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46-501: Sultan Mahmud II 's repudiation of the convention triggered the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) . This article related to international law is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Romanian history -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Russian history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Ottoman Empire –related article

92-470: A favourite son a closer governorship. Bayezid II , for instance, had to fight his brother Cem Sultan in the 1480s for the right to rule. Occasionally, the half-brothers would begin the struggle even before the death of their father. Under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), strife between his sons Şehzade Mustafa and Şehzade Selim (later Selim II ) caused such internal turmoil that Suleiman ordered

138-403: A succession by appointment, as it was an elective monarchy . Tanistry evades the basic requirement of the hereditary monarchy , i.e. that the outcome of the succession is predictable, up to the identity of successor and next heirs, by genealogy . The downside of the large group of eligibles was that increases in roydammna in each generation might lead to internecine dynastic civil war. Such

184-402: A tanist or next heir to the monarchy was elected, who if the king died or became disqualified, at once became king. Typically a former king's son became tanist (sometimes the son of the king simultaneously elected. However, perhaps more often a son of a rival branch of the dynasty), but not because the system of primogeniture was in any way recognised; indeed, the only principle adopted was that

230-523: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a treaty is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ottoman Dynasty The Ottoman dynasty ( Turkish : Osmanlı Hanedanı ) consisted of the members of the imperial House of Osman ( Ottoman Turkish : خاندان آل عثمان , romanized :  Ḫānedān-ı Āl-i ʿO s mān ), also known as the Ottomans ( Turkish : Osmanlılar ). According to Ottoman tradition,

276-656: The Grand Vizier . During the First (1876–78) and Second Constitutional Eras (1908–20) of the late Empire, a shift to a constitutional monarchy was enacted, with the Grand Vizier taking on a prime ministerial role as head of government and heading an elected General Assembly . The imperial family was deposed from power and the sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 during the Turkish War of Independence . The Republic of Turkey

322-595: The chieftainship or to the kingship . The word is preserved in the Republic of Ireland 's government, where the prime minister is the Taoiseach while the deputy prime minister is the Tánaiste . Historically the tanist was chosen from among the heads of the roydammna or "righdamhna" (literally, those of kingly material ) or, alternatively, among all males of the sept , and elected by them in full assembly. The eligibility

368-453: The 1090s, and tanistry was used as an argument in succession litigation as late as the 1290s. A similar system operated in Wales , where under Welsh law any of the sons or brothers of the king could be chosen as the edling or heir to the kingdom. In the broadest sense, the name tanistry describes the functional principle that "the most talented male member of the royal dynasty should inherit

414-442: The 17th century from a system of primogeniture to one based on agnatic seniority , in which the eldest male within the dynasty succeeded, also to guarantee adult sultans and prevent both fratricides as well as the sultanate of women . Thus, Mustafa succeeded his brother Ahmed; Suleiman II and Ahmed II succeeded their brother Mehmed IV before being succeeded in turn by Mehmed's son Mustafa II . Agnatic seniority explains why from

460-415: The 17th century onwards a deceased sultan was rarely succeeded by his son, but usually by an uncle or brother. It also meant that potential rulers had to wait a long time in the kafes before ascending the throne, hence the old age of certain sultans upon their enthronement. Although attempts were made in the 19th century to replace agnatic seniority with primogeniture , they were unsuccessful, and seniority

506-449: The Sultan's power to an extent. Historian Baki Tezcan has argued that the latter faction – with the help of the influential şeyhülislam Hocazade Esad Efendi – was able to prevail in this instance. The bloodless succession from Ahmed I to Mustafa I in 1617 "provided a reference for the eventual stabilization of the rule of Ottoman succession, the very regulation of which by an outside force

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552-513: The accession of King Malcolm II in 1005. This monarch was the first to introduce the concept of hereditary monarchy in Scotland. He did so to try to eliminate the strife caused by the elective law , which encouraged rival claimants to fight for the throne. The earlier Pictish kingdoms had allowed female-line succession to the throne and in middle age Scotland, Pictish and Gaelic succession rules were intermingled. Since Malcolm had only daughters,

598-465: The basis of primogeniture. Subsequent political events reverted that result to a more "clannish-tradition" direction. Robert the Bruce , grandson of the candidate who argued for tanistry, ascended the throne despite descending from a rather junior cadet line of the original Royal House. All future monarchs of Scotland after that succeeded by the rights of the Bruce.) Tanistry as the system of succession left

644-430: The combat became increasingly prevalent and recognized, especially after a Janissary uprising negated Murad II 's attempt to abdicate the throne peacefully to his son, Mehmed II , in 1444. During the eventual reign of Mehmed II (1451–1481), fratricide was legalized as an official practice; during the reign of Bayezid II (1481–1512), fratricide between Bayezid II's sons occurred before Bayezid II himself died; and after

690-571: The deaths of both Şehzade Mustafa and another son, Şehzade Bayezid , leaving Şehzade Selim the sole heir. During the reigns of Suleiman I and Selim II , the Haseki Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: خاصکى سلطان) or chief consort rose to greater prominence. Gaining power within the Imperial Harem , the favourite was able to manoeuvre to ensure the succession for one of her sons. This led to a short period of effective primogeniture . However, unlike in

736-428: The dignity of chieftainship should descend to the eldest and most worthy agnate of the last ruler. (Note this still disqualified many in the clan, since most clansmen were clients, not related to the ruling line, patrilineally or otherwise.) One of the most common rules for qualification as a roydammna was that a candidate had to be a member of the previous chief's " derbfhine ", a kindred including all descended in

782-533: The dynastic family was hypothetically eligible to become Sultan, and that only one person at a time could be the Sultan. Such rules were fairly standard for monarchic empires of the time. The certain processes through which men rose to the Sultanate, however, were very specific to the Ottoman Empire. To go into greater detail about these processes, the history of succession between Sultans can be divided into two eras:

828-449: The earlier period, when the sultan had already defeated his brothers and potential rivals for the throne in battle, these sultans had the problem of many half-brothers who could act as the focus for rival factions. Thus, to prevent attempts at seizing the throne, reigning sultans practiced fratricide upon accession, starting with Murad I in 1362. Both Murad III and his son Mehmed III had their half-brothers murdered. The killing of all

874-430: The electors were outraged, as they feared subjugation to one branch. In 1296, the Bruce candidate to inherit the crown of Scotland pleaded the traditional tanistry in his favor. In terms of primogeniture , he was from a cadet branch of the old royal descent, and thus would not have succeeded. The idea of rotation and balance (and his seniority in physical age and experience) made him a credible competitor. A Pictish aspect

920-634: The family originated from the Kayı tribe branch of the Oghuz Turks , under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia in the district of Bilecik , Söğüt . The Ottoman dynasty, named after Osman I, ruled the Ottoman Empire from c. 1299 to 1922. During much of the Empire's history, the sultan was the absolute regent, head of state, and head of government, though much of the power often shifted to other officials such as

966-474: The fittest , not eldest , son." During their father's lifetime, all adult sons of the reigning Osmanoğlu family 's sultan were given provincial governorships in order to gain experience in administration (a practice commonly found in Central Asian tradition), accompanied and mentored by their retinues and tutors. Upon the death of their father, the reigning sultan, these sons would fight amongst themselves for

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1012-564: The governance of the clan were built upon descent from a similar ancestor. The office was noted from the beginning of recorded history in Ireland, and probably pre-dates it. A story about Cormac mac Airt refers to his eldest son as his tanist. Following his murder by a member of the Deisi , another roydammna , Eochaid Gonnat , succeeded as king. In Ireland, the tanistry continued among the dominant dynasties, as well as lesser lords and chieftains, until

1058-622: The headship open to the ambitious. It was a frequent source of strife both in families and between the clans, but it was conversely quasi-democratic. Tanistry was abolished by a legal decision during the reign of James VI of Scotland , who later was named James I of England and Ireland. The English land law was substituted. The rules of succession of the House of Alpin of Scottish monarchs (a dynasty of mixed Pictish and Gaelic origin) and their successors, abided by tanistry rules until at least 1034. They also used them in certain successions in

1104-410: The incumbent chief belonged to. Perhaps simultaneously upon that succession, a tanist was elected from another branch, to fill the position vacated by the one now risen to chieftainship. He may have come from the branch to which the deceased belonged. The next vacancy would be handled in a similar way. If a chieftain attempted to have his own son (or brother) chosen over a representative of another branch,

1150-478: The kingship of Uí Maine." The tanistry system often led to rotation among the most prominent branches of the clan or the reigning house, particularly in the Middle Ages . Though not necessarily intended to be so, tanistry was perceived to create balance between branches of family. A quite usual pattern was that the chief (king, lord) was succeeded by his tanist, elected earlier and from another branch than that which

1196-697: The main chance. Coupled with the incursions of the Normans from 1169 onwards, this fragmented Ó Conchobhar rule. By the mid-13th century, they were reduced to ruling a fraction of their former patrimony. Another example of Derbfhine or Roydammna proliferation comes from the Annals of Connacht . It states that at the Second Battle of Athenry in August 1316, in addition to King Tadc Ó Cellaig of Uí Maine , "there fell with him ... twenty-eight men who were entitled to succeed to

1242-430: The male line from a common great-grandfather. However, it was often restricted to the chief's gelfhine , a fine descended from one common (patrilineal) grandfather. This meant that the group became highly exclusive, keeping the kingship within the dynasty. Many in the wider clan might be reduced to gentry or peasant status (though they might share the surname). These features make tanistry an agnatic succession mode, and

1288-489: The mid-16th/early 17th century when it was replaced by English common law. When in 1943 Ireland appointed its first new Chief Herald , it did not reintroduce tanistry. The state granted courtesy recognition to Irish chiefs based on primogeniture from the last known chief. The royal succession in Celtic Scotland was limited to the elective succession of the male descendants of Siol Alpein ( House of Alpin ) until

1334-441: The new sultan's brothers and half-brothers (who were usually quite numerous) was traditionally done by manual strangling with a silk cord. As the centuries passed, the ritual killing was gradually replaced by lifetime solitary confinement in the "Golden Cage" or kafes , a room in the harem from where the sultan's brothers could never escape, unless perchance they became heir presumptive. Some had already become mentally unstable by

1380-473: The period between the reign of Orhan (1323–1362), the first person to inherit the Ottoman sultanate, and the reign of Ahmed I (1603–1617); and the period following Ahmed I's reign. The succession process during the first period was dominated by violence and intra-familial conflict, in which the various sons of the deceased Sultan fought until only one remained alive and, thus, inherited the throne. This tradition

1426-488: The reign of Murad III (1574–1595), his successor Mehmed III executed 19 brothers to claim the throne. During the second period, the tradition of fratricide was replaced by a simpler and less violent procedure. Starting with the succession from Ahmed I to Mustafa I in 1617, the Ottoman throne was inherited by the eldest male blood relative – not necessarily the son – of the Sultan, regardless of how many eligible family members were alive. The change in succession procedure

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1472-438: The succession until one emerged triumphant. The first son to reach the capital and seize control of the court would usually become the new ruler. The proximity of a Şehzade (=Prince) to Constantinople improved his chances of success, simply because he could hear of his father's death, seize control of the Ottoman court in the capital, and declare himself Sultan first. A Sultan could thus hint at his preferred successor by giving

1518-400: The throne as Ahmed I , he had no children of his own. Moreover, as a minor, there was no evidence he could have children. This had the potential to create a crisis of succession and led to a gradual end to fratricide. Ahmed had some of his brothers killed, but not Mustafa (later Mustafa I ). Similarly, Osman II allowed his half-brothers Murad IV and Ibrahim to live. This led to a shift in

1564-414: The throne passed to his grandson through his eldest daughter and later, their descendants. The Irish monarchies, for their part, never at any stage allowed for female line succession. The king or chief held office for life and was required by custom to be of full age, in possession of all his faculties, and without any remarkable blemish of mind or body. At the same time, and subject to the same conditions,

1610-463: The throne, commonly by murder and war". It is specifically used to describe the practical ramifications of the Turco-Mongol, as well as other Central Asian steppe nomad , principles of inheritance and succession. Because all male members of the royal clan are considered to have equally legitimate claims on power, the ruler is the individual who eliminates competitors and re-subjugates the rest of

1656-577: The throne; for example, Ertuğrul Osman said "Democracy works well in Turkey." In English In Turkish In French Tanistry Tanistry is a Gaelic system for passing on titles and lands . In this system the Tanist ( Irish : Tánaiste ; Scottish Gaelic : Tànaiste ; Manx : Tanishtey ) is the office of heir-apparent, or second-in-command, among the (royal) Gaelic patrilineal dynasties of Ireland , Scotland and Mann , to succeed to

1702-405: The time they were asked to reign. Mehmed III was the last sultan to have previously held a provincial governorship. Sons now remained within the harem until the death of their father. This not only denied them the ability to form powerful factions capable of usurping their father but also denied them the opportunity to have children while their father remained alive. Thus, when Mehmet's son came to

1748-514: Was based on descent from a king to a few degrees of proximity. Usually descent from the male lines of a king was the norm, however in Scotland, descent through the female lines of a king was also accepted, possibly because of an intermingling with the Pictish succession rules. An example of this is King Eochaid who claimed the Scottish throne as the son of the daughter of Kenneth I . The composition and

1794-467: Was declared the following year. The living members of the dynasty were initially sent into exile as personae non-gratae , though some have been allowed to return and live as private citizens in Turkey. In its current form, the family is known as the Osmanoğlu family . The Ottoman dynasty operated under several basic premises: that the Sultan governed the empire's entire territory, that every male member of

1840-514: Was in effect a constitutional check on the dynastic prerogative," Tezcan has written. The precedent set in 1617 stuck, as the eldest living family member successfully inherited the throne in each of the following 21 successions, with relatively few instances of a son inheriting the throne. From the fourteenth through the late sixteenth centuries, the Ottomans practiced open succession – something historian Donald Quataert has described as " survival of

1886-420: Was known as fratricide in the Ottoman Empire but may have evolved from tanistry , a similar succession procedure that existed in many Turco-Mongolian dynasties predating the Ottomans. Sons of the Sultan were often given provincial territories to govern until the Sultan's death, at which point they would each vie for the throne. Each son had to, according to historian H. Erdem Cipa, "demonstrate that his fortune

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1932-414: Was likely instigated by numerous factors, including fratricide's decline in popularity among Ottoman elites and Ahmed I's decision not to kill Mustafa when inheriting the throne from Mehmed III in 1603. With the door open for a policy change, a political debate arose between those who supported unrestricted Sultanic privilege and those who supported a stronger, centralized law system that would supersede even

1978-485: Was retained until the abolition of the sultanate in 1922. The Ottoman dynasty was expelled from Turkey in 1924 and most members took on the surname Osmanoğlu , meaning "son of Osman ." The female members of the dynasty were allowed to return after 1951, and the male members after 1973. Below is a list of people who would have been heirs to the Ottoman throne following the abolition of the sultanate on 1 November 1922. These people have not necessarily made any claim to

2024-417: Was superior to the fortunes of his rivals", a demonstration that often took the form of military accomplishment and ruthlessness. This violence was not considered particularly unexpected or unusual. As Cipa has noted, the Ottoman words for "successor" and "conflict" share the same Arabic root, and indeed, all but one of the successions in this roughly 200-year period involved a resolution by combat. Over time,

2070-507: Was that both the House of Balliol and House of Bruce descended through female lines from the royal house, and were allowed to present candidacy. Bruce also claimed tanistry through a female line. (This may be an indication that in Scotland, Pictish and Gaelic succession rules were intermingled. The judicial resolution of the succession quarrel, directed by the English king, favoured the Balliols on

2116-713: Was the case among the descendants of King and High King Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (1088–1156). His dynasty, the Uí Briúin , had successfully ruled as Kings of Connacht since at least the mid-5th century. Their increasing consolidation via the annexation of the Kingdoms of Mide and Dublin , plus suborning neighboring states and lordships to vassalage, led to Tairrdelbach becoming the first of his dynasty to become High King. Competition between Tairrdelbach's many sons caused corrosive warfare among at least four competing main lines, in addition to allied lordships' and kingdoms' striving for

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