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44-613: Aga Khan University is a not-for-profit institution and an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network . It was founded in 1983 as Pakistan's first private university. Starting in 2000, the university expanded to Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , the United Kingdom and Afghanistan . AKU began life as a health-sciences university. It is among the largest private health-care providers in Pakistan and East Africa. AKU hospitals were

88-451: A celestial star (cf. Modern French étoile ), from Latin stella 'star'. Stars are comparatively rare in European heraldry during the medieval period. An early reference of dubious historicity is reported by Johannes Letzner , who cites Conradus Fontanus (an otherwise unknown authority) to the effect that one Curtis von Meinbrechthausen, a knight of Saxony , in 1169 after committing

132-452: A 12-pointed mullet, but is intended to depict the Sun. Irrespective of the statements by Paul M. G. Levy and the recent reconstruction by Susan Hood, crediting Arsène Heitz with the original design still seems to me the soundest option. In particular, Arsène Heitz himself, in 1987, laid claim to his own role in designing the flag and to its religious inspiration when he said that 'the flag of Europe

176-722: A charter from President Uhuru Kenyatta . The subsequent academic years, 2022–23, witnessed the launch of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences on the Stadium Road Campus in Karachi, Pakistan. Stephen Lyon was appointed as the Inaugural Dean in September 2022, and the Faculty officially launched in September 2023. The Aga Khan University accounts for 75% of all biomedical research in Pakistan while

220-690: A fixed range. The grading table is: The university is home to several teaching and research Institutes on its different campuses. The Institutes each drive one of the thematic priorities of AKU and AKDN. In London, the Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations is a dedicated interdisciplinary research and graduate school that brings together humanities scholars and social scientists to critically engage with cultural, historical, political, economic, legal and religious aspects of Muslim societies. In Pakistan and East Africa, AKU has two Institutes that focus on education:

264-484: A murder lost his rank and arms, described as an eight-pointed star beneath a chevron. In Scotland, the armigers of Clan Murray and Clan Douglas used arms with stars as early as the 12th or 13th century. Examples of stars in a late medieval heraldry of the Holy Roman Empire include those of Wentz von Niederlanstein (1350), Gemm (attested 1352), Geyer von Osterberg (1370), Enolff Ritter von Leyen (d. 1392). Under

308-566: Is a federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary education in Pakistan. AKU-EB examines students at SSC and HSSC level. Launched in 2015, the Aga Khan University Graduate School of Media and Communications (GSMC) is focused on education and tailored training for journalists, communicators and media executives and entrepreneurs in East Africa and beyond. On 7 December 2019, GSMC announced a partnership with Facebook to launch

352-850: Is an international university, operating on campuses in Central and South Asia , the African Great Lakes , Europe and the Middle East. In Pakistan, the university is an 84-acre campus including a hospital with two on-campus male and female hostels with a capacity of 300 each. It has a sports and rehabilitation center which is one of the best in Pakistan, with an Olympic-standard swimming pool, cricket practice nets, tennis courts, indoor gymnasium with wooden flooring, squash courts and gyms. It has cricket and football grounds with jogging tracks. Existing campuses and international programmes include: The Aga Khan University (AKU) uses an absolute grading system with

396-477: Is held annually in which faculty and students present their research. The university is a site for NIH clinical trials . The seal (logo) of the Aga Khan University is a visual representation of the principles which underlie the founding of the university. The circular form of the seal has its roots in the rosettes of early Islamic periods. It also symbolizes the world and reflects the internationality of

440-1146: Is on this premise that I established the Aga Khan Development Network. This Network of agencies, known as the AKDN, has long been active in many areas of Asia and Africa to improve the quality of life of all who live there. These areas are home to some of the poorest and most diverse populations in the world." The AKDN partners with like-minded institutions in the design, implementation, and funding of innovative development projects. Partners included governments of many nations: Afghanistan , Australia , Canada , Côte d'Ivoire , Czech Republic , Denmark , Democratic Republic of Congo , Egypt , in Europe , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , India , Japan , Kenya , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyz Republic , Malaysia , Mali , Mozambique , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Pakistan , Portugal , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Syria , Tajikistan , Tanzania , Zanzibar , Uganda , United Kingdom Bangladesh and many governmental agencies in

484-532: Is one of the few universities in Pakistan to provide research facilities to students at the undergraduate level. The university maintains a research office to guide and support research conducted at the university. A University Research Council also funds grants after a competitive review process facilitated by a Grants Review Committee. Particular emphasis is also placed on community related health sciences research. AKU organizes international and national research workshops and seminars. A Health Sciences Research Assembly

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528-459: Is presumed to have five unless otherwise specified in the blazon , and pierced mullets are common; estoiles, however, are presumed to have six rays and (as of 1909) had not been found pierced. In Scottish heraldry , an estoile is the same as in English heraldry , but mullet refers only to a mullet pierced (also called a spur revel ), while one that is not pierced is called a star . The use of

572-512: Is the flag of Our Lady' [ Magnificat magazine, 1987]. Secondly, it is worth noting the testimony of Father Pierre Caillon, who refers to a meeting with Arsène Heitz. Caillon tells of having met the former Council of Europe employee by chance in August 1987 at Lisieux in front of the Carmelite monastery. It was Heitz who stopped him and declared "I was the one who designed the European flag. I suddenly had

616-560: The Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance , seek to strengthen the role of the private sector in developing countries by supporting private sector initiatives in the development process. The fund and the foundation also encourage government policies that foster what the Aga Khan first called "an enabling environment of favorable legislative and fiscal structures". AKDN also runs civil society programs. A number of their organizations are sponsored by

660-528: The Institute for Educational Development Pakistan , and Institute for Educational Development East Africa . The Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations (AKU-ISMC) was founded in 2002 and accepted its first intake of graduate students in 2006. The AKU-ISMC offers an MA in Muslim Cultures. The MA is accredited by the Higher Education Commission (Pakistan) of Pakistan and regulated by

704-891: The Quality Assurance Agency in the UK. Since 2018, AKU-ISMC has been based in the Aga Khan Centre in the King's Cross area of London. The Aga Khan Centre was designed by the architect Fumihiko Maki. In 2020, AKU signed a partnership with Columbia University launching a dual masters in September 2020. The Institute for Educational Development in Karachi and East Africa (AKU-IED) is a center for developing teachers, educators, education managers, researchers and policy makers. Apart from teacher training, AKU-IED offers MEd ( Masters of Education ) and PhD . in Education as well. Established in 2003. AKU-EB

748-465: The US flag is the largest number on any national flag. The second-largest is 27, on the flag of Brazil . The current national flags featuring stars include: 1902 Not bearing heraldic stars as such, the 1915 Flag of Morocco and the 1996 flag of Ethiopia have a pentagram each, and the 1948 flag of Israel a hexagram or "star of David". The 1962 Flag of Nepal has what would technically be described as

792-706: The United States . The AKDN is one of the first Global Alliance Founding Partners, that will be providing funding for the Earthshot Prize , launched in October 2020 by Prince William in partnership with Sir David Attenborough through The Royal Foundation . Between 2021 and 2030, five prizes of £1 million will be awarded annually to recipients who identify solutions to global environmental problems. [REDACTED] Media related to Aga Khan Development Network at Wikimedia Commons Star (heraldry) In heraldry ,

836-797: The World Bank with the help of partner foundations. The Aga Khan Trust for Culture coordinates the Imamate's cultural activities. Its programs include the Aga Khan Award for Architecture , the Aga Khan Historic Cities Program , and the Education and Culture Program. The trust also provides financial support for the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in

880-601: The flag of the United States , each star represents one state . The flag adopted in 1777 is the attributed origin of the thirteen stars, representing the thirteen United States , appearing on the Great Seal since 1780. A mullet "barbed to chief" appears in the arms of the 240th Signal Battalion of the 40th Infantry Division of the California Army National Guard United States Army . In

924-595: The 16th century, when seven stars representing its Seven Tithings were added to the party per pale coat of arms of the Bishop of Sion . Of the higher nobility in Siebmachers Wappenbuch (1605), the landgrave of Hessen and the counts of Waldeck and Erbach have stars in their coats of arms, as do several Swiss knights. Stars are nearly ubiquitous in United States heraldry and vexillology and nearly always appear unpierced with five straight-sided points. In

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968-592: The Aga Khan University. At the centre of the seal is a star or sun representing light – a universal symbol of the enlightenment that education provides. The light is also symbolic of Nur (divine light). The star incorporates 49 points to commemorate the university's founding by Prince Karim Aga Khan , the Forty-Ninth imam of the Ismaili Muslims . The outer ring circumscribes a Quranic Ayat (3:103) rendered in classic thuluth script . The Aga Khan University

1012-725: The French Medical Institute for Children in Kabul, managed by AKU. In 2007, the Examination Board conducted its first Secondary School Certificate examinations. The year 2015 marked a significant achievement for Aga Khan University, Tanzania, as it was granted a University Charter by President Jakaya Kikwete. In 2012, the Graduate School of Media and Communications, Institute for Human Development, and East Africa Institute were founded. In 2021, Aga Khan University, Kenya, received

1056-518: The United States. It also supports cultural development and preservation with the Award for Architecture, Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC), Historic Cities, Museums & Exhibitions, Islamic Architecture and Music. The Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED), Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance (AKAM), Financial Services, Industrial Promotion, Tourism Promotion, Media, Aviation Services are some agencies and programs offered for economic development. In

1100-505: The Video Journalism Fellowship. 24°53′34″N 67°04′29″E  /  24.8928°N 67.0747°E  / 24.8928; 67.0747 Aga Khan Development Network The network focuses on health, education, culture, rural development , institution building, and economic development. AKDN's mission includes improving living conditions and opportunities for the poor without regard to faith, origin, or gender. While

1144-400: The agencies are secular , they follow Islamic values. AKDN agencies' mission statement is to work towards the elimination of global poverty ; the promotion and implementation of pluralism ; the advancement of the status of women ; and the honoring of Islamic art and architecture . To pursue their mandates, AKDN institutions rely on volunteers as well as paid staff. As of 2008,

1188-626: The agencies within the Aga Khan Development Network . In 1964, plans for the construction of the Aga Khan Hospital and Medical College were announced by the Chancellor. Subsequently, in 1980, the contract for the main complex of Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College was signed in London. A significant milestone occurred in 1983 when the Charter of the university was presented to the Chancellor by

1232-516: The blazon. If the number of points is not specified, five points are presumed in Gallo-British heraldry , and six points are presumed in German-Nordic heraldry . Unlike estoiles, mullets have straight (rather than wavy) rays and may have originally represented the rowel of a spur , rather than a celestial star . The term is said to be derived from French molette , a spur-rowel, although it

1276-507: The design of modern flags and emblems, the stars (mullets, usually five-pointed) when standing alone often represent concepts like "unity" or "independence". When arranged in groups, they often enumerate provinces or other components of the nation (such as ethnic groups). In the flags of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, this enumeration is done by the points of a single star rather than by multiple number of stars. Some flags of countries on

1320-1145: The field of education, AKDN has the Aga Khan Education Services (AKES), Aga Khan University (AKU), Aga Khan Academies (AKA), and the University of Central Asia (UCA). In Gilgit-Baltistan , Pakistan , the Aga Khan Foundation is employed to improve residents' standards of living. The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) works to mitigate educational and food scarcity in several disadvantaged East African communities. The AKF has partnered with organizations in rural regions of Kenya and Tanzania to augment their economic capacity. Programs in Kenya have built over 120 dams and small farm reservoirs to increase water accessibility, along with water pipes for schools and hospitals. Programs in Tanzania have focused on helping to train farmers on sustainable agricultural practices to battle harsh and unpredictable climate. Aga Khan IV succeeded to

1364-541: The first in those regions accredited by U.S.-based Joint Commission International. More recently, the university has initiated programmes in teacher education, the study of Muslim civilisations, journalism, early childhood development and public policy. In the near future, the university plans to launch an undergraduate liberal-arts programme to educate future leaders in a wide range of fields and establish additional graduate professional schools. Founded in 1983 by Prince Aga Khan IV , Aga Khan University (AKU) stands as one of

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1408-480: The former President of Pakistan, establishing it as the first private international university in Pakistan. That same year marked the graduation of the first class from the university's School of Nursing. The inauguration of Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi followed in 1985. The university's medical college witnessed its first batch of graduates in 1989. In 1994, the Institute for Educational Development in Karachi

1452-448: The network of AKDN institutions active in more than 35 underdeveloped countries to provide support in the fields of health care , education , and economics . The functions and philosophy of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) according to the organisation are quoted below: "The engagement of the Imamat in development is guided by Islamic ethics , which bridge faith and society. It

1496-465: The office of the 49th hereditary Imam as spiritual and administrative leader of the Shia faith-rooted Nizari Isma'ili Muslim supranational union in 1957. Ismailis consist of an estimated 25 to 30 million adherents (about 20% of the world's Shia Muslim population). The Aga Khan Development Network states that its mandate is to improve the quality of life for the most vulnerable. This mandate guides

1540-514: The organization's annual budget for not-for-profit activities is approximately $ 950 million, mainly in Africa , Asia , and the Middle East . AKDN works in 30 countries around the world, and it employs approximately 96,000 paid staff. The following is a list of AKDN agencies: The Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development and its affiliates, Tourism Promotion Services, Industrial Promotion Services , and

1584-519: The original as Az. three mullets arg. ... . In Canadian heraldry the usual term is mullet , but there is also the occasional six-pointed star (e.g. in Vol. IV, at p. 274 and in online version of the Canadian Public Register), which is what others would blazon as a six-pointed mullet . The United States Army Institute of Heraldry , the official heraldic authority in the United States , uses

1628-446: The remaining 25 percent is shared by all the other institutions. AKU publishes more research articles in peer-reviewed, indexed internationally recognised journals than any other university in Pakistan. Faculty promotions are dependent on publications in indexed journals while most medical students have published by the time they graduate. Undergraduate medical students have published up to 50 research papers in indexed health journals. It

1672-646: The southern hemisphere show a depiction of the Southern Cross consisting of four or five stars. The star and crescent symbol is found in flags of states succeeding the Ottoman Empire , which used flags with this symbol during 1793-1923. The twelve stars on the Flag of Europe (1955) symbolize unity. The green five-pointed star on the Esperanto flag (1890) symbolizes the five inhabited continents . The 50 stars of

1716-470: The system of cadency in use in England and Ireland since the late 15th century, a third son bears a mullet (unpierced) as a difference. Stars become much more popular as heraldic charges in the early modern era, especially in then-recent family coats of arms of burghers and patricians, as well as in coats of arms of cities (e.g. Maastricht , Bozen , Kaufbeuren ). The coat of arms of Valais originates in

1760-465: The term mullet in its blazons, but elsewhere, as in US government documents describing the flag of the United States and the Great Seal of the United States , the term star is constantly used, and these nearly always appear with five straight-sided points. The term mullet or molet refers to a star with straight sides, typically having five or six points, but may have any number of points specified in

1804-468: The term star may refer to any star -shaped charge with any number of rays, which may appear straight or wavy, and may or may not be pierced. While there has been much confusion between the two due to their similar shape, a star with straight-sided rays is usually called a mullet in English heraldry while one with wavy rays is usually called an estoile . While a mullet may have any number of points , it

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1848-473: The word star in blazons, and how that charge appears in coat armory, varies from one jurisdiction to another. In Scots heraldry, both star and mullet interchangeably mean a star with five straight rays; the official record from 1673 gives Murray of Ochtertyre azur three Starrs argent ... (Public Register, vol 1 p 188), while the Ordinary of Arms produced by a late 19th century Lyon King of Arms 'modernizes'

1892-521: Was in use in heraldry even before rowel spurs. The term estoile refers to wavy-sided stars, usually of six points, though they may also be blazoned with a different number of points, often eight (e.g. "Portsmouth County Council" pictured here Archived 2016-11-20 at the Wayback Machine ), and many variants feature alternating straight and wavy rays (e.g. "Honford" pictured here ). The term derives from Old French estoile 'star', in reference to

1936-592: Was inaugurated. The year 2001 saw the launch of the Advanced Nursing Studies Programme in Uganda, while in 2002, the Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations was established in London. Continuing its expansion, Aga Khan Hospital in Nairobi was upgraded to Aga Khan University Hospital in 2005. The following year, in 2006, the Institute for Educational Development in East Africa was inaugurated, alongside

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