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68-521: Alan George Bleasdale (born 23 March 1946) is an English screenwriter, best known for social realist drama serials based on the lives of ordinary people. A former teacher, he has written for radio, stage and screen, and has also written novels. Bleasdale's plays typically represented a more realistic, contemporary depiction of life in Liverpool than was usually seen in the media. Born in Liverpool , Bleasdale

136-462: A Play for Today on TV in 1981 and starred Pete Postlethwaite and Alison Steadman . Unlike Blackstuff, this play looked at the road construction industry from the boss' side rather than the workers. Bleasdale wrote the screenplay for his only feature film No Surrender (1985), a black comedy which examines the animosity between the Protestants and Roman Catholics of Northern Ireland. Set in

204-911: A Girl and a Bike (1949). Box remained determined on making social realism films, even after Gainsborough closed in 1951, when he said in 1952 "No film has yet been made of the Tolpuddle Martyrs , the Suffragette Movement , the National Health Service as it is today, or the scandals of the patent medicines, oil control in the World, or armaments manufactured for profit." However, he would not go on to make these types of stories into films, instead focusing on issues related to abortion, teenage prostitution, bigamy , child neglect , shoplifting , and drug trafficking in films such as Street Corner (1953), Too Young to Love (1959), and Subway in

272-669: A playwright at the Liverpool Playhouse (becoming associate director) and the Contact Theatre in Manchester (a University of Manchester venue). Bleasdale's first successes came as the writer of radio dramas for the BBC ; several of these plays followed the character of Scully , a young man from Liverpool, and were broadcast on BBC Radio Merseyside . Between 1974 and 1979, the character of Scully continued on Radio City Liverpool through

340-555: A pool of 2,000 applicants, with Bleasdale acting as producer/mentor to each of the four writers chosen and then working on the projects from start to finish. The films, Andrew Cullen's Self Catering , Raymond Murtagh's Requiem Apache , Jim Morris ' Blood On the Dole , and Christopher Hood's Pleasure , were screened over four consecutive weeks in October of that year. Bleasdale continued his work for Channel 4 with 1995's serial Jake's Progress ,

408-520: A seedy Liverpool night club, the film focuses on a group of elderly Protestant hardliners attending a New Year's Eve party on the same evening as a group of Catholic retirees. Bleasdale adapted William Allison and John Fairley 's 1978 book The Monocled Mutineer into a four part miniseries in 1986. The series, starring Paul McGann , dramatises the WWI Etaples Mutiny of 1917. In 1987, Charlottetown Festival director Walter Learning presented

476-506: A series titled the Franny Scully Show . The character became so successful that Bleasdale wrote a stage play, two novels, and in 1978, a Play for Today titled Scully's New Year's Eve . That same year Bleasdale wrote a single play for the BBC1 anthology series Play for Today entitled The Black Stuff about a group of Liverpudlian tarmac layers. Filmed in 1978 and screened in 1980,

544-515: A society dominated by working-class values had to absorb all the lessons of bourgeois art before it could move forward at all. The taking of power by Joseph Stalin's faction had its corollary in the establishment of an official art: on 23 April 1932, headed by Stalin, an organization formed by the central committee of the Communist Party developed the Union of Soviet Writers . This organization endorsed

612-401: A stirring appeal to a mass audience." Social realism in cinema was reflecting Britain's transforming wartime society. Women were working alongside men in the military and its munitions factories, challenging pre-assigned gender roles. Rationing, air raids and unprecedented state intervention in the life of the individual encouraged a more social philosophy and worldview. Social realist films of

680-447: Is also different from realism as it not only presents conditions of the poor, but does so by conveying the tensions between two opposing forces, such as between farmers and their feudal lord. However, sometimes the terms social realism and socialist realism are used interchangeably. Social realism, as an art movement that became prominent in the US between the two world wars, as a reaction to

748-780: Is an only child; his father worked in a food factory and his mother in a grocery shop. From 1951 to 1957, he went to the St. Aloysius Roman Catholic Infant and Junior Schools in Huyton-with-Roby outside Liverpool. From 1957 to 1964, he attended the Wade Deacon Grammar School in Widnes . In 1967, he obtained a teaching certificate from the Padgate College of Education in Warrington (which became Warrington Collegiate Institute, now part of

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816-705: Is now considered one of the most famous documentary photography projects ever. The Public Works of Art Project was a program to employ artists during the Great Depression . It was the first such program, running from December 1933 to June 1934. It was headed by Edward Bruce , under the United States Treasury Department and funded by the Civil Works Administration . Created in 1935, the Works Progress Administration

884-673: Is the main location in Nickelodeon 's youth series called House of Anubis , which premiered in January 2011. Social realist The term is sometimes more narrowly used for an art movement that flourished in the interwar period as a reaction to the hardships and problems suffered by common people after the Great Crash . In order to make their art more accessible to a wider audience, artists turned to realist portrayals of anonymous workers as well as celebrities as heroic symbols of strength in

952-617: The Philadelphia Record in April 1915. In paintings, illustrations, etchings, and lithographs, Ashcan artists concentrated on portraying New York 's vitality, with a keen eye on current events and the era's social and political rhetoric. H. Barbara Weinberg of The Metropolitan Museum of Art has described the artists as documenting "an unsettling, transitional time that was marked by confidence and doubt, excitement and trepidation. Ignoring or registering only gently harsh new realities such as

1020-678: The Ashcan School including Edward Hopper , and Thomas Hart Benton , Will Barnet , Ben Shahn , Jacob Lawrence , Paul Meltsner , Romare Bearden , Rafael Soyer , Isaac Soyer , Moses Soyer , Reginald Marsh , John Steuart Curry , Arnold Blanch , Aaron Douglas , Grant Wood , Horace Pippin , Walt Kuhn , Isabel Bishop , Paul Cadmus , Doris Lee , Philip Evergood , Mitchell Siporin , Robert Gwathmey , Adolf Dehn , Harry Sternberg , Gregorio Prestopino , Louis Lozowick , William Gropper , Philip Guston , Jack Levine , Ralph Ward Stackpole , John Augustus Walker and others. It also extends to

1088-615: The Canadian premiere of the Bleasdale musical Are You Lonesome Tonight? at the Confederation Centre of the Arts , a national arts centre located on Prince Edward Island . The musical, which took a tough look at the life of Elvis Presley , attracted controversy at a festival for its coarse language and adult subject matter. Regardless of the objections, brought up in the provincial legislature,

1156-494: The Farm Security Administration (FSA) project, from 1935 to 1943. After World War I , the booming U.S. farm economy collapsed from overproduction , falling prices, unfavorable weather, and increased mechanization . Many farm laborers were out of work and many small farming operations were forced into debt. Debt-ridden farms were foreclosed by the thousands, and sharecroppers and tenant farmers were turned from

1224-617: The Palme d'Or at the first Cannes Film Festival , and Bimal Roy 's Two Acres of Land (1953), which won the International Prize at the 1954 Cannes Film Festival . The success of these films gave rise to the Indian New Wave , with early Bengali art films such as Ritwik Ghatak 's Nagarik (1952) and Satyajit Ray 's The Apu Trilogy (1955–59). Realism in Indian cinema dates back to

1292-603: The Socialist Realism used in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc , but the two are not identical – Social Realism is not an official art, and allows space for subjectivity . In certain contexts, socialist realism has been described as a specific branch of social realism. With the onset of abstract expressionism in the 1940s, social realism had gone out of fashion. Several WPA artists found work with

1360-727: The United States Office of War Information during WWII, making posters and other visual materials for the war effort. After the war, although lacking attention in the art market, many social realist artists continued their careers into the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and into the 2000s; throughout which, artists such as Jacob Lawrence , Ben Shahn , Bernarda Bryson Shahn , Raphael Soyer , Robert Gwathmey , Antonio Frasconi , Philip Evergood , Sidney Goodman, and Aaron Berkman continued to work with social realist modalities and themes. Whether in and out of fashion, social realism and socially conscious art-making continues today within

1428-838: The University of Chester ). For four years he worked as a teacher at St Columba's Secondary Modern School in Huyton from 1967 to 1971, then King George V School (now the King George V & Elaine Bernacchi School in Bikenibeu in South Tarawa ) on the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (now called Kiribati ) from 1971 to 1974, and lastly at Halewood Grange Comprehensive School (now known as Halewood College) in Halewood from 1974 to 1985. From 1985 to 1986, he worked as

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1496-531: The contemporary art world, including artists Sue Coe , Mike Alewitz, Kara Walker , Celeste Dupuy Spencer , Allan Sekula , Fred Lonidier, and others. Muralists active in Mexico after the Mexican Revolution of 1910 created largely propagandizing murals which emphasized a revolutionary spirit and a pride in the traditions of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, and included Diego Rivera 's History of Mexico from

1564-417: The 1920s and 1930s was an inspiration to many artists north of the border and an important component of the social realism movement. The Mexican muralist movement is characterized by its political undertones, the majority of which are of a Marxist nature, and the social and political situation of post-revolutionary Mexico. Diego Rivera , David Alfaro Siqueiros , José Clemente Orozco , and Rufino Tamayo are

1632-501: The 1920s and 1930s, with early examples including V. Shantaram 's films Indian Shylock (1925) and The Unaccpected (1937). Sources: The following incomplete list of artists have been associated with social realism: John Fairley John Alexander Fairley FRTS (born 15 April 1938) is a British former television producer from Liverpool , who now lives in Yorkshire . With William Allison he wrote

1700-478: The 1940s, referring to the British industry's rivalry with Hollywood in terms of "realism and tinsel". Balcon, the head of Ealing Studios , became a key figure in the emergence of a national cinema characterized by stoicism and verisimilitude. Critic Richard Armstrong said: "Combining the objective temper and aesthetics of the documentary movement with the stars and resources of studio filmmaking, 1940s British cinema made

1768-553: The 1960s but is still influential in thinking and the art of today. In the more limited meaning of the term, Social Realism with roots in European Realism became an important art movement during the Great Depression in the United States in the 1930s. As an American artistic movement it is closely related to American scene painting and to Regionalism . American Social Realism includes the works of such artists as those from

1836-575: The 1978 book The Monocled Mutineer , made into a well-known 1986 BBC One controversial drama series, adapted by Alan Bleasdale . He was born in Liverpool . He attended MerchantTaylor's school in Crosby, Merseyside and then went to The Queen's College, Oxford . He started at the Bristol Evening Post in 1963, then went to the London Evening Standard in 1964. From 1965 to 1968 he

1904-562: The 20th century. With the communist revolution came also a cultural revolution. It also gave Stalin and his Communist Party greater control over Soviet culture and restricted people from expressing alternative geopolitical ideologies that differed to those represented in socialist realism. The decline of social realism came with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Social realism in cinema found its roots in Italian neorealism , especially

1972-905: The American James Abbott McNeill Whistler , as well as English artists Hubert von Herkomer and Luke Fildes had great success with realist paintings dealing with social issues and depictions of the "real" world. Artists in Western Europe also embraced social realism in the early 20th century, including Italian painter and illustrator Bruno Caruso , German artists Käthe Kollwitz , George Grosz , Otto Dix , and Max Beckmann ; Swedish artist Torsten Billman ; Dutch artists Charley Toorop and Pyke Koch ; French artists Maurice de Vlaminck , Roger de La Fresnaye , Jean Fautrier , and Francis Gruber and Belgian artists Eugène Laermans and Constant Permeke . The political polarization of

2040-468: The British middle-class generally responded to realism and restraint in cinema, while the working-class generally favored Hollywood genre movies. Thus realism carried connotations of education and high seriousness. These social and aesthetic distinctions would soon become running themes as social realism is now associated with the arthouse auteur, while mainstream Hollywood films are shown at the multiplex. Producer Michael Balcon revived this distinction in

2108-676: The Conquest to the Future , José Clemente Orozco 's Catharsis , and David Alfaro Siqueiros 's The Strike . These murals also encouraged social realism in other Latin American countries, from Ecuador ( Oswaldo Guayasamín 's The Strike ) to Brazil ( Cândido Portinari 's Coffee ). In Belgium, early representatives of social realism are found in the work of 19th century artists such as Constantin Meunier and Charles de Groux . In Britain, artists such as

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2176-548: The Sky (1959). A British New Wave movement emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. British auteurs like Karel Reisz , Tony Richardson , and John Schlesinger brought wide shots and plain speaking to stories of ordinary Britons negotiating postwar social structures. Relaxation of censorship enabled film makers to portray issues such as prostitution, abortion, homosexuality, and alienation. Characters included factory workers, office underlings, dissatisfied wives, pregnant girlfriends, runaways,

2244-501: The WPA are associated with social realism. Social realism became an important art movement during the Great Depression in the United States in the 1930s. As an American artistic movement encouraged by New Deal art , social realism is closely related to American scene painting and to Regionalism . In Mexico, the painter Frida Kahlo is associated with the social realism movement. The Mexican muralist movement that took place primarily in

2312-399: The art of photography as exemplified by the works of Walker Evans , Dorothea Lange , Margaret Bourke-White , Lewis Hine , Edward Steichen , Gordon Parks , Arthur Rothstein , Marion Post Wolcott , Doris Ulmann , Berenice Abbott , Aaron Siskind , and Russell Lee among several others. In Mexico, the painter Frida Kahlo is associated with the social realism movement. Also in Mexico

2380-409: The best known proponents of the movement. Santiago Martínez Delgado , Jorge González Camarena , Roberto Montenegro , Federico Cantú Garza , and Jean Charlot , as well as several other artists participated in the movement. Many artists who subscribed to social realism were painters with socialist (but not necessarily Marxist ) political views. The movement therefore has some commonalities with

2448-408: The best known proponents of the movement. Santiago Martínez Delgado , Jorge González Camarena , Roberto Montenegro , Federico Cantú Garza , and Jean Charlot , as well as several other artists participated in the movement. Many artists who subscribed to social realism were painters with socialist (but not necessarily Marxist ) political views. The movement therefore has some commonalities with

2516-597: The character of Oliver. After an eleven-year absence from television, Bleasdale returned in January 2011 on BBC Two with a two-part TV film, The Sinking of the Laconia . He had been working on the screenplay since 2004; it depicted the events surrounding the World War II ocean liner RMS Laconia and the Laconia incident . Bleasdale married Julie Moses on 28 December 1970. They have two sons and one daughter. Bleasdale's house

2584-412: The development of socialist realism , which was to dominate Soviet culture and artistic expression for over 60 years. Socialist realism, representing socialist ideologies , was an art movement that represented social and political contemporary life in the 1930s, from a left-wing standpoint. It depicted subjects of social concern; the proletariat struggle – hardships of everyday life that

2652-568: The documentary traditions of the late 19th century, such as the work of Jacob A. Riis , and Maksim Dmitriyev. In about 1900, a group of Realist artists led by Robert Henri challenged the American Impressionism and academics, in what would become known as the Ashcan school . The term was suggested by a drawing by George Bellows , captioned Disappointments of the Ash Can , which appeared in

2720-422: The era include Target for Tonight (1941), In Which We Serve (1942), Millions Like Us (1943), and This Happy Breed (1944). Historian Roger Manvell wrote, "As the cinemas [closed initially because of the fear of air raids] reopened, the public flooded in, searching for relief from hard work, companionship, release from tension, emotional indulgence and, where they could find them, some reaffirmation of

2788-603: The exaggerated ego encouraged by Romanticism. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution became apparent; urban centers grew, slums proliferated on a new scale contrasting with the display of wealth of the upper classes. With a new sense of social consciousness, the Social Realists pledged to "fight the beautiful art", any style which appealed to the eye or emotions. They focused on the ugly realities of contemporary life and sympathized with working-class people, particularly

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2856-439: The face of adversity. The goal of the artists in doing so was political as they wished to expose the deteriorating conditions of the poor and working classes and hold the existing governmental and social systems accountable. Social realism should not be confused with socialist realism , the official Soviet art form that was institutionalized by Joseph Stalin in 1934 and was later adopted by allied Communist parties worldwide. It

2924-662: The films of Roberto Rossellini , Vittorio De Sica , Luchino Visconti and to some extent Federico Fellini . Early British cinema used the common social interaction found in the literary works of Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy . One of the first British films to emphasize realism's value as a social protest was James Williamson's A Reservist Before the War, and After the War in 1902. The film memorialized Boer War serviceman coming back home to unemployment. Repressive censorship during 1945–54 prevented British films from displaying more radical social positions. After World War I ,

2992-505: The goals of many realists as Gustave Courbet . The French Realist movement had equivalents in all other Western countries, developing somewhat later. In particular, the Peredvizhniki or Wanderers group in Russia who formed in the 1860s and organized exhibitions from 1871 included many realists such as Ilya Repin and had a great influence on Russian art. From that important trend came

3060-657: The increasing hardship for ordinary people, was influenced by the social realist tradition in France which had existed for decades. Social realism traces back to 19th-century European Realism , including the art of Honoré Daumier , Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet . Britain's Industrial Revolution aroused concern for the poor, and in the 1870s the work of artists such as Luke Fildes , Hubert von Herkomer , Frank Holl , and William Small were widely reproduced in The Graphic . In Russia, Peredvizhniki or "Social Realism"

3128-426: The introduction of photography  – a new visual source that created a desire for people to produce things that look "objectively real". Realism was heavily against romanticism , a genre dominating French literature and artwork in the mid-19th century. Undistorted by personal bias, Realism believed in the ideology of external reality and revolted against exaggerated emotionalism . Truth and accuracy became

3196-507: The land. When Franklin D. Roosevelt entered office in 1932, almost two million farm families lived in poverty, and millions of acres of farm land had been ruined from soil erosion and poor farming practices. The FSA was a New Deal agency designed to combat rural poverty during this period. The agency hired photographers to provide visual evidence that there was a need, and that FSA programs were meeting that need. Ultimately this mission accounted for over 80,000 black and white images, and

3264-440: The marginalized, the poor, and the depressed. The New Wave protagonist was usually a working-class male without bearings in a society in which traditional industries and the cultures that went with them were in decline. Mike Leigh and Ken Loach also make contemporary social realist films. Social realism was also adopted by Hindi films of the 1940s and 1950s, including Chetan Anand 's Neecha Nagar (1946), which won

3332-529: The mid-19th century. Social realism in the 20th century refers to the works of the French artist Gustave Courbet and in particular to the implications of his 19th-century paintings A Burial At Ornans and The Stone Breakers , which scandalized French Salon –goers of 1850, and is seen as an international phenomenon also traced back to European realism and the works of Honoré Daumier and Jean-François Millet . The social realist style fell out of fashion in

3400-490: The newly designated ideology of social realism. By 1934, all other independent art groups were abolished, making it nearly impossible for someone not involved in the Union of Soviet Writers to get work published. Any literary piece or painting that did not endorse the ideology of social realism was censored or banned. This new art movement, introduced under Joseph Stalin, was one of the most practical and durable artistic approaches of

3468-402: The people and should stand on the side of the proletariat. "Art should be based on their feelings, thoughts, and demands, and should grow along with them", said Lenin. He also believed that literature must be part of the proletariat's common cause. After the revolution of 1917, leaders of the newly formed communist party were encouraging experimentation of different art types. Lenin believed that

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3536-479: The period resulted in social realism's distinction from socialist realism becoming less obvious in public opinion, and by the mid-20th century abstract art had replaced it as the dominant movement in both Western Europe and the United States. Realism , a style of painting that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see, was a very popular art form in France around the mid- to late-19th century. It came about with

3604-517: The play focused on the issue of unemployment and despair felt by working class British citizens. Prior to screening, Bleasdale wrote to David Rose , head of BBC English Regions Drama, and Michael Wearing , script supervisor, and pitched the idea of a five-part series of plays that further explored the characters from The Black Stuff . The result was the BAFTA winning series Boys from the Blackstuff , which

3672-567: The play was a success for the festival. Bleasdale penned the political drama G.B.H. (Great British Holiday) for Channel 4 in 1991. Focussing on the political upheaval of the Labour Party in Liverpool, G.B.H. pits mild-mannered protagonist Jim Nelson against the northern City Council leader Michael Murray. In 1994, Bleasdale collaborated with Keith Thompson and David Jones on an anthology of four filmed dramas written by authors who had no prior screenwriting credits. The scripts were chosen from

3740-563: The poor. They recorded what they saw ("as it existed") in a dispassionate manner. The public was outraged by Social Realism, in part, because they didn't know how to look at it or what to do with it. Social realism in the United States was inspired by the muralists active in Mexico after the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Social realist photography reached a culmination in the work of Dorothea Lange , Walker Evans , Ben Shahn , and others for

3808-525: The problems of immigration and urban poverty, they shone a positive light on their era." Notable Ashcan works include George Luks ' Breaker Boy and John Sloan 's Sixth Avenue Elevated at Third Street . The Ashcan school influenced the art of the Depression era , including Thomas Hart Benton 's mural City Activity with Subway . The term dates on a broader scale to the Realist movement in French art during

3876-406: The socialist realism used in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc , but the two are not identical – social realism is not an official art, and allows space for subjectivity . In certain contexts, socialist realism has been described as a specific branch of social realism. Social realism has been summarized as follows: Social Realism developed as a reaction against idealism and

3944-408: The story of a modern-day dysfunctional family ( Robert Lindsay as the father and Julie Walters as the mother) struggling to cope with a "difficult" child (Barclay Wright). In 1999, Bleasdale adapted Charles Dickens ' Oliver Twist into a four part miniseries for ITV . The adaptation was well received, but attracted some controversy as Bleasdale expanded the narrative by adding a backstory for

4012-575: The struggle to produce a successful socialist nation. The Unions Newspaper, the Literaturnaya Gazeta , described social realism as "the representation of the proletarian revolution". During Joseph Stalin's reign, it was considered most important to use socialist realism as a form of propaganda in posters, as it kept people optimistic and encouraged greater productive effort, a necessity in his aim of developing Russia into an industrialized nation. Vladimir Lenin believed that art should belong to

4080-512: The style of art the USSR should endorse would have to be easy to understand (ruling out abstract art such as suprematism and constructivism ) for the masses of illiterate people in Russia. A wide-ranging debate on art took place; the main disagreement was between those who believed in "Proletarian Art" which should have no connections with past art coming out of bourgeois society, and those (most vociferously Leon Trotsky ) who believed that art in

4148-447: The values of humanity." In the postwar period, films like Passport to Pimlico (1949), The Blue Lamp (1949), and The Titfield Thunderbolt (1952) reiterated gentle patrician values, creating a tension between the camaraderie of the war years and the burgeoning consumer society. Sydney Box 's arrival as head of Gainsborough pictures in 1946 saw a transition from the Gainsborough melodramas , which had been successful during

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4216-714: The war years, to social realism. Issues such as short-term sexual relationships, adultery, and illegitimate births flourished during the Second World War and Box, who favoured realism over what he termed as "flamboyance fantasy", brought these and other social issues, such as child adoption , juvenile delinquency , and displaced persons to the fore with films such as When the Bough Breaks (1947), Good-Time Girl (1948), Portrait from Life (1948), The Lost People (1949), and Boys in Brown (1949). Films of new rapidly expanding forms of leisure by working class families in postwar Britain were also represented by Box in Holiday Camp (1947), Easy Money (1948), and A Boy,

4284-427: The working class had to put up with, and heroically emphasized the values of the loyal communist workers. The ideology behind social realism, communicated by depicting the heroism of the working class, was to promote and spark revolutionary actions and to spread the image of optimism and the importance of productiveness. Keeping people optimistic meant creating a sense of patriotism , which would prove very important in

4352-408: Was a radio producer with BBC Radio. He worked for Yorkshire Television (now ITV Yorkshire ). He was a television producer from 1968 to 1978. He became Managing Director of Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television in 1993 until April 1995. He was replaced on 15 May 1995 by Bruce Gyngell, the former managing director from 1984 to 1992 of TV-am. During his employment at Yorkshire Television, he was the Producer of

4420-427: Was critical of the social environment that caused the conditions pictured, and denounced the Tsarist period . Ilya Repin said that his art work aimed "to criticize all the monstrosities of our vile society" of the Tsarist period. Similar concerns were addressed in 20th-century Britain by the Artists' International Association , Mass Observation and the Kitchen sink school . Social realist photography draws from

4488-487: Was the Mexican muralist movement that took place primarily in the 1920s and 1930s; and was an inspiration to many artists north of the border and an important component of the social realism movement. The Mexican muralist movement is characterized by its political undertones, the majority of which are of a Marxist nature, and the social and political situation of post-revolutionary Mexico. Diego Rivera , David Alfaro Siqueiros , José Clemente Orozco , and Rufino Tamayo are

4556-409: Was the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency , employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads. In much smaller but more famous projects the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Many of the artists employed under

4624-414: Was transmitted on BBC2 in 1982. Bernard Hill starred in the role of Yosser Hughes , whose catch-phrase "Gizza job" became synonymous with the mass unemployment of the Thatcher years . The series established Bleasdale as one of Britain's leading television writers and social commentators. After The Black Stuff but before Boys from the Blackstuff , Bleasdale wrote The Muscle Market, which aired as

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