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57-524: The tablets are currently housed at the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities in Cairo . The text was reported by Daressy in 1901 and later analyzed and published in 1906. The first half of the tablet details five multiplications of a hekat , a unit of volume made up of 64 dja , by 1/3, 1/7, 1/10, 1/11 and 1/13. The answers were written in binary Eye of Horus quotients and exact Egyptian fraction remainders, scaled to

114-405: A "treatise on the heart". It notes that the heart is the centre of the blood supply, with vessels attached for every member of the body. The ancient Egyptians seem to have known little about the kidneys and made the heart the meeting point of a number of vessels which carried all the fluids of the body—blood, tears, urine and semen. Mental disorders are detailed in a chapter of the papyrus called

171-494: A 1/320 factor named ro . The second half of the document proved the correctness of the five division answers by multiplying the two-part quotient and remainder answer by its respective (3, 7, 10, 11 and 13) dividend that returned the ab initio hekat unity, 64/64. In 2002, Hana Vymazalová obtained a fresh copy of the text from the Cairo Museum, and confirmed that all five two-part answers were correctly checked for accuracy by

228-526: A building built in 1901, it is the largest museum in Africa. Among its masterpieces are Pharaoh Tutankhamun 's treasure, including its iconic gold burial mask , widely considered one of the best-known works of art in the world and a prominent symbol of ancient Egypt . The Egyptian Museum of Antiquities contains many important pieces of ancient Egyptian history. It houses the world's largest collection of Pharaonic antiquities. The Egyptian government established

285-468: A gradual arrangement of halls, without allocating rooms for periods of turmoil, as they were considered historically insignificant. The artifacts in the museum were categorized by their themes, though for architectural reasons, large statues were placed on the ground floor, while funerary items were displayed on the first floor in chronological order. Each day, new artifacts were arranged and displayed according to their themes in various rooms. The museum became

342-470: A rare collection of maps, paintings, and photographs. In August 2004, it was announced that 38 artifacts had disappeared from the museum and could not be located. The incident was referred to the public prosecution for investigation. During the security turmoil following the January 25 Revolution, the museum was stormed on January 28, 2011 , by unidentified individuals, and 54 artifacts were stolen. In response,

399-409: A representation of both ancient and modern Egypt. In 1983, the museum building was registered as a heritage site due to its unique architectural value. In August 2006, the largest development operation was carried out on the museum, aiming to make it a scientific and cultural destination. This included the establishment of a cultural center and an administrative-commercial annex on the western side of

456-649: A sale room (Salle de ventes) in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo from 1902 in room 56 on the ground floor, where original ancient Egyptian artworks and other original artefacts were sold. In addition, until the 1970s, dealers or collectors could bring antiquities to the Cairo Museum for inspection on Thursdays, and if museum officials had no objections, they could pack them in ready-made boxes, have them sealed and cleared for export. Many objects now held in private collections or public museums originated here. After years of debate about

513-400: A thousand tons in total. However, the transportation process was chaotic at times. The transfer was completed by July 13, 1902, and Mariette's tomb was moved to the museum garden in accordance with his wish to be buried among the artifacts he had spent much of his life collecting. The Egyptian Museum was officially opened on November 15, 1902. The new museum adopted an exhibition style based on

570-595: Is an Egyptian medical papyrus of herbal knowledge dating to c.  1550 BC (the late Second Intermediate Period or early New Kingdom ). Among the oldest and most important medical papyri of Ancient Egypt , it was purchased at Luxor in the winter of 1873–1874 by the German Egyptologist Georg Ebers . It is currently kept at the Leipzig University Library in Germany . The papyrus

627-618: Is permitted for a fee of 50 EGP for both Egyptians and foreigners, except in the Hall of the Golden Mask and the Royal Mummy Halls. Occasionally, free photography is allowed on specific days to encourage tourism and increase visitors to the museum. Visitors can also rent an audio guide inside the museum for 25 EGP, providing detailed information about the displayed artifacts. The Department of Antiquities (Service d'Antiquités Egyptien) operated

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684-684: The Brugsch Papyrus ( c.  1300 BCE ), and the London Medical Papyrus ( c.  1300 BCE ), the Ebers Papyrus is among the oldest preserved medical documents. The Brugsch and the London Medical papyri share some of the same information as the Ebers Papyrus. One side of another document, the Carlsberg papyrus VIII , is identical to the Ebers Papyrus, though the provenance of

741-576: The Egyptian Museum ( Arabic : المتحف المصري , romanized :  al-Matḥaf al-Miṣrī , Egyptian Arabic : el-Matḥaf el-Maṣri [elˈmætħæf elˈmɑsˤɾi] ) (also called the Cairo Museum), located in Cairo , Egypt, houses the largest collection of Egyptian antiquities in the world. It houses over 120,000 items, with a representative amount on display. Located in Tahrir Square in

798-901: The French architect Marcel Dourgnon. The bigger part of the museum's garden that stretched until the Nile was taken away in 1954 to build the Cairo Municipality Building. In 2004, the museum appointed Wafaa El Saddik as the first female director general. During the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , the museum was broken into, and two mummies were destroyed. Several artifacts were also shown to have been damaged and around 50 objects were stolen. Since then, 25 objects have been found. Those that were restored were put on display in September 2013 in an exhibition entitled "Damaged and Restored". Among

855-509: The German Egyptologist and novelist, Georg Ebers , after whom it is named. In 1875, Ebers published a facsimile with an English-Latin vocabulary and introduction. It was not until 1890, however, that it was translated by H. Joachim. In the early 1900s, Dr. Carl H. von Klein, alongside his daughter Edith Zitelmann, created a direct-to-English translation of the Ebers Papyrus. Ebers retired from his chair of Egyptology at Leipzig on

912-663: The New Kingdom . On April 3, 2021, twenty-two of these mummies were transferred to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Fustat in a grand parade dubbed The Pharaohs' Golden Parade . Collections are also being transferred to the not-yet-open Grand Egyptian Museum in Giza, including all the artifacts found inside Tutankhamun's tomb. "Among the reasons that the GEM itself was conceived,

969-446: The 1/11 computation, the division of 64 by 11 gave 5 with a remainder 45/11 ro . This was equivalent to (1/16 + 1/64) hekat + (4 + 1/11) ro . Checking the work required the scribe to multiply the two-part number by 11 and showed the result 63/64 + 1/64 = 64/64, as all five proofs reported. The computations show several minor mistakes. For instance, in the 1/7 computations, 2 × 7 {\displaystyle 2\times 7}

1026-521: The Book of Hearts. Disorders such as depression and dementia are covered. The descriptions of these disorders suggest that Egyptians conceived of mental and physical diseases in much the same way. The papyrus contains chapters on contraception, diagnosis of pregnancy and other gynecological matters, intestinal disease and parasites, eye and skin problems, dentistry, the surgical treatment of abscesses and tumors, bone-setting, and burns. The "channel theory"

1083-440: The Ebers Papyrus include: One of the more common remedies described in the papyrus is ochre , or medicinal clay . It is prescribed for intestinal and eye complaints. Yellow ochre is also described as a remedy for urological complaints. The use of animal and insect repellents derived from plants and other organisms found in nature is known from the time of the Ebers Papyrus. Several examples of such repellents can be found in

1140-982: The Egyptian Museum in Tahrir has been criticized for being overcrowded, displaying pieces in a way that is said to make the experience cumbersome for visitors." In the garden adjacent to the building of the museum, is a memorial to famous egyptologists of the world. It features a monument to Auguste Mariette , surrounded by 24 busts of the following egyptologists: François Chabas , Johannes Dümichen , Conradus Leemans , Charles Wycliffe Goodwin , Emmanuel de Rougé , Samuel Birch , Edward Hincks , Luigi Vassalli , Émile Brugsch , Karl Richard Lepsius , Théodule Devéria , Vladimir Golenishchev , Ippolito Rosellini , Labib Habachi , Sami Gabra , Selim Hassan , Ahmed Kamal , Zakaria Goneim , Jean-François Champollion , Amedeo Peyron , Willem Pleyte , Gaston Maspero , Peter le Page Renouf and Kazimierz Michałowski . Ebers Papyrus The Ebers Papyrus , also known as Papyrus Ebers ,

1197-468: The Egyptian Museum to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Fustat . The mummies are now displayed in state-of-the-art display cases designed to better control temperature and humidity, offering enhanced preservation compared to their previous display in the Egyptian Museum. The museum is located in the heart of Cairo, on the northern side of Tahrir Square (Downtown). It is accessible by public transportation, private cars with parking available at

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1254-574: The Egyptian Museum. However, this effort was not successful due to the death of Muhammad Ali Pasha in 1849, followed by a period of instability. The trade in antiquities resurfaced, and the collection housed in the museum established in Azbakeya began to shrink until it was transferred to a single hall in the Citadel of Saladin. The situation worsened when Khedive Abbas I donated the entire contents of this hall to Duke Maximilian of Austria during his visit to

1311-613: The artifacts after the transfer of the items related to the Grand Egyptian Museum and the Museum of Civilization. The committee included directors from the museums of Turin, the Louvre, United Museums, and Berlin. The museum library was established at the time of the museum's opening, with funds allocated since 1899 for the purchase of books. The Egyptologist Maspero advocated for a permanent budget for acquiring books and appointed Dacros as

1368-547: The bank of the Nile River , and in 1878 it suffered significant damage owing to the flooding of the Nile River . In 1891, the collections were moved to a former royal palace, in the Giza district of Cairo. They remained there until 1902 when they were moved again to the current museum in Tahrir Square , built by the Italian company of Giuseppe Garozzo and Francesco Zaffrani to a design by

1425-477: The citadel. Mariette considered the Boulaq Museum a temporary location, and after the flood incident, he saw an opportunity to advocate for the establishment of a permanent museum with greater capacity to accommodate a larger collection of artifacts, while also being situated away from the flood path. After Mariette's death, he was succeeded by Gaston Maspero , who attempted to move the museum from Boulaq but

1482-499: The display of valuable artifacts. The first phase of the initiative involved sampling the original color of the museum building and restoring the walls to their original color. It also included wall surface restoration, the restoration of decorations on the walls and columns, the replacement of window glass with UV-protective glass to safeguard the artifacts, and the restoration of the original ventilation system after thorough cleaning. Restoration work relied on 257 preserved panels within

1539-670: The displayed artifacts were two statues of King Tutankhamun made of cedar wood and covered with gold, a statue of King Akhenaten , ushabti statues that belonged to the Nubian kings, a mummy of a child, and a small polychrome glass vase. The museum was reportedly used as a torture site during the 2011 Revolution , with protestors forcibly and unlawfully detained and allegedly abused, according to reports, videos and eyewitness accounts. Activists state that "men were being tortured with electric shocks, whips and wires," and "women were tied to fences and trees." Prominent singer and activist Ramy Essam

1596-577: The final two dynasties of Egypt, including items from the tombs of the Pharaohs Thutmosis III , Thutmosis IV , Amenophis II , Hatshepsut , and the courtier Maiherpri , as well as many artifacts from the Valley of the Kings , in particular the material from the intact tombs of Tutankhamun and Psusennes I . Until 2021, two rooms contained a number of mummies of kings and other royal family members of

1653-523: The first librarian from 1903 to 1906. He was succeeded by several librarians, including Monier, who compiled a comprehensive catalog of the library’s holdings until 1926. A significant turning point for the library occurred when Abdel Mohsen El-Khashab assumed its management. He was assisted by Diaa El-Din Abu Ghazi, who later became the head librarian in 1950. Abu Ghazi played a crucial role in preparing catalogues, increasing international exchanges, and expanding

1710-411: The former is unknown. The Ebers Papyrus is written in hieratic Egyptian writing and represents the most extensive and best-preserved record of ancient Egyptian medicine known. The scroll contains some 700 magical formulas and folk remedies. It contains many incantations meant to turn away disease-causing demons and there is also evidence of a long tradition of empiricism . The papyrus contains

1767-515: The hekat unity was changed from the 64/64 binary hekat and ro remainder standard as needed to a second 320/320 standard recorded in 320 ro statements. Some examples include: The Ebers Papyrus is a famous late Middle Kingdom medical text. Its raw data were written in hekat one-parts suggested by the Akhim wooden tablets, handling divisors greater than 64. Museum of Egyptian Antiquities The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities , commonly known as

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1824-471: The history of Ancient Egyptian trade. Also on the ground floor are artifacts from the New Kingdom, the time period between 1550 and 1069 BC. These artifacts are generally larger than items created in earlier centuries. Those items include statues, tables, and coffins (sarcophagi). It contains 42 rooms; with many items on view from sarcophagi and boats to enormous statues. On the first floor are artifacts from

1881-430: The keys to the museum on March 9, 1902, and began the process of transferring the archaeological collections from Khedive Ismail 's palace in Giza to the new museum. This operation involved the use of five thousand wooden carts, while large artifacts were transported by two trains, making about nineteen round trips between Giza and Qasr El-Nil. The first shipment carried approximately forty-eight stone coffins, weighing over

1938-455: The library, which eventually grew to its current two-story size with two reading rooms and a storage area for publications. The library houses over 50,000 books and volumes, including rare works on ancient Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Near Eastern archaeology, along with other specialized fields. Some of its most significant books include Description de l'Égypte , Antiquités de l'Égypte et de la Nubie, and Lepsius' works. The library also contains

1995-457: The military forces cordoned off the museum to protect and secure it against looting and theft. After the political situation stabilized, security authorities managed to recover some of the stolen artifacts, but 29 items remain missing to this day. On April 3, 2021, the Egyptian Museum witnessed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade , during which 22 royal mummies (18 kings and 4 queens) were transferred from

2052-432: The multi-story Tahrir parking lot, or the easier option of using the metro, exiting at Sadat Station, which directly overlooks Tahrir Square. The museum is open daily from 9:00 AM to 7:00 PM, with special hours on Fridays from 9:00 AM to 11:00 AM and from 1:30 PM to 7:00 PM. Photography is not allowed inside the museum due to the negative effects of camera flashes on the small artifacts' colors. However, personal photography

2109-674: The museum built in 1835 near the Ezbekieh Garden and later moved to the Cairo Citadel . In 1855, Archduke Maximilian of Austria was given all of the artifacts by the Egyptian government; these are now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna. A new museum was established at Boulaq in 1858 in a former warehouse, following the foundation of the new Antiquities Department under the direction of Auguste Mariette . The building lay on

2166-415: The museum is entrusted to the position of museum director, a role held by several prominent figures in the field of Egyptology, including: There are two main floors in the museum, the ground floor and the first floor. On the ground floor is an extensive collection of large-scale works in stone including statues, reliefs and architectural elements. These are arranged chronologically in clockwise fashion, from

2223-476: The museum's library, which displayed the building's original designs. In July 2016, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Egypt) upgraded the museum’s internal and external lighting systems, allowing the museum to be open for nighttime visits. In November 2018, the final phase of the museum’s development was inaugurated, which included a new exhibition scenario, the display of the collections of Yuya and Thuya on

2280-498: The museum, where informal settlements were removed . Due to various architectural distortions the building had suffered over the years, which hid much of its original aesthetic charm due to external factors like pollution and heavy traffic, the Ministry of Antiquities launched an initiative in May 2012 to create a comprehensive rehabilitation plan for the museum. The German Foreign Ministry funded

2337-562: The necessary studies and scientific research, and the International Environmental Quality Association participated in the implementation of the initiative to restore the museum to its original condition. The project included architectural and engineering restoration work, as well as the development of the surrounding area of Tahrir Square . The project was completed by 2016, after restoring the eastern and northern wings, addressing lighting issues, and reorganizing

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2394-564: The new museum. Between the summer and the end of 1889, all the artifacts were moved from the Boulaq Museum to Giza, and the artifacts were reorganized in the new museum by the scholar De Morgan, who served as the museum's director. From 1897 to 1899, Loret succeeded De Morgan, but Maspero returned to manage the museum from 1899 to 1914. The architectural design of the museum was created by the French architect Marcel Dournon in 1897, to be located in

2451-727: The northern area of Tahrir Square (formerly Ismailia Square), along the British Army barracks in Cairo near Qasr El-Nil. The foundation stone was laid on April 1, 1897, in the presence of Khedive Abbas Hilmi II , the Prime Minister, and all his cabinet members. The project was completed by the German architect Hermann Grabe. In November 1903, the Antiquities Department appointed the Italian architect Alessandro Parazenti, who had received

2508-406: The only one in the world so filled with artifacts that it resembled a storage facility. When asked about this, Maspero replied that the Egyptian Museum was a reflection of a pharaonic tomb or temple, where every part of the space was used to display paintings or hieroglyphic inscriptions. Even the modern Egyptian home of that time used every part of the walls for paintings and images, making the museum

2565-653: The pre-dynastic to the Greco-Roman period. The first floor is dedicated to smaller works, including papyri, coins, textiles, and an enormous collection of wooden sarcophagi. The numerous pieces of papyrus are generally small fragments, owing to their decay over the past two millennia. Several languages are found on these pieces, including Greek, Latin , Arabic, and ancient Egyptian . The coins found on this floor are made of many different metals, including gold, silver, and bronze. The coins are not only Egyptian, but also Greek, Roman, and Islamic. This has helped historians research

2622-655: The problems appear right next to one another, leaving the impression that the scribe was practicing the computation procedure. The 1/13 computation appears once in its complete form and twice more with only partial computations. There are errors in the computations, but the scribe does find the correct answer. 1/10 is the only fraction computed only once. There are no mistakes in the computations for this problem. The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP) contained over 60 examples of hekat multiplication and division in RMP 35, 36, 37, 38, 47, 80, 81, 82, 83 and 84. The problems were different since

2679-423: The scribe showed that 3 times the hekat fraction (1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64) is equal to 63/64, and that 3 times the remainder part, (1 + 2/3) ro , is equal to 5 ro , which is equal to 1/64 of a hekat , which sums to the initial hekat unity (64/64). The other problems on the tablets were computed by the same technique. The scribe used the identity 1 hekat = 320 ro and divided 64 by 7, 10, 11 and 13. For instance, in

2736-694: The scribe that returned a 64/64 hekat unity. Minor typographical errors in Daressy's copy of two problems, the division by 11 and 13 data, were corrected at this time. That all five divisions had been exact was suspected by Daressy but was not proven until 1906. The first problem divides 1 hekat by writing it as 1 / 2 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 + 1 / 32 + 1 / 64 {\displaystyle 1/2+1/4+1/8+1/16+1/32+1/64} + (5 ro ) (which equals 1) and dividing that expression by 3. In modern mathematical notation, one might say that

2793-626: The strategy for selling the antiquities, the sale room was closed in November 1979. The value is in Egyptian pounds. 240 EGP is a combined morning ticket for foreigners at a discounted rate for the museum and the Mummies Hall. The museum is overseen by the Museums Sector of the Supreme Council of Antiquities , which is part of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Egypt) . The management of

2850-525: The text. In the time of Amenhotep I a calendar table was written on the verso side of the papyrus. Since 1906 we have a transcript by Kurt Sethe. Some rate this table to be "the most valuable chronological tool from Egypt that we are ever likely to possess". Like the Edwin Smith Papyrus , the Ebers Papyrus came into the possession of Edwin Smith in 1862. The source of the papyrus is unknown, but it

2907-504: The upper floor, as well as the display of King Tutankhamun ’s artifacts, until the rest of his collection is moved to the Grand Egyptian Museum . The works also involved repainting the walls, upgrading the outlets, updating the lighting system, and restoring the display cases. These tasks were overseen by a committee that included directors of the world’s largest museums, who contributed to the scientific perspective on redistributing

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2964-575: Was among those detained and tortured at the museum. Youssef Diaa Effendi, the Director of the Antiquities Department , began inspecting the antiquities of Middle Egypt shortly after assuming his position, focusing on those discovered by farmers. In 1848, Muhammad Ali Pasha assigned Linan Bek, the Minister of Education, to compile a comprehensive report on archaeological sites and send artifacts to

3021-454: Was prevalent at the time of writing of the Ebers papyrus; it suggested that unimpeded flow of bodily fluids is a prerequisite for good health. The Ebers papyrus may be considered a precursor of ancient Greek humeral pathology and the subsequently established theory of humorism , providing a historical connection between ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and medieval medicine. Examples of remedies in

3078-425: Was said to be 12 and the double of that 24 in all of the copies of the problem. The mistake takes place in exactly the same place in each of the versions of this problem, but the scribe manages to find the correct answer in spite of this error since the 64/64 hekat unity guided his thinking. The fourth copy of the 1/7 division contains an extra minor error in one of the lines. The 1/11 computation occurs four times and

3135-505: Was said to have been found between the legs of a mummy in the El-Assasif district of the Theban necropolis . The papyrus remained in the collection of Edwin Smith until at least 1869, when there appeared—in the catalog of an antiquities dealer—an advertisement for "a large medical papyrus in the possession of Edwin Smith, an American farmer of Luxor ." The papyrus was purchased in 1872 by

3192-471: Was unsuccessful. By 1889, the building housing the collections reached its peak of overcrowding, with no available rooms for more artifacts, either in the exhibition halls or storage areas. Artifacts discovered during excavations were often left for long periods in boats in Upper Egypt. This dire situation led Khedive Ismail to offer one of his palaces in Giza , the location of the present-day zoo, to serve as

3249-616: Was written in Ancient Egypt in c.  1550 BCE , during the late Second Intermediate Period or early New Kingdom , but it is believed to have been copied from earlier Egyptian texts. The Ebers Papyrus is a 110-page scroll, which is about 20 meters long. Along with the Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus ( c.  1800 BCE ), the Edwin Smith Papyrus ( c.  1600 BCE ), the Hearst papyrus ( c.  1600 BCE ),

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