonsine producing IF3 damage. The tornado injured 14 people. After World War II few historic buildings were left standing. Among them

555-543: The Tuscan dialect was better, arguing his belief that Bolognese (an Emilian dialect influenced by Romagnol that saw wide use in writing) was superior in "naturalness, softness, musicality, and usefulness." Romagnol received more recognition after Romagna gained independence from the Papal States . The first appearance of a distinct Romagnol literary work is "Sonetto romagnolo" by Bernardino Catti , from Ravenna , printed 1502. It

592-448: The acquisition of additional land north of Fusignano from a Venetian noble. The original town center was developed in part on land north of the Senio river and in part around the church of Nostra Signora (Our Lady), built in 1502 by Alfonso Calcagnini, Teofilo's son. This area was disputed territory between the city-state of Ravenna and the land controlled by the Este family . A compromise

629-447: The best known Romagnol authors are: Romagnol lacks a standardized orthography, leading to a huge varieties among authors. The orthography adopted here is from Vitali, D. (2008). "L'ortografia Romagnola" Unlike Standard Italian, not all nouns end in a theme vowel. Masculine nouns lack theme vowels, and feminine nouns typically (but not always) terminate in a . Masculine nouns and adjectives undergo lexically-specified umlaut to form

666-535: The central place of Romagna, where the Romagna dialect evidently finds its most characteristic and peculiar form. Therefore the Forlì dialect is not a "variant" of the Romagna dialect, but its own and main version. In the West, The Sillaro river marks the cultural and linguistic border between Emilian language speakers and Romagnol speakers; it runs 25 km east from Bologna to the west of Castel San Pietro Terme . Romagnol

703-570: The country returned to the Holy See . In 1859, with the loss of papal power in Romagna, Alfonsine was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia , which in 1861 became the Kingdom of Italy . In the beginning of the 20th century Alfonsine experienced social unrest. The harsh living conditions at the end of the previous century led to the formation of bands of outlaws, but also to the creation of political associations and charitable organizations which worked to improve

740-572: The first draft version of the IF-scale, version 0.10 was published. This version was based on a 12-step rating scale. Over the next few years, dozens of tornadoes would be rated on this version of the scale. Most notably, the 2021 South Moravia tornado received a rating (IF4) and full damage survey on the IF-scale conducted by ESSL, the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute and four other organizations. On May 6, 2023, version 0.99.9d

777-474: The first, -êr ; the second, -ér ; the third, -ar ; and the fourth, -ìr . Marked differences in Romagnol from Standard Italian are that personal pronouns are required, and some verbs in Romagnol use a reflexive construction even if the speaker is not the second argument of the verb although Italian uses an intransitive construction . Impersonal verbs , which lack a canonical subject, in Romagnol use "avèr" but in Standard Italian use "essere." Even though

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814-518: The hills. It has an inventory of up to 20 vowels that contrast in the stressed position, compared to seven in Italian. They are marked in the orthography by using diacritics on a , e , i , o and u . The absence of an official institution regulating its orthography often leads to ambiguities in the transcription of vowel sounds. Some words that in Latin are trisyllabic or tetrasyllabic in which u

851-511: The living conditions of the lower classes. On the eve of World War I , from 7 to 13 June 1914, known in Italy as "Settimana Rossa" ( Red Week ), there was widespread unrest in Alfonsine, during which both the city hall and the church were set on fire. During World War II , bloody clashes between the occupying Germans , Allied forces and Italian partisans , took place in Alfonsine, especially along

888-462: The lower or upper bound of the overlapping rating came close to the central value of the other rating. The IF scale currently has 23 damage indicators (DI), each with a varying number of subclasses and degrees of damage (DoD). A unique feature of the International Fujita scale compared to the Fujita or Enhanced Fujita scale is a new damage indicator based on measured wind speeds. For

925-429: The name derives from the Latin term "fossa" (man-made ditch, channel), and that only later, by coincidence, it was influenced by the name of Alfonso Calcagnini. Alfonsine was founded in 1464 when some land north of the city of Fusignano , consisting primarily of wetlands, was donated by Borso d'Este to Teofilo Calcagnini who began an aggressive reclamation process. In 1468 Calcagnini expanded his territory through

962-432: The origin of the name Alfonsine . The most widely accepted theory, based on documents dating back to the early 16th century, is that the town is named after Alfonso Calcagnini, credited with reclaiming land from the marshes on which the town was founded. The second hypothesis is attributed to Antonio Polloni, who in his 1966 book Toponomastica Romagnola ("The geographical structure of the region of Romagna"), postulates that

999-602: The original parish church was located, now stands the "Chiesa del Sacro Cuore" (Church of the Sacred Heart). The parish church was instead rebuilt at a new location and dedicated to Saint Mary. The Special Natural Reserve of Alfosine is part of the Regional Park of the Po Delta. It consists of three areas that were once inhabited, and subsequently converted to parkland and returned to a natural state. The City of Alfonsine received

1036-540: The plural, and feminine nouns and adjectives form the plural by a becoming i or being deleted after a consonant cluster or a double consonant. Both languages derive their lexicon from Vulgar Latin , but some words differ in gender. Italian and Romagnol share many of the same features when it comes to verbs. Both languages use subject–verb–object in simple sentences for their word order . Verbs are conjugated according to tense, mood, and person . Romagnol also has four conjugations, compared to Standard Italian's three:

1073-439: The steps be consistent with the original Fujita scale, they introduced steps with – and + suffixes indicating steps one third higher or lower than the central value of the original scale, e.g. F1- equals "F2 - 1⁄3F2" and F2+ equals "F2 + 1⁄3F2". Above F2, such a subdivision was not introduced and only full steps are used. On May 6, 2023, version 0.99.9d was published, which changed it to a 9-step rating scale. In this version,

1110-513: The subject is null, an expletive pronoun is inserted in the specifier position, much like "it" in English. Also, whereas Standard Italian and other northern dialects omit the definite article before "singular names and names of relatives", Romagnol keeps it. Romagnol has lexical and syntactic uniformity throughout its area. However, its pronunciation changes as one goes from the Po Valley to

1147-432: The tornado intensity. The IF-scale steps are defined by a central value and an error. The errors have been estimated to be 30% of the central value, resulting in overlapping speed ranges. The distances between the central values of the steps have been so chosen that the upper bound exceeds the central value of the next step, ensuring a balance between the resolution of the scale and the expected errors. Since ESSL required that

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1184-472: The two branches of the Emilian-Romagnol linguistic continuum. Further groupings of variants of Romagnol have not been set yet and both speakers and authors tend to refer to their own town or the nearest major province cities. The variants of Romagnol form a dialect continuum with their neighbouring varieties, while the more distant dialects might be less mutually intelligible. Variants spoken north of

1221-460: The wind speed damage indicator was introduced, which made it the first tornado intensity and damage scale to use measured wind speeds and Doppler weather radar measured wind speeds. When the first official publication of the IF scale, the 9-step rating scale was kept. It was noted that each scale's wind speed is to be taken with a 20% error margin on each side of the central value. This was done to ensure

1258-415: Was confirmed by pope Clement VIII at the end of the 16th century. During the 18th century the town's population and its economy grew. However, the living conditions of the commoners were harsh due to heavy taxation by the feudal class which left them impoverished. The Napoleonic period saw the emancipation of Alfonsine, which in 1814 became a municipality. The following year, after the fall of Napoleon,

1295-522: Was eventually signed in 1506, giving the land to Ravenna. In 1509, the territories under the domain of Ravenna came under the control of the Papal States . In 1519 Pope Leo X transferred ownership of the region to Theophilus Calcagnini. To honor his benefactor Calcagnini called his land "Leonian territory". The Calcagnini family became feudal Lords on behalf of both the Church and the Este family. The family's position

1332-506: Was published, which changed it to a 9-step rating scale. In late July 2023, the first official version of the IF scale was published. The 12 categories for the International Fujita scale are listed below, in order of increasing intensity. Although the wind speeds and photographic damage examples are updated, which are more or less still accurate. However, for the actual IF-scale in practice, damage indicators (the type of structure which has been damaged) are predominantly used in determining

1369-465: Was the cleric Pietro Santoni, ( Fusignano , 1736–1823). He was the teacher of Vincenzo Monti , one of the most famous Italian poets of his time. In 1840, the first Romagnol-Italian Dictionary was published by Antonio Morri  [ it ] ; it was printed in Faenza . The 20th century saw a flourishing of Romagnol literature. Theatrical plays, poems and books of a high quality were produced. Some of

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