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50-728: On 11 March 1862, the French Government made an agreement with the Afar Sultan Raieta Dini Ahmet . Ahmet sold his territory of Obock for 10,000 thalers , around F 55,000. This was the start of the French colonisation era in the region, the treaty was used by a captain of the Fleuriot de Langle, to colonise the south part of the Tadjoura Gulf . Since at least French rule, first as French Somaliland and then as French Territory of

100-487: A few hundred militants. In 1992 and 1993 parliamentary and presidential elections took place. Subsequently, the FRUD split on the question of how far it was to cooperate with the government. But guerrilla actions continued, while the opposition denounced numerous abuses against civilians. In February 1994, the FRUD underwent a process of reorganization of its political leaders: Ougoureh Kifleh Ahmed ousted Ahmed Dini Ahmed from

150-527: A new thaler was struck with a gross weight of 1 ⁄ 10 of 1 Vienna mark of silver, 5 ⁄ 6 fine (with a fine silver content of 23.39 grams, or 1 ⁄ 10 of a Cologne mark). In 1751 this new standard Conventionsthaler was effectively adopted across the German-speaking world when it was accepted formally in the Bavarian monetary convention. This new, post-1751 thaler has continued as

200-551: A new organization: the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD). In May 1991, thousands of Ethiopian soldiers fled into Djiboutian territory after the Derg (the former Ethiopian Government) was overthrown. Framed by French and Djiboutian troops, they were repatriated back to Ethiopia, but left many weapons behind. At the beginning of October 1991, the rebel organisation Front for

250-683: A silver coin with a portrait of the ruler on the front and the Habsburg Double Eagle on the back. In the United Kingdom , the Maria Theresa thaler bearing the date of 1780 is a "protected coin" for of Part II of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981 . The MTT is first recorded as circulating in Ethiopia from Emperor Iyasu II of Ethiopia (1730–1755). According to traveller James Bruce ,

300-718: A trade coin ever since. Since the death of Maria Theresa in 1780, the coin has always been dated 1780. On 19 September 1857, Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria declared the Maria Theresa thaler to be an official trade coinage. A little over a year later, on 31 October 1858, it lost its status as a currency in Austria. The MTT could also be found throughout the Arab world, especially in Saudi Arabia , Yemen , and Muscat and Oman , in Africa, especially in Ethiopia , and India . Being of similar size to

350-463: Is a saltire or Burgundian cross , and was added in 1750 indicating the new debased standard of the thaler. Around the rim of the coin is the motto of her reign: Justitia et Clementia , meaning 'Justice and Clemency'. The MTT quickly became a standard trade coin and several nations began striking Maria Theresa thalers. The following mints have struck MTTs: Birmingham , Bombay , Brussels , London , Paris , Rome , and Utrecht , in addition to

400-498: Is a silver bullion coin and a type of Conventionsthaler that has been used in world trade continuously since it was first minted in 1741. It is named after Maria Theresa who ruled Austria , Hungary , Croatia and Bohemia from 1740 to 1780 and is depicted on the coin. In 1741, the first MTT was struck according to the Reichsthaler standard with 1 ⁄ 9 of a Cologne mark of fine silver, or 25.98 grams. In 1750

450-591: Is a summer tourist destination for Djibouti thanks to its healthy climate and its location on the road to Lake Abbe . Dikhil is located 12 kilometers from the Ethiopian border and approximately 100 kilometers beyond Djibouti City . It is a population center for the South west area, a frontier town with about 54,000 people. As of 2024, the population of Dikhil has been estimated to be 27,378. The town inhabitants belong to various mainly Afro-Asiatic -speaking ethnic groups, but

500-563: The Afar and the Issa Somali are predominant. As an inland area, Dikhil's transportation system is largely road-based. For air transportation, the city is served by the Dikhil Airport . Dikhil is one of Djibouti's main agricultural areas, with the local economy largely centered around farming. The town serves as a commercial transit point for goods between Djibouti City and Ethiopia . The city

550-917: The Free French was André Bayardelle . A local battalion from French Somaliland participated in the Liberation of Paris in 1944. During the 1970s, the Front for the Liberation of the Somali Coast (FLCS), who attacked the French personnel who were patrolling the area. A third independence referendum was held in the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas on 8 May 1977. The previous referendums were held in 1958 and 1967 , which rejected independence . This referendum backed independence from France . A landslide 98.8% of

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600-635: The Habsburg mints in Günzburg , Hall in Tyrol , Karlsburg , Kremnica , Milan , Prague , and Vienna . Between 1751 and 2000, some 389 million were minted. These various mints distinguished their issues by slight differences in the design, with some of these evolving over time. In 1935 Mussolini gained a 25-year concession over the production of the MTT. The Italians blocked non-Italian banks and bullion traders from obtaining

650-586: The Obock Region . These were mainly the Afars of Eritrea and the militia of the former Derg regime. To wash away the affront, the FRUD launched, on the 21 November 1991, an assault of the town of Obock and its garrison, but after a long day of fierce fighting the Djiboutian soldiers crushed them. Subsequently, several other battles will confront the national army and the FRUD militia, which caused heavy casualties on both sides. The FRUD seized all military posts in

700-882: The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Somali Democratic Republic respectively in 1991. At the end of the 1980s, groups such as the Popular Liberation Movement , organized attacks against the government. In 1991, several opposition movements were created: the Djibouti Patriotic Resistance Front (FRDP), the Alliance of Forces for Democracy (AFD) and the Action for a Review of Order in Djibouti (Arod). In mid-1991, several of them regrouped in

750-771: The Spanish eight-real coin , and initially thought to be of French origin, the MTT acquired the Arab name al-riyal al-fransi ( الريال الفرنسى , literally the 'French riyal'). This coin was therefore the predecessor to, among others, the Saudi riyal and the Ethiopian birr . During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in World War II, enough people preferred it to the money issued by

800-485: The well of Harrou near a wadi , with houses constructed of mud and stone, the Afar and Issa were the founders of Dikhil. As the village continued to grow after the established of the French Somaliland . Most of the inhabitants earned their living through animal husbandry and commerce , and used a well for drinking water. In December 1927, the French colonial authorities sent a military detachment to reconnoiter

850-840: The Afars and the Issas , there have been ethnic tensions in Djibouti between the Issas , and the Afars . Following independence in 1977, the Issas-dominated People's Rally for Progress party had ruled Djibouti, and since 1981, had ruled it as a one-party state with the People's Rally for Progress the only authorized party. Many Afar felt marginalized. At the same time, in 1991, neighboring countries' authoritarian governments were overthrown, Siad Barre in Somalia and Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia . Eritrea and Somaliland also became independent from

900-592: The Italians introduced the Tallero Eritreo , styled after the MTT, in their new colony Eritrea , also hoping to impose it on the commerce with Ethiopia. They remained, however, largely unsuccessful. In the early 1900s, Menelik II unsuccessfully attempted to mint Menelik thalers locally, with his effigy, but styled following the model of the MTT, and force their use. The newly established Bank of Abyssinia also issued banknotes denominated in thalers. Starting in 1935

950-631: The Italians minted the MTT at the mint in Rome for use in their conquest of Ethiopia. Then during World War II, the British minted some 18 million MTTs in Bombay to use in their East African Campaign to drive the Italians out of Ethiopia. Dikhil Dikhil ( Arabic : دخيل ) is a town in the western Dikhil Region of Djibouti . Lying east of Lake Abbe , It is situated about 122 km (76 mi) southwest of Djibouti City and 12 km (7.5 mi) north of

1000-690: The Maria Theresa thaler, but it never gained acceptance. The Maria Theresa thaler was also formerly the currency of the Hejaz, Yemen, and the Aden Protectorate, as well as Muscat and Oman on the Arabia peninsula. There it was widely used for traditional jewellery, both as a source of silver, and as a decoration itself. The coin remains popular in North Africa and the Middle East to this day in its original form:

1050-563: The Middle East until after World War II . It was common from North Africa to Somalia , Ethiopia , Kenya , down the coast of Tanzania to Mozambique , and also in the Arabian Peninsula ( Oman , Yemen ). Its popularity in the Red Sea region was such that merchants would not accept any other type of currency. The Italian government produced a similarly designed coin in the hope of replacing

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1100-479: The Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD), calling for greater political participation of Afar, launched a guerrilla struggle against the government. There were clashes between government forces and FRUD rebels in the Dikhil region of western Djibouti on October, from the first days of the outbreak of hostilities, specifically on the night of the 15–16 November 1991, the Djiboutian army captured some 232 individuals in

1150-426: The area of the clashes, about 70,000 civilians, were forced to leave their homes as well as another 30,000 refugees beyond the borders with Eritrea and Afar Region of Ethiopia . The Civil War contributed to the reintroduction of a multi-party democracy in 1992 with a new constitution. The government was trying to open negotiations with FRUD, which is cornered on the border between Djibouti and Ethiopia and has only

1200-484: The border with Ethiopia . It serves as the administrative centre of the Dikhil Region , and is home to the Afar and Somali ethnic groups. The town develops gardens and fruit trees . In 1986, the survey work sites were performed by R. Joussaume and researchers ISERST. The engravings oldest discovered to date are from the fourth or third millennium BC, the most famous is the site of Handoga near Dikhil where

1250-633: The capital of a new administrative district, called the Circle of Dikhil. When Wilfred Thesiger visited Dikhil in May 1934, he was struck by "a most impregnable fort here" recently constructed by the French colonial authorities. "The walls are twenty feet high, loop-holed, and topped with broken glass and a barbed-wire entanglement. There are two large observation towers." He believed that garrison stationed there provided its only economic support, for had "the site any real value it would have been used before this by

1300-607: The coin and so France, Belgium, and the UK started producing the coin to support their economic interests in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and East Coast of Africa. In 1961 the 25-year concession ended and Austria made diplomatic approaches to the relevant governments requesting they cease production of the coin. The UK was the last government to agree formally to the request in February 1962. The MTT came to be used as currency in large parts of Africa and

1350-524: The coin, not debased as other currencies, dominated the areas he visited in 1768. Joseph Kalmer and Ludwig Hyun in the book Abessinien estimate that over 20% of 245 million coins minted until 1931 ended up in Ethiopia. In 1868, the British military expedition to Magdala , the capital of Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia , under Field Marshal Robert Napier , took MTTs with them to pay local expenses. In 1890

1400-537: The country. After some clashes in January 1996 which also involved French patrols, the guerrilla war had an upsurge in September 1997 but was damaged by the agreement reached between Djibouti and Ethiopia on the definition of its common border, with the Djiboutian and Ethiopian troops who began to conduct aggressive operations to damage Ahmed Dini armed groups operating on both sides of the border, between 19 and 20 March 1998

1450-476: The electorate supported disengagement from France, officially marking Djibouti's independence . Following the conclusion of the 1977-1978 Ogaden War , Dikhil along with Ali Sabieh accommodated three quarters of the 8,000 Issas who had fled from Ethiopia . In 1979, the first President of independent Djibouti Hassan Gouled Aptidon in Dikhil the party founded the People's Rally for Progress , which has since dominated

1500-482: The form of some military equipment. On the 5 July 1993, the government launched a massive counter-offensive in the areas controlled by the rebels: the main FRUD base, located in Assa-Gueyla , was captured by the government, who regained a lot of land including the towns of Balho , Dorra and Randa ; this forced the rebels to take refuge in the mountains on the border with Eritrea in the north. The population living in

1550-456: The general elections of 19 December 1997 in coalition with the RPP . Ahmed Dini's faction refused all negotiations and carried out armed operations against government forces, the gradually decreasing consensus towards the FRUD extremists, however, brought few members of the organization on their side, and the men by Ahmed Dini they were able to carry out only limited guerrilla operations in the north of

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1600-455: The leadership of the movement, and imposed a new course based on negotiations with the central government to reach a political compromise. After a government offensive in the Mount Mabla region failed between March 3 and 10, 1994, President Hassan Gouled announced the start of peace talks with the FRUD on March 14; the offer was accepted by the moderate wing of Kifleh Ahmed but was rejected by

1650-477: The most radical elements of the FRUD headed by Ahmed Dini, eager to continue the armed struggle. With the mediation of France , an initial Abb'a peace agreement was signed on December 26, 1994 between the Djiboutian government and the moderate wing of the FRUD: in exchange for the cessation of hostilities, the FRUD obtained the integration of 200 of its representatives into the state administration and 700 of its fighters in

1700-408: The natives. On January 17, 1935, Albert Bernard was a colonial administrative student, learned that an Assaïamara raid had looted camps and returned to the west to Ethiopia . He left accompanied by fifteen or seventeen troops to intercept him. On the morning of the 18th, near Môdathou, south of Lake Abbe , he led an attack against the group, but his troops, although better equipped, were overwhelmed by

1750-569: The negotiations for the surrender of French Somaliland "Pentagon", because there were five sides: himself, the Vichy governor, the Free French , the British minister at Addis Ababa and the United States . Christian Raimond Dupont surrendered and Colonel Raynal's troops crossed back into French Somaliland on 26 December 1942, completing its liberation. The official handover took place at 10:00 p.m. on 28 December. The first governor appointed under

1800-525: The new government: on May 12, 2001 a definitive peace agreement was signed, and the last guerrillas of the FRUD laid down their arms to be reintegrated into normal Djiboutian political life. Ahmed Dini came to the legislation elections in January 2003 to lead the opposition party Alliance Républicaine pour le Développement, but was defeated by the RPP-FRUD coalition which supported Ismail Omar Guelleh. Maria Theresa thaler The Maria Theresa thaler ( MTT )

1850-463: The north of the country and laid siege to the city of Tadjoura and Obock. Government troops and FRUD fighters clashed near Tadjoura on the 3-4 January 1992, resulting in the deaths of some 150 rebels and three soldiers and government troops and FRUD rebels. In the Gagade, Kharab, and Bekaneb districts on 17–18 January 1992, clashes resulted with the deaths of some 150 rebels and 16 soldiers. Throughout

1900-444: The north to aid the government forces. With about 3,000 fighters FRUD attacked a government institutions in Dikhil but was repelled back. France attempted to mediate between the government and the rebels, but all attempts to organise such talks (from November 1992 to May 1993) failed. The government responded by increasing its armed forces from about 5,000 to 20,000 men and called up its reserves, and received support from France in

1950-583: The number. Albert Bernard is killed, probably cut his throat, as well as all the troops except two. In 1933, an airstrip was built and, three years later, in 1936, Ali Sabieh 's road was extended to Djibouti . An elementary school was established in the village in 1940s, and there were several shops. During World War II , Italy 's declaration of war on France and Great Britain came on 10 June 1940. The Italians did undertake some offensive actions beginning on 18 June. From Harrar Governorate , troops under General Guglielmo Nasi to attack French Somaliland, there

2000-587: The obverse of this coin is in Latin: "M. THERESIA D. G. R. IMP. HU. BO. REG." The Reverse reads "ARCHID. AVST. DUX BURG. CO. TYR. 1780 X". It is an abbreviation of Maria Theresia, Dei Gratia Romanorum Imperatrix, Hungariae Bohemiaeque Regina, Archidux Austriae, Dux Burgundiae, Comes Tyrolis. 1780 ☓ , which means, 'Maria Theresa, by the grace of God, Empress of the Romans , Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Burgundy, Countess of Tyrol. 1780'. The "☓"

2050-659: The occupying forces that the American Office of Strategic Services created counterfeit MTTs for use by resistance forces. In German-speaking countries, following a spelling reform dated 1901 that took effect two years later, Thaler is written Taler (the spelling of given names like Theresa was not affected). Hence 20th-century references to this coin in German and Austrian sources are found under Maria-Theresien-Taler . The spelling in English-speaking countries

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2100-440: The politics of Djibouti , its led by President Ismail Omar Guelleh and is in a coalition government with Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) and other parties. Dikhil is connected to other environs by RN-1 National Highway . Public buses go from Djibouti City to Dikhil. It takes three hour to get to Dikhil. A contracted bus ride from Djibouti city to Dikhil can charge between 750 Djiboutian franc . This

2150-542: The radicals of the FRUD carried out one last action on a large scale attacking several Djiboutian border posts in the south, but the guerrilla operations was now in a waning phase and was experiencing a slow decline. On April 9, 1999, Ismail Omar Guelleh was elected new president of Djibouti ; the time was ripe for a political solution to the conflict, and in March 2000 Ahmed Dini returned from his exile in Yemen to start contacts with

2200-448: The ranks of the Djiboutian army; in June 1995 a new Djiboutian government saw the entry of two FRUD members, Ougoureh Kifleh as Minister of Agriculture and Ali Mohamed Daoud, President of the organization, as Minister of Health and Social Affairs, while on March 6, 1996 the FRUD was registered as one of the four political parties authorized by the new Djiboutian constitution, then participating in

2250-418: The region, in order to prepare the installation of a defense post, intended to secure the borders of the French Somaliland. The first administrative division of the territory, in 1914, defined two zones besides the city of Djibouti: the districts "Dankali" and "Issa". With the occupation of the territory at the end of the 1920s, the district circles of "Tadjoura" and "Gobad-Dikhil" are created, in 1930, became

2300-413: The ruins of a village squares sub circular dry stone delivered different objects. Including ceramic shards matching vases used brazier , or containers that can hold water , several choppers and microliths , blades , drills , trenchers basalt, rhyolite or obsidian . Also a pearl orange coralline, three glass paste, etc.. There were no trace of metal object. The village was originally built around

2350-459: The war, the fighting was mainly in the north of the country with the exception of the incident in the capital, when on 18 December 1991 government troops entered the area Arhiba inhabited by the Afar, and opened fire on crowds of people. At the same time killed at least 59 people, provoking mass resignations of the Afar deputies of the national assembly in protest and disputes within the RPP itself. In February 1992, some French troops were deployed in

2400-588: Was not affected. The MTT continues to be produced by the Austrian Mint and is available in both proof and uncirculated conditions. The thaler is 39.5–41 mm (1.56–1.61 in) in diameter and 2.5 mm (0.098 in) thick, weighs 28.0668 grams (0.99003 oz) and contains 23.386 grams (0.752 troy ounces ) of fine silver. It has a silver content of .833 and a copper content of .166 of its total millesimal fineness . Note: Rome mint struck MTTs are marginally lighter being produced in finer 835-standard instead of 833-standard silver. The inscription on

2450-485: Was some skirmishes. When the government on 10 July learned that the armistice was not yet put into effect in French Somaliland , President Philippe Pétain a collaborationist government at Vichy sent General Gaëtan Germain as his personal representative to correct the situation. Negotiations at Dewele , Italian East Africa on the local implementation of the armistice were only finally completed on 8 August. The Commander-in-Chief, East Africa , William Platt , codenamed

2500-617: Was visited by more than 6,000 tourists over the years. Ethiopian trucks and traders frequently pass through the town. Dikhil is situated on a spur of a plateau in the Okarre Mountains. Dikhil has a hot arid climate ( Köppen : BWh ) with hot and dry, prolonged summers and mild winters. However, due to the town's altitude and inland location, its climate features are the humidity is very low, and temperatures usually fall on 28 °C (82 °F) at night, which makes summer particularly pleasant compared to coastal cities. The rainy season extends from July to October. From November to February,

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