27-509: 27°11′N 78°01′E / 27.18°N 78.02°E / 27.18; 78.02 Agra Province was a part of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh of British India during the closing decades of the British Raj , from 1904 until 1947; it corresponded (under Section 4(4) of United Provinces Act 1, 1904) to the former regions, Ceded and Conquered Provinces (1805–1836) and
54-603: A Chief Commissionership. Lucknow became its capital some time after 1921. Nainital was the summer capital of the province . By the 18th century, the once vast Mughal Empire was collapsing, undone by internal dissension and by expansion of the Marathas from the Deccan, the British from Bengal , and the Afghans from Afghanistan . By the middle of the century, present-day Uttar Pradesh
81-406: A province of independent India until 1950. It corresponded approximately to the present-day Indian states of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Uttarakhand . Allahabad served as the administrative headquarters and the capital of the province. Two years after the annexation of Oudh State in 1856, i.e. after 1858 and until 1902, the region had existed as North-Western Provinces and Oudh , Oudh being
108-703: A very large accession of territory in two instalments. In 1801 he obtained from the Nawab of Oudh the cession of Rohilkhand, the lower Doab, and the Gorakhpur Division , thus enclosing Awadh on all sides except the north. In 1804, as the result of Lord Lake 's victories in the Second Anglo-Maratha War , part of Bundelkhand and the rest of the Doab, including Agra and the guardianship of the old and blind emperor, Shah Alam, at Delhi, were obtained from Scindia . In 1815
135-739: The Battle of Poona . Baji Rao fled to British protection, and in December the same year concluded the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company , ceding territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force and agreeing to treaty with no other power. The treaty would become the "death knell of the Maratha Empire". This act on the part of the Peshwa , their nominal overlord, horrified and disgusted
162-678: The Delhi region. In 1765, the combined forces of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor met the British at the Battle of Buxar . The British won, but they did not take any territory; the whole of Awadh was restored to the Nawab, and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam was restored the subahs of Allahabad and Kora in the lower Doab, with a British garrison in the fort of Allahabad. Governor-General Warren Hastings later augmented
189-648: The Holkar chief of Indore , and the Bhonsale chief of Nagpur . The Maratha chiefs were engaged in internal quarrels among themselves. Lord Mornington , the Governor-General of British India had repeatedly offered a subsidiary treaty to the Peshwa and Scindia, but Nana Fadnavis refused strongly. In October 1802, the combined armies of Peshwa Baji Rao II and Scindia were defeated by Yashwantrao Holkar , ruler of Indore, at
216-565: The Kumaon Division was acquired after the Gurkha War , and a further portion of Bundelkhand from the Maratha Peshwa in 1817. These new acquisitions, known as the ceded and conquered provinces, continued to be administered by the governor-general as part of Bengal . In 1833 an act of Parliament was passed to constitute a new presidency (province), with its capital at Agra. But this scheme
243-521: The North Western Provinces (1836–1902). United Provinces of Agra and Oudh The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh was a province of India under the British Raj , which existed from 22 March 1902 to 1937; the official name was shortened by the Government of India Act 1935 to United Provinces ( UP ), by which the province had been commonly known, and by which name it was also
270-486: The British, Hisar, Panipat, Rohtak, Rewari, Gurgaon, Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat and the fort of Ahmmadnagar. The British started hostilities against Yashwantrao Holkar on 6 April 1804. Yashwantrao was somewhat successful as he harassed the British forces by guerilla warfare. However, he didn't receive the expected help from Scindia who had already signed
297-680: The District details, 041 the total area amounts to 107,494 square miles (278,410 km ). The area of the two Native States in the Provinces (Rampur and Tehri) is 5,079 square miles (13,150 km ) more. A Presidency of Agra was first formed in 1834, and the area had until then separated had been included in the Presidency of Bengal, sometimes called the Western Provinces. The United Provinces included four distinct tracts of country namely, portions of
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#1732852218096324-671: The Himalayas, the sub-Himalayan tracts, the great Gangetic plain, and portions of the hill systems of Central India. The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh included 10 divisions with 48 districts. The Government of India Act 1919 expanded the United Provinces Legislative Council to 123 seats, including more elected Indian members. The reforms also introduced the principle of diarchy , whereby certain responsibilities such as agriculture, health, education, and local government, were transferred to elected ministers. However,
351-619: The Maratha chieftains; in particular, the Scindia rulers of Gwalior and the Bhonsale rulers of Nagpur and Berar contested the agreement. The British strategy included Maj. Gen. Arthur Wellesley securing the Deccan Plateau , Lt. Gen. Gerard Lake taking Doab and then Delhi, Powell entering Bundelkhand , Murray taking Badoch, and Harcourt neutralizing Bihar . The British had available over 53,000 men to help accomplish their goals. With
378-629: The Punjab, and the Punjab States of Sirmur and Jubbal. The Jumna river formed part of the western boundary, the Ganges part of the southern, and the Gandak part of the eastern; other boundaries are artificial. According to the District surveys the areas of the two Provinces are, in square miles: Agra, 83,198; Oudh , 23,966; total, 107,164.9044 Including some river-beds which form District boundaries and are excluded from
405-644: The Treaty of Deogaon in Odisha with the British after the Battle of Argaon and gave up the province of Cuttack (which included Mughal and the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal). On 30 December 1803, the Daulat Scindia signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon with the British after the Battle of Assaye and Battle of Laswari and ceded to
432-731: The important portfolios like finance, police and irrigation were reserved with members of the Governor's Executive Council. Some of the prominent members and ministers in the United Provinces were Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan (Home Member), C. Y. Chintamani (Minister of Education and Industries) and Jagat Narain Mulla (Minister of Local & Self Government). 25°27′N 81°51′E / 25.45°N 81.85°E / 25.45; 81.85 Second Anglo-Maratha War Lake & Wellesley: The Second Anglo-Maratha War (from 1803 –1805)
459-445: The logistic assembly of his army complete (24,000 men in total) Wellesley gave the order to break camp and attack the nearest Maratha fort on 8 August 1803. On the same day he took the walled Pettah of Ahmednagar (town adjacent to the fort) by escalade . The Ahmednagar Fort surrendered on 12 August after an infantry attack had exploited an artillery-made breach in the wall. With the pettah and fort now in British control Wellesley
486-776: The north by Tibet, and on the north-east by Nepal ; on the east and south-east by the Champaran, Saran, Shahabad, and Palamau Districts of Bengal; on the south by two of the Chota Nagpur States in the Central Provinces, Rewah and some small States in the Central India kanpur technical augor District in the Central Provinces; on the west by the States of Gwalior, Dholpur, and Bharatpur, the Districts of Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, and Ambala in
513-491: The offices of Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh were combined in the same person; the formula was common in British imperial administration, and was known as 'double-hatting'. In 1902, when the new name of United Provinces of Agra and Oudh was introduced, the title of chief commissioner was dropped, though Oudh still retained some marks of its former independence. In 1935,
540-449: The official name of the province was shortened to the United Provinces (UP). The United Provinces became a province of the newly independent India in 1947. After the political integration of India and upon the coming into force of the new Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, three former princely states , Rampur , Benares , and Tehri Garhwal was added to it and it was renamed Uttar Pradesh . The provinces were bounded on
567-451: The son was "a past master in deceit and intrigue". Coupled with his "cruel streak", Baji Rao II soon provoked the enmity of Yashwant Rao Holkar when he had one of Holkar's relatives killed. The Maratha Empire at that time consisted of a confederacy of five major chiefs: the Peshwa (Prime Minister) at the capital city of Poona , the Gaekwad chief of Baroda , the Scindia chief of Gwalior ,
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#1732852218096594-529: The territory of Awadh by lending the nawab a British army to conquer Rohilkhand in the Rohilla War , and by giving Allahabad and Kora to Awadh on the ground that Shah Alam had placed himself in the power of the Marathas. At the same time the British received the province of Benares from Awadh. Subsequently, no great change took place until the arrival of Lord Wellesley ( Governor-General 1797–1805) who acquired
621-585: Was a large conflict within the Maratha Confederacy involving the British East India Company . It resulted in major loss of territory for the Marathas, including regions around Delhi and in present-day Gujarat falling into direct Company rule. The British had supported the "fugitive" Peshwa Raghunathrao in the First Anglo-Maratha War , and they continued with his "fugitive" son, Baji Rao II . Though not as martial in his courage as his father,
648-709: Was able to extend control southwards to the river Godavari . In September 1803, Scindia forces lost to Lake at Delhi and to Wellesley at Assaye . On 18 October, British forces took the pettah of Asirgarh Fort with a loss of two killed and five wounded. The fort's garrison subsequently surrendered on the 21st after the attackers had erected a battery . British artillery pounded ancient ruins used by Scindia forces as forward operating bases, eroding their control. In November, Lake defeated another Scindia force at Laswari , followed by Wellesley's victory over Bhonsle forces at Argaon (now Adgaon) on 29 November 1803. On 17 December 1803, Raghoji II Bhonsale of Nagpur signed
675-560: Was divided between several states: Oudh in the centre and east, ruled by a Nawab who owed allegiance to the Mughal Emperor but was de facto independent; Rohilkhand in the north, ruled by Afghans; the Marathas, who controlled the Bundelkhand region in the south, and the Mughal Empire, which controlled the entire Doab (the tongue of land between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers) as well as
702-707: Was never fully carried out, and in 1835 another statute authorised the appointment of a lieutenant-governor for the North-Western Provinces, as they were then known. The North-Western Provinces included the Delhi and Gurgaon territories, transferred later, after the Revolt of 1857 to the Punjab ; and also (after 1853) the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories , which in 1861 became part of the Central Provinces . Awadh remained under its nawab, who
729-427: Was permitted to assume the title of king in 1819. Awadh was annexed in 1856 and constituted a separate chief commissionership. Then followed the Revolt of 1857 , when all signs of British rule were for a time swept away throughout the greater part of the two provinces. The lieutenant-governor died when shut up in the fort at Agra, and Oudh was reconquered only after several campaigns lasting for eighteen months. In 1877
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