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96-1009: AfreecaTV initially started as a W beta service on May 11, 2005, and was officially named "AFREECA” on March 9, 2006. The site mainly re-transmits TV channels but also allows users to upload their own videos and shows. Functions such as broadcasting, viewing, channel listing, live chatting, and discussion boards are provided. Users are required to install 'Afreeca Player' for grid delivery. Independent broadcasters called broadcasting jockeys (BJs) deliver live broadcasts to viewers, who can add them to their list of favorite channels using an Afreeca Player tool. Some channels have tens of thousands of viewers at any given time. Paid services such as quick views or channel relays allow BJs additional sources of revenue. The platform ranges anywhere from TV broadcasts, live video game broadcasts, taxi driver monitoring, artist performances, and personal daily-life video blogs and shows for actresses and professional broadcasters. The head of AfreecaTV's parent company Nowcom, Mun Yong-sik,

192-586: A New York Times article telling the story of Irina Margareta Nistor , a narrator for state TV under Nicolae Ceauşescu 's regime. A visitor from the west gave her bootlegged copies of American movies , which she dubbed for secret viewings through Romania. According to the article, she dubbed more than 3,000 movies and became the country's second-most famous voice after Ceauşescu , even though no one knew her name until many years later. Most countries extend copyright protections to authors of works. In countries with copyright legislation, enforcement of copyright

288-640: A moderation system , aggregators of various kinds, such as news aggregators , universities , libraries and archives , web search engines , chat rooms , web blogs , mailing lists , and any website which provides access to third party content through, for example, hyperlinks , a crucial element of the World Wide Web . Early court cases focused on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) for hosting, transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law, such as libel or pornography . As different content

384-803: A " monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force ", which was exercised in the criminal justice case by the police. The first modern police force is commonly said to be the Metropolitan Police in London , established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel . Based on the Peelian principles , it promoted the preventive role of police as a deterrent to urban crime and disorder. In the United States, police departments were first established in Boston in 1838, and New York City in 1844. Early on, police were not respected by

480-579: A chance to learn a vocation and thereby earn a legitimate living when they are returned to society. Religious institutions also have a presence in many prisons, with the goal of teaching ethics and instilling a sense of morality in the prisoners. If a prisoner is released before his time is served, he is released as a parole. This means that they are released, but the restrictions are greater than that of someone on probation. There are numerous other forms of punishment which are commonly used in conjunction with or in place of prison terms. Monetary fines are one of

576-444: A commercial scale". Copyright holders have demanded that states provide criminal sanctions for all types of copyright infringement. The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for "unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions" if the violation had been "willful and for profit". Criminal copyright infringement requires that

672-482: A commercial scale." Piracy traditionally refers to acts of copyright infringement intentionally committed for financial gain, though more recently, copyright holders have described online copyright infringement, particularly in relation to peer-to-peer file sharing networks, as "piracy". Richard Stallman and the GNU Project have criticized the use of the word "piracy" in these situations, saying that publishers use

768-522: A criminal justice program at the University of California, Berkeley in 1916. Vollmer's work was carried on by his student, O.W. Wilson , who led efforts to professionalize policing and reduce corruption . Other programs were established in the United States at Indiana University , Michigan State University , San Jose State University , and the University of Washington . As of 1950, criminal justice students were estimated to number less than 1,000. Until

864-452: A critical moment in the debate regarding the purpose of punishment. Punishment (in the form of prison time) may serve a variety of purposes. First, and most obviously, the incarceration of criminals removes them from the general population and inhibits their ability to perpetrate further crimes. A new goal of prison punishments is to offer criminals a chance to be rehabilitated. Many modern prisons offer schooling or job training to prisoners as

960-552: A defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. The word comes from the Latin politia ("civil administration"), which itself derives from the Ancient Greek : πόλις for polis ("city"). The first police force comparable to the present-day police was established in 1667 under King Louis XIV in France, although modern police usually trace their origins to the 1800 establishment of

1056-408: A form of reparations for lesser offenses. In Corrections, the department ensures court-ordered, pre-sentence chemical dependency assessments, related Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative specific examinations and treatment will occur for offenders sentenced to Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative in compliance with RCW 9.94A.660. Execution or capital punishment is still used around the world. Its use

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1152-529: A group of Quakers , these reforms were revived in Pennsylvania toward the end of the 18th century, and led to a marked drop in Pennsylvania's crime rate. Patrick Colquhoun , Henry Fielding and others led significant reforms during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The development of a modern criminal justice system was contemporary to the formation of the concept of a nation-state, later defined by German sociologist Max Weber as establishing

1248-559: A legally purchased CD (for example) to certain kinds of devices and media, provided rights holders are compensated and no copy protection measures are circumvented. Rights-holder compensation takes various forms, depending on the country, but is generally either a levy on "recording" devices and media, or a tax on the content itself. In some countries, such as Canada, the applicability of such laws to copying onto general-purpose storage devices like computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones, for which no levies are collected, has been

1344-404: A plea offer or demand a jury trial in appropriate cases. It is the defense attorney's duty to represent the interests of the client, raise procedural and evidentiary issues, and hold the prosecution to its burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Defense counsel may challenge evidence presented by the prosecution or present exculpatory evidence and argue on behalf of their client. At trial,

1440-549: A prison, Le Stinche , existed as early as the 14th century in Florence , incarceration was not widely used until the 19th century. Correctional reform in the United States was first initiated by William Penn , towards the end of the 17th century. For a time, Pennsylvania 's criminal code was revised to forbid torture and other forms of cruel punishment, with jails and prisons replacing corporal punishment. These reforms were reverted, upon Penn's death in 1718. Under pressure from

1536-572: A public talk between Bill Gates , Warren Buffett , and Brent Schlender at the University of Washington in 1998, Bill Gates commented on piracy as a means to an end , whereby people who use Microsoft software illegally will eventually pay for it, out of familiarity, as a country's economy develops and legitimate products become more affordable to businesses and consumers: Although about three million computers get sold every year in China, people don't pay for

1632-432: A separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright: '[...] an infringer of the copyright.' The court said that in the case of copyright infringement, the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law – certain exclusive rights – is invaded, but no control, physical or otherwise, is taken over the copyright, nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising

1728-677: A series of rulings which redefined citizen's rights and substantially altered the powers and responsibilities of police and the courts. The Civil Rights Era offered significant legal and ethical challenges to the status quo . In the late 1960s, with the establishment of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) and associated policy changes that resulted with the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 . The LEAA provided grants for criminology research, focusing on social aspects of crime. By

1824-407: A third party which did not have a role in producing the work. When this outsourced litigator appears to have no intention of taking any copyright infringement cases to trial, but rather only takes them just far enough through the legal system to identify and exact settlements from suspected infringers, critics commonly refer to the party as a " copyright troll ". Such practices have had mixed results in

1920-828: A variety of special topics. A number of universities offer, bachelor's, academic minors, graduate certificates, master's, and doctoral degrees in Criminal Justice; Criminology, Law and Society; Administration of Justice ; or a specially designated Bachelor of Criminal Justice degree. Theories of criminal justice include utilitarian justice , retributive justice , restorative justice . They can work through deterrence , rehabilitation or incapacitation . The modern criminal justice system has evolved since ancient times, with new forms of punishment , added rights for offenders and victims, and policing reforms. These developments have reflected changing customs , political ideals, and economic conditions. In ancient times through

2016-466: Is "robbery or illegal violence at sea", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft , meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of intellectual property , an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible property . Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and

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2112-404: Is a lawyer who brings charges against a person, persons or corporate entity. It is the prosecutor's duty to explain to the court what crime was committed and to detail what evidence has been found which incriminates the accused. The prosecutor should not be confused with a plaintiff or plaintiff's counsel. Although both serve the function of bringing a complaint before the court, the prosecutor

2208-438: Is a servant of the state who makes accusations on behalf of the state in criminal proceedings, while the plaintiff is the complaining party in civil proceedings. A defense attorney counsels the accused on the a legal process, likely outcomes for the accused and suggests strategies. The accused, not the lawyer, has the right to make final decisions regarding a number of fundamental points, including whether to testify, and to accept

2304-590: Is a subject of debate and court cases in a number of countries. Internet intermediaries were formerly understood to be internet service providers (ISPs). However, questions of liability have also emerged in relation to other Internet infrastructure intermediaries, including Internet backbone providers, cable companies and mobile communications providers. In addition, intermediaries are now also generally understood to include Internet portals , software and games providers, those providing virtual information such as interactive forums and comment facilities with or without

2400-626: Is any violation of the exclusive rights of the owner. In U.S. law, these rights include reproduction, preparation of derivative works, distribution of copies by sale or rental, and public performances or displays. In the United States, copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via lawsuits in civil court, against alleged infringers directly or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying. For example, major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services Grokster and Streamcast for their contributory role in copyright infringement. In 2005,

2496-419: Is at times distinct from criminology , which involves the study of crime as a social phenomenon, causes of crime, criminal behavior, and other aspects of crime; although in most cases today, criminal justice as a field of study is used as a synonym for criminology and the sociology of law . It emerged as an academic discipline in the 1920s, beginning with Berkeley police chief August Vollmer who established

2592-418: Is decided through the adversarial system . In this system, two parties will both offer their version of events and argue their case before the court (sometimes before a judge or panel of judges, sometimes before a jury). The case should be decided in favor of the party who offers the most sound and compelling arguments based on the law as applied to the facts of the case. The prosecutor, or district attorney,

2688-413: Is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder. However, in several jurisdictions there are also criminal penalties for copyright infringement. According to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce 's 2021 IP Index, the nations with the lowest scores for copyright protection were Vietnam , Pakistan , Egypt , Nigeria , Brunei , Algeria , Venezuela and Argentina . Copyright infringement in civil law

2784-420: Is no right to an appointed attorney, if the accused is not in jeopardy of losing his or her liberty. The final determination of guilt or innocence is typically made by a third party, who is supposed to be disinterested. This function may be performed by a judge, a panel of judges, or a jury panel composed of unbiased citizens. This process varies depending on the laws of the specific jurisdiction. In some places

2880-441: Is now in its 14th season as of August 2022. Copyright infringement This is an accepted version of this page Copyright infringement (at times referred to as piracy ) is the use of works protected by copyright without permission for a usage where such permission is required, thereby infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform

2976-476: Is one of the most heavily debated aspects of the criminal justice system. Some societies are willing to use executions as a form of political control, or for relatively minor misdeeds. Other societies reserve execution for only the most sinister and brutal offenses. Others still have discontinued the practice entirely, accepting the use of execution to be excessively cruel and/or irreversible in case of an erroneous conviction. The functional study of criminal justice

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3072-503: Is sometimes permitted, public distribution – by uploading or otherwise offering to share copyright-protected content – remains illegal in most, if not all, countries. For example, in Canada, even though it was once legal to download any copyrighted file as long as it was for noncommercial use, it was still illegal to distribute the copyrighted files (e.g. by uploading them to a P2P network ). Some countries, like Canada and Germany, have limited

3168-481: Is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system. Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online, and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize, as indirect infringers,

3264-401: Is the delivery of justice to those who have been accused of committing crimes . The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions. Goals include the rehabilitation of offenders, preventing other crimes, and moral support for victims. The primary institutions of the criminal justice system are the police , prosecution and defense lawyers, the courts and

3360-569: The BSA , conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance. Cara Cusumano, director of the Tribeca Film Festival , stated in April 2014: "Piracy is less about people not wanting to pay and more about just wanting the immediacy – people saying, 'I want to watch Spiderman right now' and downloading it". The statement occurred during the third year that the festival used

3456-507: The Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers' Company of London in 1557, received a royal charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter. Article 61 of the 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires criminal procedures and penalties in cases of "willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on

3552-650: The Thames River Police in London , the Glasgow Police , and the Napoleonic police of Paris . Police are primarily concerned with keeping the peace and enforcing criminal law based on their particular mission and jurisdiction. Formed in 1908, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began as an entity which could investigate and enforce specific federal laws as an investigative and " law enforcement agency " in

3648-515: The United States Army settled a lawsuit with Texas -based company Apptricity which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid the company a total of $ 4.5 million for a license of 500 users while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users; the case was settled for US$ 50 million. Major anti-piracy organizations, like

3744-430: The judge , prosecutor , and the defense attorney . The judge, or magistrate, is a person, elected or appointed, who is knowledgeable in the law, and whose function is to objectively administer the legal proceedings and offer a final decision to dispose of a case. In the U.S. and in a growing number of nations, guilt or innocence (although in the U.S. a jury can never find a defendant "innocent" but rather "not guilty")

3840-426: The prisons system. The criminal justice system consists of three main parts: In the criminal justice system, these distinct agencies operate together as the principal means of maintaining the rule of law within society . The first contact a defendant has with the criminal justice system is usually with the police (or law enforcement ) who investigates the suspected wrongdoing and makes an arrest , but if

3936-460: The 1960s, the primary focus of criminal justice in the United States was on policing and police science. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, crime rates soared and social issues took center stage in the public eye. A number of new laws and studies focused federal resources on researching new approaches to crime control. The Warren Court (the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren ), issued

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4032-482: The 1970s, there were 729 academic programs in criminology and criminal justice in the United States. Largely thanks to the Law Enforcement Education Program , criminal justice students numbered over 100,000 by 1975. Over time, scholars of criminal justice began to include criminology , sociology , and psychology , among others, to provide a more comprehensive view of the criminal justice system and

4128-737: The 1980s, and is still being used. In copyright law, infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner's possession, but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization. Courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States (1985) that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property. Instead, interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion , or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs

4224-547: The Internet to present its content, while it was the first year that it featured a showcase of content producers who work exclusively online. Cusumano further explained that downloading behavior is not merely conducted by people who merely want to obtain content for free: I think that if companies were willing to put that material out there, moving forward, consumers will follow. It's just that [consumers] want to consume films online and they're ready to consume films that way and we're not necessarily offering them in that way. So it's

4320-542: The Middle Ages, exile was a common form of punishment. During the Middle Ages , payment to the victim (or the victim's family), known as wergild , was another common punishment, including for violent crimes. For those who could not afford to buy their way out of punishment, harsh penalties included various forms of corporal punishment . These included mutilation , branding , and flogging , as well as execution . Though

4416-517: The Supreme Court ruled in favor of MGM, holding that such services could be held liable for copyright infringement since they functioned and, indeed, willfully marketed themselves as venues for acquiring copyrighted movies. The MGM v. Grokster case did not overturn the earlier Sony v. Universal City Studios decision, but rather clouded the legal waters; future designers of software capable of being used for copyright infringement were warned. In

4512-584: The U.S. Punishment of copyright infringement varies case-by-case across countries. Convictions may include jail time and/or severe fines for each instance of copyright infringement. In the United States, willful copyright infringement carries a maximum fine of $ 150,000 per instance. Article 61 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires that signatory countries establish criminal procedures and penalties in cases of "willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on

4608-509: The U.S. DMCA , the WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act has provisions that prevent persons from "circumvent[ing] a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work". Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software, dongle or password access device installed in instances of the work, any attempt to bypass such a copy protection scheme may be actionable  – though

4704-468: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft. This was taken further in the case MPAA v. Hotfile , where Judge Kathleen M. Williams granted a motion to deny the MPAA the usage of words whose appearance was primarily "pejorative". This list included the word "piracy", the use of which, the motion by the defense stated, serves no court purpose but to misguide and inflame

4800-518: The US Copyright Office is currently reviewing anticircumvention rulemaking under DMCA – anti-circumvention exemptions that have been in place under the DMCA include those in software designed to filter websites that are generally seen to be inefficient (child safety and public library website filtering software) and the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms that have malfunctioned, have caused

4896-717: The United States and around the world, with problem-oriented policing , intelligence-led policing , and other information-led policing strategies also adopted. Courts involved in adjudicating questions of French criminal law are organized in three tiers. In the first instance , there are the police court , the correctional court , and the Cour d'assises . The Police court ( tribunal de police ) hears contraventions (minor infractions like parking tickets). The Criminal court (also known as Correctional court , tribunal correctionnel ) hears délits , less serious felonies and misdemeanors. The Court of Assizes sits in each of

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4992-551: The United States, copyright term has been extended many times over from the original term of 14 years with a single renewal allowance of 14 years, to the current term of the life of the author plus 70 years. If the work was produced under corporate authorship it may last 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever is sooner. Article 50 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires that signatory countries enable courts to remedy copyright infringement with injunctions and

5088-400: The United States; this, however, has constituted only a small portion of overall policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different contexts, but the predominant ones are concerned with order maintenance and the provision of services. During modern times, such endeavors contribute toward fulfilling a shared mission among law enforcement organizations with respect to

5184-457: The University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 Finnish people, aged seven to 84. The list of reasons for downloading given by the study respondents included money saving; the ability to access material not on general release, or before it was released; and assisting artists to avoid involvement with record companies and movie studios. In

5280-457: The accused has been found guilty. Like all other aspects of criminal justice, the administration of punishment has taken many different forms throughout history. Early on, when civilizations lacked the resources necessary to construct and maintain prisons, exile and execution were the primary forms of punishment. Historically shame punishments and exile have also been used as forms of censure. The most publicly visible form of punishment in

5376-489: The book-trade became more common, such that the use of the word 'pirate' itself to describe unauthorized publishing of books was attested to in Nathan Bailey 's 1736 dictionary An Universal Etymological English Dictionary : 'One who lives by pillage and robbing on the sea. Also a plagiary' The practice of labeling the infringement of exclusive rights in creative works as "piracy" predates statutory copyright law. Prior to

5472-453: The chief factors that lead to the global spread of media piracy, especially in emerging markets. According to the study, even though digital piracy inflicts additional costs on the production side of media, it also offers the main access to media goods in developing countries. The strong tradeoffs that favor using digital piracy in developing economies dictate the current neglected law enforcement's toward digital piracy. In China as of 2013,

5568-407: The community, as corruption was rampant. In the 1920s, led by Berkeley, California , police chief, August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson , police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training and professional qualifications of new hires. Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and

5664-583: The community. Following urban unrest in the 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring, and many police agencies adopted community policing strategies. In the 1990s, CompStat was developed by the New York Police Department as an information-based system for tracking and mapping crime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems. CompStat has since been replicated in police departments across

5760-451: The cooperation of the accused against other people. This reduced sentence is sometimes a reward for sparing the state the expense of a formal trial. Many nations do not permit the use of plea bargaining, believing that it coerces innocent people to plead guilty in an attempt to avoid a harsh punishment. The courts nowadays are seeking alternative measures as opposed to throwing someone into prison right away. The entire trial process, whatever

5856-470: The copyright law of EU member states stems from the Information Society Directive of 2001, which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization, as long as they are for personal, noncommercial use. The Directive was not intended to legitimize file-sharing, but rather the common practice of space shifting copyright-protected content from

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5952-418: The country, is fraught with problems and subject to criticism. Bias and discrimination form an ever-present threat to an objective decision. Any prejudice on the part of the lawyers, the judge, or jury members threatens to destroy the court's credibility. Some people argue that the often Byzantine rules governing courtroom conduct and processes restrict a layman's ability to participate, essentially reducing

6048-598: The defense attorney may attempt to offer a rebuttal to the prosecutor's accusations. In the U.S., accused people are entitled to a government-paid defense attorney if the individual is in jeopardy of losing life and/or liberty. Those who cannot afford a private attorney may be provided one by the state. Historically, however, the right to a defense attorney has not always been universal. For example, in Tudor England criminals accused of treason were not permitted to offer arguments in their defense. In many jurisdictions, there

6144-410: The destruction of infringing products, and award damages. Some jurisdictions only allow actual, provable damages, and some, like the United States, allow for large statutory damage awards intended to deter would-be infringers and allow for compensation in situations where actual damages are difficult to prove. In some jurisdictions, copyright or the right to enforce it can be contractually assigned to

6240-406: The distribution models that need to catch up. People will pay for the content. In response to Cusumano's perspective, Screen Producers Australia executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry: "Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process [of monetizing through returns] and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage

6336-597: The effects of personal broadcasting platforms. A claim was made that audience overloading has caused overpayment of fees for Internet broadcasting. In light of this, Korea's Clean Internet Broadcasting Council came to an agreement with Afreeca TV to reduce the payment maximum to less than 1 million won (a little less than US$ 900) per day by June 2008. Afreeca picked up the SBENU StarCraft II team on January 23, 2016 and participated in Proleague . On November 21, 2016, it

6432-403: The exclusive rights held. The term "freebooting" has been used to describe the unauthorized copying of online media, particularly videos, onto websites such as Facebook , YouTube or Twitter . The word itself had already been in use since the 16th century, referring to pirates, and meant "looting" or "plundering". This form of the word – a portmanteau of " freeloading " and " bootlegging " –

6528-448: The infringer acted "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain" ( 17 U.S.C.   § 506 ). To establish criminal liability, the prosecutor must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed

6624-408: The instance of the work to become inoperable or which are no longer supported by their manufacturers. According to Abby House Media Inc. v. Apple Inc. , it is legal to point users to DRM-stripping software and inform them how to use it because of lack of evidence that DRM stripping leads to copyright infringement. Whether Internet intermediaries are liable for copyright infringement by their users

6720-409: The issue of digital infringement has not merely been legal, but social – originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods. There have been instances where a country's government bans a movie, resulting in the spread of copied videos and DVDs. Romanian -born documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu wrote

6816-423: The jury. The term "piracy" has been used to refer to the unauthorized copying, distribution and selling of works in copyright. In 1668 publisher John Hancock wrote of "some dishonest Booksellers, called Land-Pirats, who make it their practise to steal Impressions of other mens Copies" in the work A String of Pearls: or, The Best Things Reserved till Last by Thomas Brooks . Over time the metaphor mostly used in

6912-416: The layman jurors. Judges themselves are very subject to bias subject to things as ordinary as the length of time since their last break. Manipulations of the court system by defense and prosecution attorneys, law enforcement as well as the defendants have occurred and there have been cases where justice was denied. Offenders are then turned over to the correctional authorities, from the court system after

7008-406: The legal process to a battle between the lawyers. In this case, the criticism is that the decision is based less on sound justice and more on the lawyer's eloquence and charisma . This is a particular problem when the lawyer performs in a substandard manner. The jury process is another area of frequent criticism, as there are few mechanisms to guard against poor judgment or incompetence on the part of

7104-513: The maximum number of people to go to the cinema." Deaner further explained the matter in terms of the Australian film industry, stating: "there are currently restrictions on quantities of tax support that a film can receive unless the film has a traditional cinema release." In a study published in the Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics , and reported on in early May 2014, researchers from

7200-472: The modern era is the prison . Prisons may serve as detention centers for prisoners after trial. For containment of the accused, jails are used. Early prisons were used primarily to sequester criminals and little thought was given to living conditions within their walls. In America, the Quaker movement is commonly credited with establishing the idea that prisons should be used to reform criminals. This can be seen as

7296-576: The necessary mens rea . Misdemeanor infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works. The ACTA trade agreement , signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, and the EU, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to actively police for infringement. United States v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994)

7392-413: The need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the accused confesses his or her guilt, a shorter process may be employed and a judgment may be rendered more quickly. Some nations, such as America, allow plea bargaining in which the accused pleads guilty, nolo contendere or not guilty, and may accept a diversion program or reduced punishment, where the prosecution's case is weak or in exchange for

7488-403: The oldest forms of punishment still used today. These fines may be paid to the state or to the victims as a form of reparation. Probation and house arrest are also sanctions which seek to limit a person's mobility and his or her opportunities to commit crimes without actually placing them in a prison setting. Furthermore, many jurisdictions may require some form of public or community service as

7584-404: The panel (be it judges or a jury) is required to issue a unanimous decision, while in others only a majority vote is required. In America, this process depends on the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties. Some nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military authorities to issue verdicts. Some cases can be disposed of without

7680-503: The penalties for non-commercial copyright infringement. For example, Germany has passed a bill to limit the fine for individuals accused of sharing movies and series to €800–900. Canada's Copyright Modernization Act claims that statutory damages for non-commercial copyright infringement are capped at C$ 5,000 but this only applies to copies that have been made without the breaking of any "digital lock." However, this only applies to "bootleg distribution" and not non-commercial use. Title I of

7776-1105: The platform as a way to conduct a community scanning forum to collect public opinions and allow bloggers with various areas of expertise to participate in the dialogue. The bloggers were able to address the problems facing Seoul and propose solutions in their areas of expertise, while also exchanging ideas with Mayor Park in an in-depth discussion on the administration of the Seoul Metropolitan Government . Depending on rising of power of AfreecaTV, many Idol Groups participate in AfreecaTV for their fans, for example, Nine Muses . On October 15, 2024, AfreecaTV changed its name to SOOP. There have been many social problems with Afreeca TV such as offers for sexual favors and abasement of disabled individuals. Many broadcasters were involved in these incidents, and they were punished by managers of Afreeca TV by suspension of their IDs. Due to such problems, mass media in South Korea have shown concern about

7872-536: The protected work, or to produce derivative works . The copyright holder is usually the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement. Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court . Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting ,

7968-766: The root causes of crime. Criminal justice studies now combine the practical and technical policing skills with a study of social deviance as a whole. Criminal justice degrees are offered at both the two-year community college and four-year university level. Community college criminal justice programs include the Associate of Arts (AA), Associate of Science (AS), and the Associate of Applied Science (AAS) degrees. Criminal justice degree programs at four-year institutions typically include coursework in statistics, methods of research, criminal justice, policing, U.S. court systems, criminal courts, corrections, community corrections, criminal procedure, criminal law, victimology, juvenile justice, and

8064-589: The service providers and software distributors who are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others. Estimates of the actual economic impact of copyright infringement vary widely and depend on other factors. Nevertheless, copyright holders, industry representatives, and legislators have long characterized copyright infringement as piracy or theft – language which some U.S. courts now regard as pejorative or otherwise contentious. The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy

8160-860: The shortcomings of current law that allowed people to facilitate mass copyright infringement while being immune to prosecution under the Copyright Act . Proposed laws such as the Stop Online Piracy Act broaden the definition of "willful infringement", and introduce felony charges for unauthorized media streaming . These bills are aimed towards defeating websites that carry or contain links to infringing content, but have raised concerns about domestic abuse and internet censorship. To an extent, copyright law in some countries permits downloading copyright-protected content for personal, noncommercial use. Examples include Canada and European Union (EU) member states like Poland . The personal copying exemption in

8256-548: The software. Someday they will, though. And as long as they're going to steal it, we want them to steal ours. They'll get sort of addicted, and then we'll somehow figure out how to collect sometime in the next decade. In Media Piracy in Emerging Economies , the first independent comparative study of media piracy focused on Brazil , India , Russia , South Africa , Mexico , Turkey and Bolivia , "high prices for media goods, low incomes, and cheap digital technologies" are

8352-649: The subject of debate and further efforts to reform copyright law. In some countries, the personal copying exemption explicitly requires that the content being copied be obtained legitimately – i.e., from authorized sources, not file-sharing networks. In April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that "national legislation which makes no distinction between private copies made from lawful sources and those made from counterfeited or pirated sources cannot be tolerated." Although downloading or other private copying

8448-415: The suspect is dangerous to the whole nation, a national level law enforcement agency is called in. When warranted, law enforcement agencies or police officers are empowered to use force and other forms of legal coercion and means to effect public and social order . The term is most commonly associated with police departments of a state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within

8544-414: The traditional policing mission of deterring crime and maintaining societal order. The courts serve as the venue where disputes are settled and justice is then administered. With regard to criminal justice, there are a number of critical people in any court setting. These critical people are referred to as the courtroom work group and include both professional and non professional individuals. These include

8640-400: The word to refer to "copying they don't approve of" and that "they [publishers] imply that it is ethically equivalent to attacking ships on the high seas, kidnapping and murdering the people on them." Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft , "although such misuse has been rejected by legislatures and courts". The slogan " Piracy is theft " was used beginning in

8736-611: Was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that, under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law. The ruling gave rise to what became known as the "LaMacchia Loophole", wherein criminal charges of fraud or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards, so long as there

8832-482: Was announced that the team was disbanding its StarCraft II division, though it kept involvement in Starcraft up. They currently sponsor a professional League of Legends team, Kwangdong Freecs (formerly Afreeca Freecs). The Starcraft 2 team was reformed at the start of 2020. Afreeca also announced on January 23, 2016 that they would be sponsoring two seasons of Brood War tournaments. The tournament has proved popular and

8928-479: Was arrested in 2008 for illegally distributing copyrighted films . Some alleged the arrest was politically motivated due to Afreeca being used by protesters to coordinate. On September 27, 2012, AfreecaTV English was released on the Google Play store. One example of expansion of Afreeca's role is the hosting of a live talk session with Mayor Park of Seoul , broadcast live online and via mobile on AfreecaTV. He used

9024-536: Was considered in different legal systems, and in the absence of common definitions for "ISPs", "bulletin boards" or "online publishers", early law on online intermediaries' liability varied widely from country to country. The debate has shifted away from questions about liability for specific content, including that which may infringe copyright, towards whether online intermediaries should be generally responsible for content accessible through their services or infrastructure. Criminal justice Criminal justice

9120-519: Was no profit motive involved. The United States No Electronic Theft Act (NET Act), a federal law passed in 1997, in response to LaMacchia, provides for criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement under certain circumstances, even when there is no monetary profit or commercial benefit from the infringement. Maximum penalties can be five years in prison and up to $ 250,000 in fines . The NET Act also raised statutory damages by 50%. The court's ruling explicitly drew attention to

9216-408: Was suggested by YouTuber and podcaster Brady Haran in the podcast Hello Internet . Haran advocated the term in an attempt to find a phrase more emotive than "copyright infringement", yet more appropriate than "theft". Some of the motives for engaging in copyright infringement are the following: Sometimes only partial compliance with license agreements is the cause. For example, in 2013,

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