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21-740: The Albtrauf has its geological extension in the northeast, in the stepped slopes of the Franconian Jura and in the southwest and west among the Jurassic period stepped slopes of the Baaralb , Hegaualb , Randen , Klettgau , Aargau as well as the Table Jura stretches from the city of Basel to the Ajoie and the French Scarplands . In geology and geomorphology , however, the term “Trauf” merely describes

42-535: A stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Rockfall A rockfall or rock-fall is a quantity/sheets of rock that has fallen freely from a cliff face. The term is also used for collapse of rock from roof or walls of mine or quarry workings. "A rockfall is a fragment of rock (a block) detached by sliding, toppling, or falling, that falls along a vertical or sub-vertical cliff, proceeds down slope by bouncing and flying along ballistic trajectories or by rolling on talus or debris slopes." Alternatively,

63-524: A "rockfall is the natural downward motion of a detached block or series of blocks with a small volume involving free falling, bouncing, rolling, and sliding". The mode of failure differs from that of a rockslide . Favourable geology and climate are the principal causal mechanisms of rockfall, factors that include intact condition of the rock mass, discontinuities within the rockmass, weathering susceptibility, ground and surface water, freeze-thaw , root-wedging, and external stresses. A tree may be blown by

84-532: A dip slope include, from northeast to southwest, Ipf , Hohenstaufen , Achalm and Hohenzollern (Zoller). Kaltes Feld, Michelsberg , Farrenberg , the plateau of Burgfelden (Böllat-Heersberg) and Plettenberg rank among the most impressive inliers and outliers with a dip slope . The vegetation consists mainly of beech forest . Juniper heathland, typical of the high plains of the Swabian Alps, can also be found in scattered locations, such as on Jusi , and

105-874: A great distance, such as the Hohenzollern Castle , the Hohenneuffen Castle and the Teck Castle . Major traffic routes leading from the alpine foothills to the Albtrauf are known as the Alb ascension (German: Albaufstieg ), the best known of them being the Geislinger Steige . The Albtrauf is made up of an upper rock layer of the Brown Jurassic and lower and middle layers of the White Jurassic . The harder layers of

126-689: Is an upland in Franconia , Bavaria , Germany . Located between two rivers, the Danube in the south and the Main in the north, its peaks reach elevations of up to 600 metres (2,000 ft) and it has an area of some 7053.8 km . It is part of the Table Jura ( Tafeljura ). Large portions of the Franconian Jura are part of the Altmühl Valley Nature Park . The scenic meanders and gorges formed by

147-492: Is generally under conservation. Slow-growing oaks grow on the rocky outcrops. Spruce and fir forest can also be found in the Hohen Schwabenalb (high Swabian Alps) as a result of forestry atypical for the area. White outcrops of reef limestone protruding out of the forest all around are also characteristic. The Albtrauf was poetically dubbed “Blue Wall” by Eduard Mörike , owing to the pale blue shimmer that appears when it

168-402: Is not favorable to a rockfall, which is better consolidated, may be said to be competent. In higher altitude mountains, rockfalls may be caused by thawing of rock masses with permafrost . In contrast, lower altitude mountains with warmer climates rockfalls may be caused by weathering being enhanced by non-freezing conditions. Assessing the propagation of rockfall is a key issue for defining

189-537: Is several kilometres broad. Moreover, the W δ step, which includes inliers and outliers located on the outskirts such as Kornbühl , is receding. Retrogressive erosion has caused the Albtrauf to recede southeast by an average of few millimeters each year. This process is responsible for the deep dips and embayment along the Albtrauf. Landslides and rockfalls also contribute to this process. The ensemble of relief features includes cuestas , rock ledges , spurs and inliers . The most famous inliers and outliers without

210-495: Is viewed from a distance. The Schwäbische-Alb-Nordrand-Weg (Hauptwanderweg 1, HW 1), a hiking trail maintained by the Schwäbischen Albverein (Swabian Jura Association) , provides access to the Albtrauf and leads from Donauwörth to Tuttlingen . Franconian Jura The Franconian Jura ( German : Fränkische Alb [ˈfʁɛŋkɪʃə ˈʔalp] , Fränkischer Jura , Frankenalb or Frankenjura )

231-567: Is where only the effects of the rockfall event are mitigated and are generally employed in the deposition or run-out zones, such as through the use of drape nets, rockfall catchment fences, galeries, ditches, embankments , etc. The rockfall still takes place but an attempt is made to control the outcome. In contrast, active mitigation is carried out in the initiation zone and prevents the rockfall event from ever occurring. Some examples of these measures are rock bolting , slope retention systems, shotcrete , etc. Other active measures might be by changing

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252-517: The Brown Jurassic act as the foundation of this bed and so form the highest, often weakly developed layer of the Alpine foothills. The Brown Jurassic differs regionally: Sandflaserschichten (Quenstedtsche Gliederung B β) in the eastern Alps, Blaukalke (B γ) in the mid Alps, o olithische Kalkmergel (B δ) in the western Alps. The lower section of the stepped slope are made up of the claystone layers of

273-533: The Brown Jurassic, stretching to the Ornatenton Formation which ends this section. The equally soft Kalkmergel (W α) follows as the first layer of the White Jurassic. Hard limestone acts as a layer-former in the W β, (as reef limestone in the western Alps, and otherwise as the mural Wohlgeschichtete Kalk Formation ), as well as in the W δ (reef limestone is found across the whole region, but especially in

294-424: The best mitigation strategy as it allows the delineation of run out zones and the quantification of the rock blocks kinematics parameters along their way down to the elements at risk. In this purpose, many approaches may be considered. For example, the energy line method allows expediently estimating the rockfall run out. Numerical models simulating the rock block propagation offer a more detailed characterisation of

315-538: The brink of the stepped slopes where various stepped surfaces meet (which is not developed in hipped steps). Like the entirety of the Swabian Alps, the Albtrauf leads from the southwest to the northeast, approximately following the line of Donaueschingen – Lemberg – Balingen – Reutlingen – Kirchheim unter Teck – Gingen an der Fils –Unterkochen. On a closer look it is markedly interrupted by many deeply eroded valleys. The protruding inliers and outliers (German: Zeugenberge ) support famous castles, which are visible from

336-418: The geographic or climatic characteristics in the initiation zone, e.g. altering slope geometry, dewatering the slope , revegetation, etc. Design guides of passive measures with respect to the block trajectory control have been proposed by several authors. The effect of rockfalls on trees can be seen in several ways. The tree roots may rotate, via the rotational energy of the rockfall. The tree may move via

357-507: The northeast. In the Eastern Alps and in parts of the Mid Alps (up to Bad Urach ) W ß does not appear as a layer-former, but as escarpment in the slope which climbs up to the W δ. W ß and W δ levels, the latter being about 100 m high, are distinctly pronounced from Reutlingen to Mössingen . Further to the west the W ß forms both the front of the Albtrauf and an adjoining dip slope , which

378-511: The river Altmühl draw tourists to visit the region. Geologically, the Franconian Jura is the eastern continuation of the Swabian Jura . The mountain chains are separated from each other by the impact crater of the Nördlinger Ries . The northern part of the Franconian Jura is known as Franconian Switzerland ( German : Fränkische Schweiz ). This Bavaria location article is

399-436: The rockfall propagation kinematics. These simulation tools in particular focus on the modeling of the rebound of the rock block onto the soil The numerical models in particular provide the rock block passing height and kinetic energy that are necessary for designing passive mitigation structures. Typically, rockfall events are mitigated in one of two ways: either by passive mitigation or active mitigation. Passive mitigation

420-400: The wind, and this causes a pressure at the root level and this loosens rocks and can trigger a fall. The pieces of rock collect at the bottom creating a talus or scree . Rocks falling from the cliff may dislodge other rocks and serve to create another mass wasting process, for example an avalanche . A cliff that has favorable geology to a rockfall may be said to be incompetent. One that

441-487: The young layers). In between these is a marl complex. The intermediate inclination of the Albtrauf amounts to roughly 35 degrees. In the Erms valley region and near Balingen the Albtrauf reaches an average height of nearly 400m. The edge of the slope is at approximately 1000 metres above sea level (German: Normalhöhennull , English: standard elevation zero) in the southwest and at approximately 650 metres above sea level in

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