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58-438: It is the second smallest Brazilian state in area (larger only than Sergipe) and it is 16th in population . It is also one of the largest producers of sugarcane , coconuts , and natural gas in the country. Alagoas also has oil exploration , mostly of onshore deposits. Land of the sururu (or Charru Mussel), lagoon shellfish which serves as food for the coastal population, and of coconut water, Alagoas also possesses some of

116-489: A province . In 1839, the capital of the province was changed definitively from the town of Alagoas to Maceió, mainly due to the increasing growth of the city because of its port. According to the IBGE of 2008, there were 3,173,000 people residing in the state. The population density was 109.9 inhabitants/km. Urbanization : 67.4% (2006); Population growth : 1.3% (1991–2000); Houses : 779,000 (2006). The 2022 census revealed

174-610: A velar nasal [ŋ] before vowels has occurred historically: the Nenets words /ŋuːʔ/ "road", /ŋin/ "bow" are cognate with Hungarian út , íj with the same meaning. In some varieties of Nenets , the rule remains productive: the initial syllable cannot start with a vowel, and vowel-initial loanwords are adapted with prothetic /ŋ/ . Hindi words from English have an initial i before sp- , sk- or sm- : school → iskuul , special → ispesal , stop → istahp . In Persian , loanwords with an initial sp- , st- , sk- or sm- add

232-626: A competitor with the names of the lagoons of Manguaba , a lagoa do sul ("the southern lagoon"), and Mundaú , a lagoa do norte ("the northern lagoon"), already in the 16th century, when settlements were founded near the Alagoa do Norte and the Alagoa do Sul, the Alagoas, with the inclusion of the rest of the lagoons in the area. The suffix -ano is characteristic of Brazil: paraibano , pernambucano , alagoano , sergipano , baiano , goiano , and later acriano . The state's name originates with

290-431: A computerized air conditioning, with commercial spaces that will be occupied gradually. The parking area was more than tripled. Demand will be able to grow to 1.2 million passengers a year since the new passenger terminal has 24,000 square meters, the triple of its former size. The check-in counters were doubled and can reach higher numbers without any structural remodeling. The building is "intelligent", meaning controlled by

348-595: A computerized system that regulates factors ranging from the lighting level to air temperature and even the speed of the escalators. This system also controls access to restricted areas and the fire protection system, among others. The Port of Jaraguá is located in Maceió. The commercial and economic development of the Port of Jaraguá, on the margins of the Mundaú lagoon, was responsible for the emergence of an important settlement that received

406-420: A panoramic deck, chapel, seven escalators, nine elevators and four boarding bridges. The whole terminal was designed to permit access by the physically disabled, with ramps and special bathroom fixtures. In the new terminal, Infraero also brings to Maceió "Aeroshopping" – a concept that is transforming the country's airports into centers for leisure and high-quality products and services. The entire building has

464-476: A prosthetic vowel is added to Russian loanwords if a consonant or a consonant cluster appears at the beginning: арыш "rye" from Russian рожь , өҫтәл "table" from Russian стол , эскәмйә "bench" from Russian скамья , etc. However, Bashkir presents cases of novel prothesis in terms that are inherited from Old Turkic: ыласын "falcon" from Old Turkic lačïn , ысыҡ "dew" from Old Turkic čïq . In Nenets , Enets and Nganasan , prothesis of

522-478: A short vowel e at the beginning: spray → esprey , stadium → estadiun , Stalin → Estalin , skate → eskeyt , scan → eskan , etc. During their evolution from Proto-Slavic , words in some Slavic languages gained a prothetic /v/ (spelled "w" in Polish). Some Semitic languages , such as Arabic and Hebrew , regularly break up initial two-consonant clusters by adding a prothetic vowel. The vowel may be preceded by

580-438: Is divided into executive , legislative and judiciary branches. The state executive branch is headed by a state governor and includes a vice governor, both elected by the citizens of the state. The governor appoints several secretaries of state (each one in charge of a given portfolio) and the state attorney-general. The state legislative branch is the legislative assembly, a unicameral body composed of deputies elected by

638-408: Is the addition of a sound or syllable at the beginning of a word without changing the word's meaning or the rest of its structure . A vowel or consonant added by prothesis is called prothetic or less commonly prosthetic . Prothesis is different from the adding of a prefix, which changes the meaning of a word. Prothesis is a metaplasm , a change in spelling or pronunciation. The opposite process,

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696-529: Is the area long dominated by sugar cane. Still farther inland lies the Sertão of the Northeast region of the nation. The Sertão is a high dry region dominated by scrub that is often thorn-filled and sometimes toxic, the caatinga . This area and its people are famed in legend and song. It is the land of the cowboy who is clad from head to toe (if he is lucky) with very thick leather to avoid the sharp vegetation. During

754-544: The Federative Republic of Brazil . There are 26 states ( estados ) and one federal district ( distrito federal ). The states are generally based on historical, conventional borders which have developed over time. The states are divided into municipalities , while the Federal District assumes the competences of both a state and a municipality. Recent elections The government of each state of Brazil

812-508: The Land of the Marshals ( Terra dos Marechais ), for being the birthplace of Deodoro da Fonseca and Floriano Peixoto , the first two presidents of Brazil , Alagoas gave the country numerous illustrious Brazilians among whom are the anthropologist Arthur Ramos, the maestro Hekel Tavares, the philologist Aurélio Buarque de Holanda , the musicians Djavan and Hermeto Pascoal the poet Jorge de Lima ,

870-549: The State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and the State of Maranhão and Piauí , which had been split from the State of Maranhão, were reincorporated into the State of Brazil in 1775, under a single governor-general. This centralization later helped to keep Brazil as a unified nation-state, avoiding fragmentation similar to that of the Spanish domains. The captaincies became provinces in 1821, during

928-579: The Vargas regime detached six strategic territories from the borders of the country to administer them directly: the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (from Pernambuco), Amapá (from Pará), Rio Branco (from Amazonas), Guaporé (from Mato Grosso and Amazonas), Ponta Porã (from Mato Grosso) and Iguaçu (from Paraná and Santa Catarina ). Shortly after the war, the Brazilian constitution of 1946 returned Ponta Porã and Iguaçu to their original states. Guaporé

986-624: The captaincies established by Portugal following the Treaty of Tordesillas which divided the World between Portugal and Spain. The first administrative divisions of Brazil were the hereditary captaincies ( capitanias hereditárias ), stretches of land granted by the Portuguese Crown to noblemen or merchants with a charter to colonize the land. The first such captaincy was the island of São João , granted in 1504 to Fernão de Loronha . The continental land

1044-484: The s was later lost ) "state"/"been", and Latin speciālis changed to Spanish and Old French especial (Modern French spécial and Italian speciale ). Some Turkic languages avoid certain combinations of consonants at the beginning of a word. In Turkish , for instance, Smyrna is called İzmir , and the word station , borrowed from French , becomes Turkish istasyon . Similarly, in Bashkir ,

1102-628: The traditional counting system : un ar hugain 'twenty-one' (literally, 'one on twenty'). Swiss German features n -prothesis if a word ends with a vowel and the next word begins with a vowel. A dropped final n was originally retained then, but the process now occurs in contexts in which n never existed. A similar process called intrusive-r occurs in some varieties of English. A prothetic vowel performs external sandhi in Italian : compare la scuola ("the school ") vs. in iscuola ("at school"). It is, therefore, conjectured both that

1160-566: The Crown, becoming royal captaincies. The government of the Marquis of Pombal (1750–1777) significantly centralized the administration of the Portuguese colonies. By 1759, all captaincies had been returned to the Crown, with captains becoming appointed rather than recognized by inheritance. Some captaincies were designated as captaincies-general , to which other captaincies were subordinated. In addition,

1218-449: The Portuguese lagoa , coincidentally with the Spanish lagona and Mirandese llagona , suggests a change in suffix, already documented in a 938 document from Valencia , under the spelling lacona , and in another from 1094, in Sahagún , under the spelling lagona . The Portuguese lagoa under the spelling lagona (perhaps lagõna ), is documented in the 14th century, and alternated with

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1276-601: The beginning of the 20th century, the region's hinterland lived through the pioneering experience of Delmiro Gouveia, an entrepreneur from Pernambuco who installed the Estrela thread factory, which came to produce 200 spools daily. Delmiro Gouveia was killed in October 1917 in circumstances still unclarified, after being pressured, according to rumor, to sell his factory to competing foreign firms. After his death, his machines would be destroyed and thrown into Paulo Afonso Falls . Nicknamed

1334-466: The captaincy of Pernambuco, gave the control of the region back to the Portuguese, running the territory as part of his captaincy. He increased the number of sugar cane plantations and built some sugar mills, as well as founding the cities of Penedo and Alagoas – this last one originally baptized by Portuguese as Santa Maria Madalena da Alagoa do Sul (Saint Mary Magdalene of the Southern Lake), currently

1392-437: The citizens of the state. The judiciary in each of the states is composed of judges of law, who constitute the courts of first instance , and a Court of Justice , which is the court of second instance of the state and is composed of judges called desembargadores . Judges qualify through exams or are appointed. The states are divided into municipalities , which have different competences and are considered autonomous from

1450-443: The city of Rio de Janeiro. In 1977, the southern part of Mato Grosso became the state of Mato Grosso do Sul . In 1981, Rondônia became a state. The Brazilian constitution of 1988 created the state of Tocantins from the northern portion of Goiás, established Amapá and Roraima as states, and returned the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha to Pernambuco. The constitution thus ended all remaining territories, although it maintained

1508-489: The country's richest folklore . Initially, the territory of Alagoas constituted the southern part of the Captaincy of Pernambuco and only gained its autonomy in 1817. Its occupation pushed the expansion of the captaincy's sugarcane farming, which required new areas of cultivation, southward. Thus arose Porto Calvo , Alagoas (now Marechal Deodoro) and Penedo , nuclei which guided the colonization, economic, and social life of

1566-499: The end of the 17th century with the destruction of the most important quilombo, Palmares . During the empire , the separatist and republican Confederation of the Equator received the support of noteworthy figures from Alagoas. Throughout the 1840s, political life was marked by the conflict between the lisos (lit. "straights", not the sexual orientation connotation), conservatives , and the cabeludos (lit. "hairies"), liberals . At

1624-602: The final years of the Kingdom of Brazil ( united with Portugal ), and maintained that designation after independence in 1822 under the Empire of Brazil . Most internal boundaries were kept unchanged from the end of the colonial period, generally following natural features such as rivers and mountain ridges. Some changes were made to suit domestic politics (transferring the Triângulo Mineiro from Goiás to Minas Gerais , transferring

1682-550: The first governor-general of the vast Portuguese dominion in South America, known as the State of Brazil ( Estado do Brasil ). In 1621, the northern part of the dominion was detached, becoming a separate entity known as the State of Maranhão . However, captaincies continued existing under both states as regional administrations. During the Iberian Union (1580–1640), which allowed Portuguese settlers to enter Spanish domains,

1740-519: The first three centuries of its history, Alagoas was part of the captaincy of Pernambuco, only becoming an independent captaincy in 1817. As a reprisal against the Pernambuco Revolution , the King John VI of Portugal ordered a vast portion of the territory of Pernambuco to be taken from it, most including its southern portion, one part was given to the captaincy of Bahia , the other portion

1798-404: The following numbers: 1,887,865 Brown ( Multiracial ) people (60.4%), 915,400 White people (29.3%), 298,709 Black people (9.6%), 20,095 Amerindian people (0.6%), 5,505 Asian people (0.2%). According to a genetic study from 2013, Brazilians in Alagoas have 53.7% European, 26.6% African and 18.7% Amerindian ancestries, respectively. Portuguese is the official national language, and thus

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1856-787: The glottal stop /ʔ/ (see aleph ) or, in Hebrew, /h/, which may be pronounced or simply written. Because of the triconsonantal root morphology of Semitic languages, the prothetic vowel may appear regularly when the first two consonants of the root lack an intermediate vowel, such as in verb conjugation: Arabic ʼaktubu (I write) from the verb kataba (root ktb ). In Hebrew, prothesis occurs in nouns of Greek origin, such as Aplaton (Plato), itztadion (stadium). Welsh features h -prothesis only for vowel-initial words. It occurs in words after ei 'her', ein 'our', and eu 'their': oedran 'age' ei hoedran 'her age'. It also occurs with ugain 'twenty' following ar (on) in

1914-482: The government of the Federal District, which exercises constitutional and legal powers that are equivalent to those of the states , as well as those of the municipalities, thus simultaneously assuming all the obligations arising from them. Fernando de Noronha is not a municipality, but a state district of Pernambuco (the only state district in the country). It is governed by an administrator-general, appointed by

1972-475: The governor of Pernambuco, and a council whose members are elected by the citizens of the district. All states and the Federal District are represented in the national congress , each with three senators and between eight and 70 deputies , depending on their population. The citizens of all states and the Federal District vote for these national representatives and for president and vice president . The present states of Brazil trace their history directly to

2030-456: The historic heritage town of Deodoro da Fonseca. In 1570, a second expedition ordered by Duarte Coelho and led by Cristóvão Lins , explored the north of Alagoas and founded the settlement of Porto Calvo and five sugar mills, which two of them still endure, Buenos Aires and Escurial. In 1630, the territory was taken by the Dutch, whose interest was to manage the commerce of sugarcane in most parts of

2088-526: The ideals of the French Revolution ( liberté, égalité, fraternité ), while the five-pointed star refers to the coat of arms of Brazil . List of Brazilian states by population The federative units of Brazil ( Portuguese : unidades federativas do Brasil ) are subnational entities with a certain degree of autonomy (self-government, self-regulation, and self-collection) and endowed with their own government and constitution, which together form

2146-564: The jurists Pontes de Miranda and Marcos Bernardes de Mello, besides the writers Lêdo Ivo and Graciliano Ramos . The Latin lacus , "reservoir, lake" is the origin, in the primitive vocabulary heritage, of the Portuguese , Spanish, and Italian lago , French lac , one of its derivatives, the Latin lacuna , "pitfall, hole", "lack, want, neglect", explains the Spanish and Italian laguna . But

2204-475: The lakes along its coast near the city of Maceió. The coast is bordered by fringing reefs and many fine beaches. Behind the beaches, sometimes only hundreds of meters and defined by steep scarps, lies a stretch of green coastal hills having enough rainfall for considerable agriculture and scarce remnants of the Atlantic Forest that now is largely limited to steep hill tops or steep valley sides and bottoms. This

2262-522: The loss of a sound from the beginning of a word, is called apheresis or aphesis. Prothesis may occur during word formation from borrowing from foreign languages or the derivation from protolanguages . A well-known example is that /s/ + stop clusters (known as s impurum ), in Latin , gained a preceding /e/ in early Romance languages ( Old Spanish , Old French , Galician-Portuguese). Thus, Latin status changed to Spanish estado and French état , été (in which

2320-514: The name of Maceió and later became the present capital of Alagoas. The Port of Jaraguá is situated in a natural port area that facilitates the ships docking. During the colonial period, the most important products exported through the port were sugar, tobacco, coconut and spices. Alagoas provides visitors and residents with various sport activities. There are several football clubs based in the state, such as ASA de Arapiraca, CRB , CSA , Murici, Coruripe, CSE, Santa Rita, Penedense and Ipanema. Maceió

2378-553: The northeastern region of Brazil. As part of one of the wealthiest Brazilian captaincies, Alagoas prospered along with the sugar trade . They built Fort Maurits in Penedo, on the river São Francisco. However, the Dutch colonizers abandoned the territory after being defeated in 1646. Decades before Alagoas was formed in 1817, its sugar industry had 200 mills, and agriculture also involved cotton, tobacco and corn plantations. With Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822, Alagoas became

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2436-455: The origins of the Romance prothesis are phonetical, rather than grammatical. Prothesis originally broke consonant clusters if the preceding word ended in a consonant. There was no prothesis in the Romance dialects that had lost their terminal consonants. Phonetic rules of a native language may influence the pronunciation of a second language , including various metaplasms. For example, prothesis

2494-410: The other for a long time; the prosthesis is then explained by the introduction of the article, chiefly in locution ( na lagoa , vindo da lagoa ) ( in the lake , coming from the lake ), and for morphologic regularization with the derivatives of the verb alagar ( to inundate ) ( alagadiço, alagado, alagador, alagamento, etc.) ( swampish, waterlogged, flooding, overflow , etc.). The name appears as

2552-426: The peak period. Such loads still take place with less frequency. Another local industry is based on chemical products from brine pumped from deep wells on the outskirts of Maceió. In the last twenty years the tourist industry has found the beaches and Maceió itself has changed from a rather sleepy little port with coconut palm plantations along its beaches to high-rise hotels. The northern coast, particularly around

2610-460: The possibility of creating others in the future. On 11 December 2011, a consultative referendum was held in the state of Pará about creating two new states from parts of it ( Tapajós and Carajás , with the rest of the state remaining as Pará). Both proposals were rejected by about 66% of statewide voters, but reflecting a strong geographic split with over 90% approval by voters in the proposed breakaway regions and over 90% disapproval by those in

2668-449: The primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum. Alagoas is one of the poorest states of Brazil. It has the second worst HDI in the country, ahead only of the state of Maranhão , though its indicators have improved in recent years. The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 55.8%, followed by the industrial sector at 36.9%. Agriculture represents 7.3% of

2726-580: The region for a long time. The Dutch invasion in Pernambuco was extended to Alagoas in 1631. The invaders were expelled in 1645, after intense fighting in Porto Calvo, leaving the economy in ruins. The escape of African slaves during the Dutch invasion created a serious labour shortage problem on the sugarcane plantations . Grouped in villages called quilombos , the Africans were only completely dominated at

2784-438: The rest of the state. Other statistics, by: highest point , literacy rate , life expectancy , infant mortality , murder rate . Prosthesis (linguistics) In linguistics , prothesis ( / ˈ p r ɒ θ ɪ s ɪ s / ; from post-classical Latin based on Ancient Greek : πρόθεσις próthesis 'placing before'), or less commonly prosthesis (from Ancient Greek πρόσθεσις prósthesis 'addition')

2842-465: The south bank of the São Francisco River from Pernambuco to Minas Gerais and later to Bahia , separating the capital city of Rio de Janeiro as a Neutral Municipality outside any province, splitting Amazonas from Pará , and splitting Paraná from São Paulo ), as well as international border adjustments resulting from diplomatic settlement of territorial disputes. The Cisplatine Province

2900-523: The state's GDP (2004). Alagoas exports consist of: sugar 58.8%, alcohol 29.4%, chemicals 9%, tobacco 2.1% (2002). The economy has been agricultural , dependent largely on large sugarcane plantations with some tobacco farming that is concentrated around the city of Arapiraca. Sugar cane formed the basis for an alcohol industry that is in decline. Small to medium-sized tanker ships took alcohol on board in Maceio's port with considerable frequency during

2958-426: The states. Municipalities have a mayor, vice mayor and a chamber of aldermen, all elected by the citizens of the municipality, but do not have a separate judiciary. The Federal District has the same executive, legislative and judiciary organization as a state, but it cannot be divided into municipalities, which is why its territory is composed of several administrative regions . These regions are directly managed by

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3016-417: The territory of Portuguese colonial domains in South America was more than doubled, with both states of Brazil and Maranhão greatly expanding westward. After the union ended, Portugal asserted its territorial claims, which Spain eventually accepted with the Treaty of Madrid in 1750. Several captaincies were created or merged during this period, in both the original and western domains, and some were returned to

3074-592: The towns Maragogi and Japaratinga is beginning to see some of this development in the form of resorts attracting people from the south and from Europe . There is considerable European investment (as of 2007) in beach property north of Maceió with walled compounds of beach homes. Alagoas gained a new airport complex, Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport , in the Maceió Metropolitan Area, designed by homegrown architect Mário Aloísio, which combines glass, metal and granite. It includes space for art exhibitions,

3132-487: Was annexed into Brazil in 1821, declared independence as Uruguay in 1825, and was recognized by the Treaty of Montevideo in 1828. When Brazil became a republic in 1889, all provinces became states, and the Neutral Municipality became the Federal District. In 1903, Brazil acquired the territory of Acre from Bolivia with the Treaty of Petrópolis . In 1942–1943, with the entrance of Brazil into World War II ,

3190-412: Was divided into captaincies in 1534, generally following lines of latitude, although some followed meridians or diagonal lines. Each of the holders of these captaincies was referred to as a captain donatary ( capitão donatário ). The captaincies were to be inherited by the holders' descendants, but the Crown retained the power to reacquire them. In 1549, the Portuguese Crown appointed Tomé de Sousa as

3248-409: Was made independent, creating Alagoas as a new Brazilian captaincy. Initially, in the first years of the 16th century, Alagoas settlement went on slowly, however helped by Africans turned into slaves whose work urged the local economy. In the period of the 16th and 17th centuries, French pirates invaded its territory attracted by the commerce of brazilwood . Some time later, Duarte Coelho , owner of

3306-464: Was one of the 18 candidates to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup , for which Brazil was the selected host, but it did not make the final cut. The coat of arms symbolizes the first Alagoan settlement of Porto Calvo. Some plantations, sugarcane, and cotton that provided wealth in the past are incorporated in the design. The colors red, white, and blue refer to the French Tricolore , symbolizing

3364-461: Was renamed Rondônia in 1956, and Rio Branco was renamed Roraima in 1962, while remaining territories along with Amapá and Fernando de Noronha. Acre became a state in 1962. In 1960, the rectangular-shaped Distrito Federal was carved out of Goiás to contain the new capital, Brasília . The previous federal district became the state of Guanabara , but in 1975 it was reincorporated into its original state of Rio de Janeiro , becoming its capital as

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