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22-524: Until the 18th century, the Neglinnaya River flowed on the site of Alexandrovsky Gardens, over which four bridges were built. Historically, folk festivals were held on the river banks, its water was clean and famous for fishing.  After the end of the Napoleonic Wars , Emperor Alexander I decided to take the river underground and enclose it in a pipe three kilometres long. Gardens were laid out in

44-606: A barbican tower, commonly called Six Gates (two for through traffic, four looking sideways). This ornate tower is believed to be the first stone Triumph arch in Muscovy. The bridge deck originally included wooden storehouses, mills, taverns and tax collector's booths. All of these additions were destroyed in 1785 by the governor's decree. Still, it remained a busy public square and a place for religious ceremonies. Police reported frequent illegal street races in troikas , which assembled thousands of bystanders; more races followed when

66-543: A chain of six interconnected ponds , used for firefighting, with watermills , forges , workshops and public baths (Moscow's two best-known public baths, Central and Sandunоvskie , built in 1890s, are still located on Neglinnaya Street ). There were four bridges across the Neglinnaya River: Voskresensky Bridge (its fragments unearthed during a 1994 excavation), three-span Kuznetsky Bridge , Trinity Bridge and Petrovsky Bridge (the remains of

88-471: A new and wider bridge was completed. The Second Stone Bridge was built in 1859 by colonel Tannenberg on the same site, in line with today's Lenivka Street. The new bridge had three steel arched spans (36+40+36 meters) on stone pillars, similar to still existing Novospassky Bridge and Borodinsky Bridge . The main drawback, compared to these later bridges, was that the Stone Bridge left no free passage for

110-407: Is dotted with diminutive statues on subjects taken from Russian fables designed by Zurab Tsereteli . Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge 55°44′48″N 37°36′44″E  /  55.74667°N 37.61222°E  / 55.74667; 37.61222 Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge ( Russian : Большой Каменный мост , Greater Stone Bridge ) is a steel arch bridge spanning Moskva River at the western end of

132-623: The Field of Mars in Leningrad . Created in 1967, it contains the body of a soldier who fell during the Great Patriotic War at the kilometer 41 marker of Leningradskoe Shosse, the nearest point the forces of Nazi Germany penetrated towards Moscow. Post Number One, where the honor sentinels stand on guard, used to be located in front of Lenin's Mausoleum , but was moved to the Tomb of The Unknown Soldier in

154-649: The Moscow Kremlin . Its predecessor was the first permanent stone bridge in Moscow , Russia . The existing bridge was completed in 1938 by engineer Nikolai Kalmykov. A "live" bridge of boats linked the Kremlin with Zamoskvorechye on a nearby site as early as the 15th century. In 1643, Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich engaged Anie and Jogann Cristler, architects from Strassburg to design a stone bridge. Anie Cristler and Tsar Mikhail died in 1645, construction halted. Sources about

176-577: The 1990s. The middle section of the upper garden contains a faux ruined grotto built underneath the Middle Arsenal Tower . Although not constructed until 1841, this was part of Bove's original design. The garden's cast iron gate and grille were designed to commemorate the Russian victories over Napoleon , and its rocks are rubble from buildings destroyed during the French occupation of Moscow . In front of

198-469: The Borovitskaya Tower, one of two vehicular and pedestrian entrances to the Kremlin. Neglinnaya (river) The Neglinnaya (Russian: Неглинная , IPA: [nʲɪˈɡlʲinːəjə] ), also known as Neglinka , Neglinna , Neglimna (Неглинка, Неглинна, Неглимна), is a 7.5 km underground river in the central part of Moscow and a tributary of the river Moskva . It flows in

220-536: The city cleared it and covered with a masonry vault, creating the first Neglinnaya Tunnel (1817-1819), which also formed present-day Neglinnaya Street and Theatre Square . Before centralised city sewage (1887), the tunnel doubled as a sewer, dumping the refuse into the Moskva River. The first reconstruction (1910—1914) replaced part of the tunnel with a larger pipe, but was terminated by World War I . This new pipe, designed by engineer Schekotov ( Schekotov Tunnel ),

242-460: The completion of the first Stone Bridge are contradictory. Archive studies by Ivan Kondratyev indicate that original draft had 5 main spans of 40 arshin each. Later, numerous repairs (1707, 1731, 1771, 1788–1792, 1809–1812) changed it to seven spans over eight stone pillars. It is estimated that the river maximum width was 105 meters (50 sazhen ), and overall length of the bridge was 70 sazhen , 11 sazhen wide. Its south end terminated with

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264-571: The grotto is an obelisk erected on July 10, 1914, a year after the tercentenary of the Romanov dynasty was celebrated. The monument made of granite from Finland listed all of the Romanov Tsars and had the coats of arms of the (Russian) provinces. Four years later, the dynasty was gone, and the Bolsheviks (per Lenin ’s directive on Monumental propaganda ) removed the imperial eagle , and re-carved

286-620: The last were discovered during the reconstruction of the Maly Theatre ). The first plans to rebuild the Neglinnaya River, presented in 1775, materialized in 1792. A new masonry canal , one sazhen (2.13 m) wide, was laid parallel to the Neglinnaya; after diverting water into the channel, builders filled the old river bed with earth. After the Fire of Moscow (1812) , the canal was so polluted that

308-577: The military victory over Napoleon. The northern part of the garden is adjacent to the large underground shopping complex at Manege Square . The most prominent feature of the Middle Garden is the outlying Kutafya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin . There is an entrance to the park opposite the tower directly to the Moscow Metro system. Laid out in 1823, the Lower Garden stretches to the road leading to

330-415: The monument with a list of 19 socialist and communist philosophers and political leaders, personally approved by Lenin. Originally in the Lower Garden, it was relocated to its present location in 1966. There is discussion to remove Lenin's and reinstall an obelisk duplicating the original. The wrought iron grille, enclosing this part of the garden, has a design of fasces , which are intended to commemorate

352-440: The path under Zaryadye . In 1974–1989, after the 1973 flood, the city built a completely-new 4 km tunnel, 3.47 m high and 4.90 m wide, from Durova Street to Metropol Hotel (where the tunnel forks into two branches). The old tunnel was reused as a pipe and cable conduit. Present-day ponds on Manezhnaya Square (1996) are not the Neglinnaya River but an imitation. The real river runs too deep to be properly displayed. The area

374-605: The traffic on embankments. Riverside traffic had to cross bridge traffic in the same level. This design error became a problem even before automobiles and this is why the Second Stone bridge was demolished in 1930s, while Novospassky Bridge still stands. The first contest for the Third Stone Bridge was held in 1921; none of the entries were selected. The second contest was won jointly by engineer Nikolai Kalmykov and Schuko-Gelfreikh-Minkus team of architects. Kalmykov's design

396-455: The tunnels under Samotechnaya Street, Tsvetnoy Boulevard , Neglinnaya Street and Alexander Garden and Zaryadye . The Neglinnaya discharges into the Moskva through two separate tunnels near Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge and Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge . The river in its natural state used to flow openly from the northern parts of Moscow to the south across the very centre of the city. The Kremlin

418-639: The vacated place, designed by the architect Osip Bove as part of a plan to restore Moscow after the fire of 1812. The gardens were built from 1819 to 1823 and were originally called the Kremlin Gardens. After the coronation of Alexander II in 1856, the gardens were renamed the Alexander Gardens. Towards the main entrance to the park is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier with an eternal flame brought from

440-429: Was adequate by any standard, and could suffice, if completed in full length. Narrow cross-section of old pipe, however, could not accommodate the volume of water, especially during high water and freshets , flooding central streets; the most recent catastrophic floods occurred in 1965 (twice) and 1973 (also twice). In 1966, the city built a second arm for the Neglinnaya River (length: 1 km, width : 4 m ), cutting

462-423: Was built on a hill east of the Neglinnaya, using the river as a moat. The moat did not stop foreign invasions but slowed development of territories west of the Kremlin; initially, the city grew eastward, into Red Square and Kitay-gorod . When Muscovites began settling on the western side, territories around the Neglinnaya remained vacant due to frequent flooding. Muscovites constructed a number of dams , creating

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484-447: Was completed in 1935-1938, on a site which is two blocks closer to Kremlin than the previous bridges. The single arched span is 105 meters wide and 8.4 meter high. A total of 6 parallel, boxed steel arches support the 40 meter wide roadway. The arch rests on submerged caisson foundations. Embankment traffic uses two 42.5 meter long side arches. Total length, including approach ramps, is 487 meters. There are 8 lanes for regular traffic and

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