Misplaced Pages

#299700

36-736: See text. See also full listing . Agave ( / ə ˈ ɡ ɑː v i / ; also UK : / ə ˈ ɡ eɪ v i / ; Anglo-Hispanic, also US : / ə ˈ ɡ ɑː v eɪ / ) is a genus of monocots native to the arid regions of the Americas . The genus is primarily known for its succulent and xerophytic species that typically form large rosettes of strong, fleshy leaves . Many plants in this genus may be considered perennial , because they require several to many years to mature and flower. However, most Agave species are more accurately described as monocarpic rosettes or multiannuals, since each individual rosette flowers only once and then dies;

72-471: A binding agent. Extracts from agave leaves are under preliminary research for their potential use as food additives . The sap of A. americana and other species is used in Mexico and Mesoamerica to produce pulque , an alcoholic beverage. The flower shoot is cut out and the sap collected and subsequently fermented. By distillation, a spirit called mezcal is prepared; one of the best-known forms of mezcal

108-406: A curved flower spike from which it derives one of its numerous common names – the foxtail agave. It is also commonly grown as a garden plant. Unlike many agaves, A. attenuata has no teeth or terminal spines, making it an ideal plant for areas adjacent to footpaths. Like all agaves, it is a succulent and requires little water or maintenance once established. Agave azul (blue agave) is used in

144-585: A different plant family and probably experienced convergent evolution . Further, cactus ( Cactaceae ) and stonecrop ( Crassulaceae ) lineages are eudicots , while aloes ( Asphodelaceae ) and agaves ( Asparagaceae ) are monocots . The agave root system, consisting of a network of shallow rhizomes, allows the agave to efficiently capture moisture from rain, condensation, and dew. In addition to growing from seeds, most agaves produce 'pups' – young plants from runners. Agave vilmoriniana (the octopus agave) produces hundreds of pups on its bloom stalk. Agave leaves store

180-412: A higher essential/non-essential amino acid ratio and lower osmotic pressure," or by feeding on the biomass of insects that have grown on more direct ingestion of phloem sap. Maple syrup is made from reduced sugar maple xylem sap. The sap often is harvested from the sugar maple, Acer saccharum . In some countries (e.g., Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Finland , Belarus , Russia ) harvesting

216-507: A mechanism for phloem sap transport, although other hypotheses have been proposed. Phloem sap is thought to play a role in sending informational signals throughout vascular plants. According to Annual Review of Plant Biology , Loading and unloading patterns are largely determined by the conductivity and number of plasmodesmata and the position-dependent function of solute -specific, plasma membrane transport proteins . Recent evidence indicates that mobile proteins and RNA are part of

252-505: A number of natural hybrids. This includes species formerly placed in Manfreda and Polianthes . Other sources may use different circumscriptions . Manfreda and Polianthes species are now included in Agave . Sap Sap is distinct from latex , resin , or cell sap ; it is a separate substance, separately produced, and with different components and functions. Insect honeydew

288-407: A small number of Agave species are polycarpic . Along with plants from the closely related genera Yucca , Hesperoyucca , and Hesperaloe , various Agave species are popular ornamental plants in hot, dry climates, as they require very little supplemental water to survive. Most Agave species grow very slowly. Some Agave species are known by the common name "century plant". Maguey

324-616: Is tequila . A. tequilana or A. tequilana var. azul is used in the production of tequila. A. angustifolia is widely used in the production of mezcal and pulque , though at least 10 other Agave species are also known to be used for this. Agave can be used as the raw material for industrial production of fructans as a prebiotic dietary fiber . Agave contains fructooligosaccharides, which are naturally occurring oligosaccharides that support safely subjecting peanut-allergic people to allergen immunotherapy. Resulting from its natural habitat in stressful environments, agave

360-457: Is a Spanish word that refers to all of the large-leafed plants in the Asparagaceae family, including agaves and yuccas. Maguey flowers are eaten in many indigenous culinary traditions of Mesoamerica. The succulent leaves of most Agave species have sharp marginal teeth, an extremely sharp terminal spine , and are very fibrous inside. The stout stem is usually extremely short, which may make

396-416: Is called sap, particularly when it falls from trees, but is only the remains of eaten sap and other plant parts. Saps may be broadly divided into two types: xylem sap and phloem sap. Xylem sap (pronounced / ˈ z aɪ l ə m / ) consists primarily of a watery solution of hormones , mineral elements and other nutrients . Transport of sap in xylem is characterized by movement from the roots toward

SECTION 10

#1732852533300

432-632: Is consumed as the dominant or sole diet by a very restricted range of animals". This apparent paradox is explained by the fact that phloem sap is physiologically extreme in terms of animal digestion, and it is hypothesized that few animals take direct advantage of this because they lack two adaptations that are necessary to enable direct use by animals. These include the existence of a very high ratio of non-essential / essential amino acids in phloem sap for which these adapted Hemiptera insects contain symbiotic microorganisms which can then provide them with essential amino acids; and also insect "tolerance of

468-529: Is significantly different from other types of agave because it is higher in fructose and much sweeter compared to the rest. It is also the primary source for agave syrup , a nectary sweetener made for consumption. Agave species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera ( butterfly and moth ) species, including Batrachedra striolata , which has been recorded on A. shawii . Some species contain components in their juice which can cause dermatitis for some people. The ethnobotany of

504-538: Is under preliminary research for its potential use in germplasm conservation and in biotechnology to better anticipate the economic effects of global climate change . It may also have use as a bioethanol or bioenergy feedstock . List of Agave species As of May 2019 , the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families and Plants of the World Online recognize about 270 species of Agave plus

540-649: The APG II system , Agave was placed in the segregated family Agavaceae. When this system was superseded by the APG III system in 2009, the Agavaceae were subsumed into the expanded family Asparagaceae, and Agave was treated as one of 18 genera in the subfamily Agavoideae, a position retained in the APG IV system of 2016. Agaves and close relatives have long presented significant taxonomic difficulty. These difficulties could be due to

576-413: The leaves . Over the past century, there has been some controversy regarding the mechanism of xylem sap transport; today, most plant scientists agree that the cohesion-tension theory best explains this process, but multiforce theories that hypothesize several alternative mechanisms have been suggested, including longitudinal cellular and xylem osmotic pressure gradients , axial potential gradients in

612-579: The offsets from the base of the stem. A. americana (a blue variety) occurs in abundance in the Karoo , and arid highland regions of South Africa . Introduced by the British settlers in 1820, the plant was originally cultivated and used as emergency feed for livestock. Today, it is used mainly for the production of syrup and sugar. A. attenuata is a native of central Mexico and is uncommon in its natural habitat. Unlike most species of agave, A. attenuata has

648-597: The Ancient Greek αγαυή agauê from ἀγαυός agauós meaning "illustrious, noble" having to do with very tall flower spikes found on its many species. The genus Agave was erected by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, initially with four species. The first listed was Agave americana , now the type species . In the Cronquist system and others, Agave was placed in the family Liliaceae , but phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences later showed it did not belong there. In

684-443: The agave was described by William H. Prescott in 1843: But the miracle of nature was the great Mexican aloe, or maguey, whose clustering pyramids of flowers, towering above their dark coronals of leaves, were seen sprinkled over many a broad acre of the table-land. As we have already noticed its bruised leaves afforded a paste from which paper was manufactured, its juice was fermented into an intoxicating beverage, pulque , of which

720-459: The center of the rosette, the impression of the marginal spines is conspicuous on the still erect younger leaves. The plant is reported being hardy to −9.5 to −6.5 °C or Zone 8b 15-20f. Being succulents, they tend to rot if kept too wet. In areas such as America's Pacific Northwest , they might be hardy for cold winter temperatures, but need protection from winter rain. They mature very slowly and die after flowering but are easily propagated by

756-664: The false sisal hemp. A. americana is the source of pita fiber, and is used as a fiber plant in Mexico , the West Indies , and southern Europe. The agave, especially A. murpheyi , was a major food source for the prehistoric indigenous people of the Southwestern United States . The Hohokam of southern Arizona cultivated large areas of agave. In southern California and the Baja California Peninsula ,

SECTION 20

#1732852533300

792-477: The most familiar species is A. americana , a native of tropical America. Common names include century plant, maguey (in Mexico), or American aloe (though not related to the genus Aloe ). The name "century plant" refers to the long time the plant takes to flower. The number of years before flowering occurs depends on the vigor of the individual plant, the richness of the soil, and the climate; during these years,

828-417: The natives, to this day, are extremely fond; its leaves further supplied an impenetrable thatch for the more humble dwellings; thread, of which coarse stuffs were made, and strong cords, were drawn from its tough and twisted fibers; pins and needles were made from the thorns at the extremity of its leaves; and the root, when properly cooked, was converted into a palatable and nutritious food. The agave, in short,

864-689: The original rosette dies. However, throughout the lifetime of many Agave species, rhizomatous suckers develop above the roots at the base of the rosette. These suckers go on to form new plants after the original rosette desiccates and dies. Not all agaves produce suckers throughout their lifetimes; some species rarely or never produce suckers, while others may only develop suckers after final maturation with inflorescence. Some varieties can live for 60 years before flowering. Agaves can be confused with cacti , aloes , or stonecrops , but although these plants all share similar morphological adaptations to arid environments (e.g. succulence ), each group belongs to

900-503: The plant appear as though it is stemless. Agave rosettes are mostly monocarpic , though some species are polycarpic . During flowering, a tall stem or "mast" (" quiote " in Mexico), which can grow to be 12 metres (40 feet) high, grows apically from the center of the rosette and bears a large number of short, tubular flowers and sometimes vegetatively produced bulbils (a form of asexual reproduction). After pollination / fertilization and subsequent fruit development, in monocarpic species,

936-458: The plant is storing in its fleshy leaves the nourishment required for the effort of flowering. A. americana , century plant, was introduced into southern Europe about the middle of the 16th century and is now naturalized as well as widely cultivated as an ornamental, as it is in the Americas. In the variegated forms, the leaf has a white or yellow marginal or central stripe. As the leaves unfold from

972-446: The plant's long-distance communication signaling system. Evidence also exists for the directed transport and sorting of macromolecules as they pass through plasmodesmata. Many insects of the order Hemiptera (the half-wings), feed directly on phloem sap, and make it the primary component of their diet. Phloem sap is "nutrient-rich compared with many other plant products and generally lacking in toxins and feeding deterrents, [yet] it

1008-562: The plant's water and are crucial to its continued existence. The coated leaf surface prevents evaporation. The leaves also have sharp, spiked edges. The spikes discourage predators from eating the plant or using it as a source of water and are so tough that ancient peoples used them for sewing needles. The sap is acidic. Some agaves bloom at a height up to 9 m (30 ft) so that they are far out of reach to animals that might attack them. Smaller species, such as Agave lechuguilla , have smaller bloom stalks. The genus name Agave come from

1044-519: The production of tequila . It is native to the Caribbean as well as many regions of Mexico like Colima, Nayarit, Jalisco and more. In 2001, the Mexican government and European Union agreed upon the classification of tequila and its categories. All 100% blue agave tequila must be made from the A. tequilana 'Weber's Blue' agave plant, to rigorous specifications and only in the state of Jalisco. Blue agave

1080-787: The relatively young evolutionary age of the group (major diversification events of the group most likely occurred 8–10 million years ago ), ease of hybridization between species (and even genera), incomplete lineage sorting , and long generation times. Within a species, morphological variations can be considerable, especially in cultivation; a number of named species may actually just be variants of original wild-type species that horticulturalists bred to appear unique in cultivation. Some commonly grown species include Agave americana , A. angustifolia , A. attenuata , A. murpheyi , A. palmeri , A. parryi , A. parviflora , A. tequilana , A. victoriae-reginae , and A. vilmoriniana . One of

1116-662: The roasted hearts of A. shawii and A. deserti were historically among the most important foods for the Cahuilla , Kumeyaay , Kiliwa , and Paipai peoples, leaving ubiquitous archeological evidence in the form of agave-roasting pits throughout the region. The Navajo similarly found many uses for the agave plant. A beverage is squeezed from the baked fibers, and the heads can be baked or boiled, pounded into flat sheets, sun dried, and stored for future use. The baked, dried heads are also boiled and made into an edible paste, eaten whole, or made into soup. The leaves are eaten boiled, and

Agave - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-438: The summer, before the blossom, weigh several pounds each. Roasted, they are sweet and can be chewed to extract the sap or aguamiel , like sugarcane . When dried out, the stalks can be used to make didgeridoos . The leaves may be collected in winter and spring, when the plants are rich in sap, for eating. The leaves of several species also yield fiber, for instance, A. sisalana , the sisal hemp, and A. decipiens ,

1188-431: The very high sugar content and osmotic pressure of phloem sap is promoted by their possession in the gut of sucrase - transglucosidase activity, which transforms excess ingested sugar into long-chain oligosaccharides ." A much larger set of animals do however consume phloem sap by proxy, either "through feeding on the honeydew of phloem-feeding hemipterans. Honeydew is physiologically less extreme than phloem sap, with

1224-768: The vessels, and gel- and gas-bubble-supported interfacial gradients. Xylem sap transport can be disrupted by cavitation —an "abrupt phase change [of water] from liquid to vapor" —resulting in air-filled xylem conduits. In addition to being a fundamental physical limit on tree height, two environmental stresses can disrupt xylem transport by cavitation: increasingly negative xylem pressures associated with water stress , and freeze-thaw cycles in temperate climates. Phloem sap (pronounced / ˈ f l oʊ ɛ m / ) consists primarily of sugars , hormones, and mineral elements dissolved in water. It flows from where carbohydrates are produced or stored (sugar source) to where they are used (sugar sinks). The pressure flow hypothesis proposes

1260-482: The young, tender flowering stalks and shoots are roasted and eaten as well. The fibers are used to make rope, the leaves are used to line baking pits, and the sharp-pointed leaf tips are used to make basketry awls. During the development of the inflorescence, sap rushes to the base of the young flower stalk. Agave syrup (commonly called agave nectar), a sweetener derived from the sap, is used as an alternative to sugar in cooking, and can be added to breakfast cereals as

1296-612: Was meat, drink, clothing, and writing materials for the Aztec! Surely, never did Nature enclose in so compact a form so many of the elements of human comfort and civilization! The four major edible parts of the agave are the flowers, the leaves, the stalks or basal rosettes, and the sap (in Spanish: aguamiel , meaning "honey water"). The sap of some species can also be used as soap. Each agave plant produces several pounds of edible flowers during its final season. The stalks, which are ready during

#299700