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64-515: The court consists of five justices , one of whom is internally chosen to serve as chief justice for a three-year term. The justices are appointed by the governor of Alaska from slates of candidates approved by the Alaska Judicial Council, an independent commission of Alaskan lawyers and lay citizens. Each justice faces a judicial retention election after their third year of service and once every ten years thereafter. It hears cases on

128-615: A barrister 's wig (a Bench Wig) would be worn in court. This tradition, however, is being phased out in Britain in non-criminal courts. In Oman , the judge wears a long stripe (red, green white), while the attorneys wear the black gown. In Portugal and in the former Portuguese Empire , the judges used to carry a staff that was red for ordinary judges and white for the judges from the outside . In Hong Kong , court proceedings are conducted in either English or Hong Kong Cantonese (a dialect of Yue Chinese ). Judges of Hong Kong retain many of

192-755: A court is addressed as tisztelt bíró úr , which means "Honourable Mister Judge" and a female presiding judge is addressed as tisztelt bírónő , which means "Honourable Madam Judge". The court as a body can be addressed as tisztelt bíróság , which means "Honourable Court". Judges of the Supreme Court , Court of Appeal , or High Court are officially titled The Honourable Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss Justice Surname ( Irish : An Breitheamh Onórach Uasal [surname] ), and informally referred to for short as Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss Justice Surname . In court, they are addressed either by their respective titles or styles, as The Court ( An Chúirt ), or simply Judge ( A Bhreithimh ). In law reports ,

256-532: A growing number of legal document assistants (LDAs) are offering services which have traditionally been offered only by lawyers and their employee paralegals. Many documents may now be created by computer -assisted drafting libraries, where the clients are asked a series of questions that are posed by the software in order to construct the legal documents . In addition, regulatory consulting firms also provide advisory services on regulatory compliance that were traditionally provided exclusively by law firms. In

320-460: A high salary, in the U.S. the median salary of judges is $ 101,690 per annum, and federal judges earn $ 208,000–$ 267,000 per annum. In many civil law countries in Europe the majority of judges are women: in 5 countries ( Slovenia , Latvia , Luxembourg , Greece and Hungary ) women make more that 70% of judges of the first instance. In contrast, in common law countries ( UK , Ireland , Malta and

384-416: A judge are checked by higher courts such as appeals courts and supreme courts. The court usually has three main legally trained court officials: the judge, the prosecutor and the defence attorney. The role of a judge can vary between legal systems. In an adversarial system (common law), as in effect in the U.S. and England, the judge functions as an impartial referee, mainly ensuring correct procedure, while

448-489: A judge is to settle a legal dispute in a final and publicly lawful manner in agreement with substantial partialities. Judges exercise significant governmental power. They can order police, military or judicial officials to execute searches, arrests, imprisonments, garnishments, detainment, seizures, deportations and similar actions. However, judges also supervise that trial procedures are followed, in order to ensure consistency and impartiality and avoid arbitrariness. The powers of

512-445: A man or Meretíssima Juíza when a woman (meaning "Most Worthy Judge") or as Vossa Excelência ("Your Excellency") when not specifying gender. In Romania , judges during trial are addressed as Onorata Instanta (Your Honor). In Russia, Vasha Chest ( Russian : Ваша Честь , lit.   'Your Honour') is used for criminal cases only with the one judge presiding. For civil, commercial and criminal cases presided over by

576-507: A monthly basis in Anchorage , approximately quarterly in Fairbanks and Juneau , and as needed in other Alaska communities. The court prefers to hear oral arguments in the city where the case was heard in the trial court . Alaska's supreme court was founded along with the rest of Alaska's court system, about six months after statehood. From 1884 until the establishment of Alaska Supreme Court,

640-678: A panel of judges the right address is Honorable Court . In Spain, magistrates of the Supreme Court, magistrates and judges are addressed to as "Your Lordship" ( Su Señoría ); however, in formal occasions, magistrates of the Supreme Court are addressed to as "Your Most Excellent Lordship" ( Vuestra Señoría Excelentísima or Excelentísimo Señor / Excelentísima Señora ); in those solemn occasions, magistrates of lower Courts are addressed as "Your Most Illustrious Lordship" ( Vuestra Señoría Ilustrísima or Ilustrísimo Señor / Ilustrísima Señora ); simple judges are always called "Your Lordship". In Sweden,

704-458: A panel. In some civil law systems, this panel may include lay judges . Unlike professional judges, lay judges are not legally trained, but unlike jurors, lay judges are usually volunteers and may be politically appointed. Judges are often assisted by law clerks , referendaries and notaries in legal cases and by bailiffs or similar with security. There are both volunteer and professional judges. A volunteer judge, such as an English magistrate ,

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768-520: A person, typically a nonlawyer, who has not been licensed or admitted to practice law in a given jurisdiction." The Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers notes: The definitions and tests employed by courts to delineate unauthorized practice by non-lawyers have been vague or conclusory, while jurisdictions have differed significantly in describing what constitutes unauthorized practice in particular areas. Certain activities, such as

832-577: A political election. Impartiality is often considered important for rule of law . Thus, in many jurisdictions judges may be appointed for life, so that they cannot be removed by the executive. However, in non-democratic systems, the appointment of judges may be highly politicized and they often receive instructions on how to judge, and may be removed if their conduct does not please the political leadership. Judges must be able to research and process extensive lengths of documents, witness testimonies, and other case material, understand complex cases and possess

896-501: A thorough understanding of the law and legal procedure, which requires excellent skills in logical reasoning, analysis and decision-making. Excellent writing skills are also a necessity, given the finality and authority of the documents written. Judges work with people all the time; by the nature of the job, good dispute resolution and interpersonal skills are a necessity. Judges are required to have good moral character , i.e. there must be no history of crime. Professional judges often enjoy

960-557: A two-thirds majority of both houses. The five supreme court justices, by majority vote, select one of their members to be the chief justice. The chief justice holds that office for three years and may not serve consecutive terms. The chief justice is also the administrative head of the Alaska Court System. The chief justice, Peter Maassen began his term in February 2023, succeeding Justice Daniel Winfree . Judge A judge

1024-404: Is laamanni ( lawspeaker ). They are assisted by notaries ( notaari ), assessors ( asessori ) and referendaries ( viskaali ) who may sometimes even chair sessions. In appeals courts ( hovioikeus ) an ordinary judge has the title hovioikeudenneuvos , the chairman of a section is hovioikeudenlaamanni and the court is led by a presidentti . In the Supreme Court, judges are titled oikeusneuvos and

1088-651: Is a lawyer; (b) derives a benefit from UPL, or (c) causes an injury by UPL. In a 2015 survey by the American Bar Association, Florida had the largest budget—$ 1.8 million—nationwide for prosecuting the unauthorized practice of law. The state has interest in protecting the public from having unqualified persons hold themselves out as licensed professionals, but the existence of laws against unauthorized practice of itself does not guarantee that unlicensed professionals will be detected and those laws enforced. The American Bar Association proposed model rules regarding

1152-428: Is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges . In an adversarial system , the judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the barristers or solicitors of the case, assesses the credibility and arguments of the parties, and then issues a ruling in the case based on their interpretation of the law and their own personal judgment. A judge

1216-489: Is expected to conduct the trial impartially and, typically, in an open court . The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions . In some jurisdictions, the judge's powers may be shared with a jury . In inquisitorial systems of criminal investigation , a judge might also be an examining magistrate . The presiding judge ensures that all court proceedings are lawful and orderly. The ultimate task of

1280-438: Is more controversial is out-of-court activities, particularly drafting of documents and giving advice, and whether that is considered to be unauthorized practice of law. Some states have defined the "practice of law" to include those who appear as a representative in arbitration or act as arbitrators in disputes. For example, there is a growing conflict between the multijurisdictional practice of law in arbitration proceedings in

1344-407: Is no special form of address; ordinary politeness is sufficient and the procedure lacks arcane rituals. Accordingly, the chairman of the panel is addressed as herra/rouva puheenjohtaja ("Mr./Ms. Chairman"). Finnish judges use gavels, but there are no robes or cloaks used in any Finnish courts. In a district court ( käräjäoikeus ), ordinary judges work with the title käräjätuomari and the chairman

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1408-441: Is not required to have legal training and is unpaid. Whereas, a professional judge is required to be legally educated ; in the U.S., this generally requires a degree of Juris Doctor . Furthermore, significant professional experience is often required; for example, in the U.S., judges are often appointed from experienced attorneys . Judges are often appointed by the head of state . However in some jurisdictions, judges are elected in

1472-414: Is some agreement that appearing in a legally constituted court in a legal proceeding to represent clients (particularly for a fee) is considered to be unauthorized practice of law. But other variations are subject to interpretation and conflicting regulation, particularly as to the scope and breadth of the prohibition. Black's Law Dictionary defines unauthorized practice of law as "The practice of law by

1536-511: Is the judge, who will do the presiding, judging and sentencing on his own. As such, the judge is expected to apply the law directly, as in the French expression Le juge est la bouche de la loi ("The judge is the mouth of the law"). Furthermore, in some systems even investigations may be conducted by the judge, functioning as an examining magistrate. Judges may work alone in smaller cases, but in criminal, family and other significant cases, they work in

1600-411: Is the organized bar's preferred method. In Florida, the unauthorized practice of law is a third degree felony, which is punishable by up to six months in prison and $ 5000 in fines. New Jersey has a law which makes it a " disorderly persons offense" to knowingly to engage in the unauthorized practice of law, and a "crime in the fourth degree" to commit UPL if one (a) creates a false impression that one

1664-810: The Chief Justice of Ireland has the postnominal CJ , the Presidents of the other Courts have the postnominal P , and all other judges J , e.g. Smith J . Judges of the Circuit Court are titled His/Her Honour Judge Surname and are addressed in Court as Judge . Before 2006, they were addressed as My Lord ( A thiarna ) . Judges of the District Court are titled Judge Surname and addressed in Court as Judge . Before 1991 these judges were known as District Justices and addressed as Your Worship ( d'Onóra ). In Italy,

1728-527: The Maryland Supreme Court wear distinct dress. In Italy and Portugal , both judges and lawyers wear particular black robes. In some countries, especially in the Commonwealth of Nations , judges wear wigs . The long wig often associated with judges is now reserved for ceremonial occasions, although it was part of the standard attire in previous centuries. A short wig resembling but not identical to

1792-560: The United States , the practice of law is conditioned upon admission to practice of law , and specifically admission to the bar of a particular state or other territorial jurisdiction . The American Bar Association and the American Law Institute are among the organizations that are concerned with the interests of lawyers as a profession and the promulgation of uniform standards of professionalism and ethics, but regulation of

1856-689: The United States Territorial District Court for the District of Alaska was the highest judicial body in Alaska. The court originally consisted of two associate justices and a chief justice. In 1967, the court was expanded to five justices, and the chief justice was restricted to a three-year term. Like all Alaska state court judges, Alaska Supreme Court justices are appointed under a Missouri Plan system. The governor of Alaska appoints justices from lists of qualified candidates submitted by

1920-866: The Urdu equivalent Janab or Judge Sahab . In Sri Lanka , judges of most courts are addressed as Your Honour ; however, the Chief Justice is addressed as Your Lordship . Judges of the Supreme Court and the Appeal Court receives the title The Honourable . Judges in Vietnam are addressed as Quý tòa (literally the "Honorable Court"). In Bulgaria before 1989 during the communist regime, judges were addressed as drugarju ( Bulgarian : другарю , lit.   'comrade'). After 1989, gospodín sŭdiya (Bulgarian: господин съдия , lit.   'mister judge') or gospožo sŭdiya (Bulgarian: госпожо съдия , lit.   'madam judge'). There

1984-527: The bar association and attorney discipline matters, as well as questions of state law certified from the United States federal courts . The court meets after oral argument and on a bi-weekly basis to confer on cases argued orally and on cases submitted on the briefs. The court usually announces its decisions of the cases by issuing opinions for official publication (in Westlaw , the Pacific Reporter and

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2048-569: The practice of law involves giving legal advice to clients, drafting legal documents for clients, and representing clients in legal negotiations and court proceedings such as lawsuits , and is applied to the professional services of a lawyer or attorney at law , barrister , solicitor , or civil law notary . However, there is a substantial amount of overlap between the practice of law and various other professions where clients are represented by agents . These professions include real estate , banking , accounting , and insurance . Moreover,

2112-539: The Alaska Court System website. Under the Alaska Constitution, the supreme court establishes rules for the administration of all courts in the state and for practice and procedure in civil and criminal cases. The supreme court has further adopted rules for the practice of law in Alaska and procedural rules for children 's matters, probate , and appeals. The Alaska Legislature may change the court's procedural rules by passing an act expressing its intent to do so by

2176-403: The Alaska Judicial Council, an independent seven-member commission composed of at least three lawyers and at least three non-lawyers from various parts of the state appointed on a non-partisan basis. To be eligible for appointment, a person must be a citizen of the United States and a resident of Alaska for five years prior to appointment. A justice must be licensed to practice law in Alaska at

2240-599: The Alaska Reporter) as well as memorandum opinions and judgments (MO&Js) and orders summarily ruling on the merits of cases or dismissing them. Although the MO&;Js and most orders are not published, the MO&Js are available for public inspection at the Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau offices of the clerk of the appellate courts, and the orders are filed in the clerk's Anchorage office. Current MO&Js are also available on

2304-563: The District of Columbia had mandatory retirement ages for State court judges, which ranged from 70 to 75 for most (but is as high as 90 in Vermont ). A 2020 study by the National Bureau of Economic Research found significant positive effects on the performance of state Supreme Courts with mandatory retirement age for judges. The authors advocated the adoption of mandatory retirement ages for all federal and state judges, although they felt, that

2368-815: The English tradition. In writing, the post-nominal letters PJ is used to refer to a permanent judge of the Court of Final Appeal and NPJ to a non-permanent judge. In the High Court, the abbreviation JA is used to denote a justice of appeal, and the letter J refers to a judge of the Court of First Instance. Masters of the High Court are addressed as Master . When trials are conducted in Chinese, judges were addressed, in Cantonese, as Fat Goon Dai Yan ( Hong Kong Cantonese : 法官大人 , romanized:  faat3 gun1 daai6 jan4 , lit.   'Judge, your lordship') before

2432-636: The English traditions such as wearing wigs and robes in trials. In the lower courts, magistrates are addressed as Your worship , and district court judges as Your Honour . In the superior courts of record, namely the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal and the High Court of Hong Kong (which consists of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance ), judges are addressed as My Lord or My Lady and referred to as Your Lordship or Your Ladyship , following

2496-616: The High Courts were addressed as Your Lordship or My Lord and Your Ladyship or My Lady , a tradition directly attributable to England. The Bar Council of India had adopted a resolution in April 2006 and added a new Rule 49(1)(j) in the Advocates Act . As per the rule, lawyers can address the court as Your Honour and refer to it as Honourable Court . If it is a subordinate court, lawyers can use terms such as sir or any equivalent phrase in

2560-793: The United States) the situation is reverse: over 70% of judges of the first instance are men. On the other hand, women are underrepresented in the Supreme Courts in the USA and all EU countries, except for Romania (in Romanian High Court of Cassation and Justice over 80% of judges are women). In the United States, federal judges are appointed "for good behavior", which means in practice, that federal judges work until they die, voluntarily retire or are impeached. The death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg in

2624-502: The bench). American judges frequently wear black robes. American judges have ceremonial gavels , although American judges have court deputies or bailiffs and contempt of court power as their main devices to maintain decorum in the courtroom. However, in some of the Western United States , like California, judges did not always wear robes and instead wore everyday clothing. Today, some members of state supreme courts , such as

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2688-553: The court is led by a presidentti . In France, the presiding judge of a court is addressed as Monsieur le président or Madame le président , whilst associated judges are addressed as Monsieur l'Assesseur or Madame l'Assesseur . Out of the courtroom, judges are referred to as Monsieur le juge or Madame le juge . In Germany, judges are addressed as Herr Vorsitzender or Frau Vorsitzende , which translate as "Mister Chairman" and "Madam Chairwoman", or as Hohes Gericht , which translates as "High Court". The male presiding judge of

2752-401: The court of appeals (or upon certification from the court of appeals that the case involves a significant question of constitutional law or an issue of substantial public interest ). In addition, the supreme court may, at its discretion, hear petitions from non-final decisions by lower courts or original applications in matters in which relief is not otherwise available, including admission to

2816-727: The financial service industry and state regulation of lawyers. With a few exceptions, the general rule is that an appearance at an arbitration does not constitute the practice of law. The United States bankruptcy court for the Eastern District of Tennessee has held that "providing clients with explanations or definitions of such legal terms of art ... is, by itself, giving legal advice." The North Carolina State Bar has held that "definition of lien law terms, warnings regarding time requirements, and reminders about sending out preliminary notices within five to ten days of beginning work, when combined with its preparation of legal documents [in

2880-417: The individual authorities should decide on the specific age for themselves. A variety of traditions have become associated with the rank or occupation. Gavels (a ceremonial hammer) are used by judges in many countries, to the point that the gavel has become a symbol of a judge. In many parts of the world, judges wear long robes (often in black or red) and sit on an elevated platform during trials (known as

2944-548: The judges of Madras HC , Justice K Chandru had banned lawyers from addressing his court as My Lord and Your Lordship . In Israel, the judges ( Hebrew : שופט‬ , romanized :  shofét , lit.   'judge') of all courts are addressed as Sir , Madam (Hebrew: אדוני‬/גבירתי‬ , romanized:  adoni/geverti ) or Your Honor (Hebrew: כבודו‬/כבודה‬ , romanized:  kevodo/kevoda ). Typically after every naming you will hear haShofét , meaning "the judge" after

3008-546: The law reports, the Justices of the Supreme Court are usually referred to as "Lord/Lady N", although the Weekly Law Reports appends the post-nominal letters "JSC" (e.g. "Lady Smith JSC"). The President and Deputy President of the Court are afforded the post-nominal letters PSC and DPSC respectively. Only experienced barristers or solicitors are usually appointed as judges. Practice of law In its most general sense,

3072-537: The manner described], constitute providing legal advice." Texas law generally prohibits a person who is not an attorney from representing a client in a personal injury or property damage matter, and punishes a violation as a misdemeanor. Some states also criminalize the separate behavior of falsely claiming to be lawyer (in Texas, for example, this is a felony if done to obtain economic benefit). Criminal laws and enforcement of "Unauthorized Practice of Law (UPL)" statutes

3136-478: The office in 2020 and suspension of Pauline Newman in 2023 reinvigorated the discussion about mandatory retirement age for federal judges, but such change would require a constitutional amendment and is unlikely to be implemented soon. States have more flexibility in establishing a mandatory retirement age for judges, as was confirmed by the SCOTUS in its 1991 decision Gregory v. Ashcroft . As of 2015, 33 States and

3200-522: The old statute in State Bar v. Arizona Land Title & Trust Co. , 90 Ariz. 76 (1961). This ruling imposed sanctions on a title and realty company engaged in drafting contracts. Rose says, "Throughout the country, various jurisdictions have developed numerous tests for defining the practice of law. But none is broader nor more all-encompassing than that articulated in Arizona Title ." In the United States,

3264-746: The power of the state to limit entry." The practice of law was not formally regulated in Arizona for a time. However, the Arizona Supreme Court found independent inherent authority to regulate the practice of law. Arizona's statute criminalizing unauthorized practice of law was allowed to lapse from a sunset law in 1985. Rose suggests that legislative proposals to recriminalize the unauthorized practice of law have heretofore failed because of anti-lawyer sentiment in Arizona politics. Moreover, Rose asserts that resentment lingers from an unpopular interpretation of

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3328-401: The practice of law is left to the individual states, and their definitions vary. "Unauthorized practice of law" (UPL) is an act sometimes prohibited by statute , regulation , or court rules. The definition of "unauthorized practice of law" is variable, and is often conclusory and tautological , i.e. , it is the doing of a lawyer's or counselor 's work by a non-lawyer for money. There

3392-784: The presiding judge of a court is addressed as Signor presidente della corte . In the Netherlands , presiding judges of either sex are, in writing only, addressed edelachtbare ("Your Honour") for judges in the Court of First Instance, edelgrootachtbare ("Your Great Honour") for justices in the Court of Appeal and edelhoogachtbare ("Your High Honour") for justices in the High Council of the Netherlands (Supreme Court). In Poland, presiding judges of either sex during trial are addressed Wysoki Sądzie ("High Court"). In Portugal , presiding judges during trial are addressed as Meretíssimo Juiz when

3456-503: The presiding judge of a court is traditionally addressed as Herr Ordförande or Fru Ordförande , which translate as "Mister Chairman" and "Madam Chairwoman". In the Courts of England and Wales , Supreme Court judges are called Justices of the Supreme Court. Justices of the Supreme Court who do not hold life peerages are now given the courtesy style "Lord" or "Lady". Justices of the Supreme Court are addressed as "My Lord/Lady" in court. In

3520-436: The proceedings, as they generally are in the superior courts, are in English. In Pakistan, judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are addressed as Your Lordship or My Lord or Lordship and Your Ladyship or My Lady , a tradition directly attributable to England. There is some resistance to this on religious grounds but more or less continues till this day. In lower courts, judges are addressed as sir , madam or

3584-401: The prosecution and the defense present their case to a jury , often selected from common citizens. The main factfinder is the jury, and the judge will then finalize sentencing. Nevertheless, in smaller cases judges can issue summary judgments without proceeding to a jury trial. In an inquisitorial system (civil law), as in effect in continental Europe, there is no jury and the main factfinder

3648-517: The regional language concerned. Explaining the rationale behind the move, the Bar Council had held that the words such as My Lord and Your Lordship were "relics of the colonial past". The resolution has since been circulated to all state councils and the Supreme Court for adoption but over five years now, the resolution largely remained on paper. However, in an unprecedented move in October 2009, one of

3712-441: The representation of another person in litigation, are generally proscribed. Even in that area, many jurisdictions recognize exceptions for such matters as small-claims and landlord-tenant tribunals and certain proceedings in administrative agencies. Moreover, many jurisdictions have authorized law students and others not locally admitted to represent indigent persons or others as part of clinical legal education programs. ... What

3776-594: The respective address. For example, Your Honor the Judge would be כבוד השופט‬ ( kevod haShofét ). Biy - elected judges using adat Zheti Zhargy . The Council of biys  [ kk ; ru ] was the highest council, a kind of senate . In Malaysia, judges of the subordinate courts are addressed as Tuan or Puan ("Sir", "Madam"), or Your Honour . Judges of the superior courts are addressed as Yang Arif ( lit.   ' Learned One ' ) or My Lord , My Lady , etc.; and Your Lordship or My Ladyship if

3840-466: The rules of professional conduct generally prohibit an attorney from assisting a non-attorney from engaging in the unauthorized practice of law. An attorney therefore may not partner with or split fees with a non-attorney in the performance of any sort of legal work. Furthermore, an attorney may not employ a disbarred or suspended attorney in a legal practice where former clients of the disbarred or suspended attorney will be represented. In Singapore , it

3904-410: The superior court in civil cases (including cases which originated in administrative agencies). Until the creation of the court of appeals in 1980, the supreme court was also required to accept appeals from final decisions in criminal cases; now, however, the court of appeals fills this role, although the supreme court still has jurisdiction to exercise its discretion to accept appeals from decisions of

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3968-500: The time of appointment and must have engaged in the active practice of law for eight years. The appointed justice must be approved by the voters on a nonpartisan ballot at the first statewide general election held more than three years after appointment; thereafter, each justice must participate in another retention election every ten years. The supreme court has final state appellate jurisdiction in both civil and criminal law matters. It must accept appeals from final decisions by

4032-460: The transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to China, and as Fat Goon Gok Ha (Hong Kong Cantonese: 法官閣下 , romanized:  faat3 gun1 gok3 haa6 , lit.   'Judge, your honour') since 1997. Fat Goon (Hong Kong Cantonese: 法官 , romanized:  faat gun1 , lit.   'Judge') means the word "judge". In India , judges of the Supreme Court and

4096-465: The unauthorized practice of law, which Judge Richard Posner characterized as an attempt to perpetuate a monopoly to the disadvantage of consumers. The judge observed that the legal profession is "a cartel of providers of services relating to society's laws" which cartel's focus is to restrict entry. "Modern economists call it ' rent seeking ', but throughout recorded history, skilled crafts and professions have tried to raise their members' incomes by using

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