100-411: Æon Flux ( / ˌ iː ɒ n ˈ f l ʌ k s / ), an American avant-garde science-fiction adventure animated television series, aired on MTV from November 30, 1991 until October 10, 1995, with a later film, comic-book and video-game adaptations. It premiered on MTV's Liquid Television experimental animation show as a six-part serial , followed in 1992 by five individual short episodes. In 1995,
200-415: A box set . A few of the shorts also appeared on a Best of Liquid Television compilation around the same time. The first VHS volume (which contained all of the shorts but "Night" and four of the half-hour episodes: "Thanatophobia," "A Last Time for Everything," "Isthmus Crypticus," and "The Purge") was later released in 1997 on a now-out-of-print DVD that was distinct as it did not utilize any menus. With
300-460: A dialectical approach to such political stances by avant-garde artists and the avant-garde genre of art. Sociologically, as a stratum of the intelligentsia of a society, avant-garde artists, writers, architects, et al. produce artefacts — works of art, books, buildings — that intellectually and ideologically oppose the conformist value system of mainstream society. In the essay " Avant-Garde and Kitsch " (1939), Clement Greenberg said that
400-447: A surrogate or artificially . This is the process that was used to successfully clone Dolly the sheep (see § History ). The technique, now refined, has indicated that it was possible to replicate cells and reestablish pluripotency, or "the potential of an embryonic cell to grow into any one of the numerous different types of mature body cells that make up a complete organism". Creating induced pluripotent stem cells ("iPSCs")
500-545: A better understanding of diseases and therapies, as well as promote the "derivation of pluripotent stem cell lines without the creation of human embryos". Science fiction has used cloning, most commonly and specifically human cloning, due to the fact that it brings up controversial questions of identity. Humorous fiction, such as Multiplicity (1996) and the Maxwell Smart feature The Nude Bomb (1980), have featured human cloning. A recurring sub-theme of cloning fiction
600-494: A border wall in an otherwise barren earth-like world. The title character is a scantily clad dominatrix /secret agent from Monica — skilled in espionage, assassination and acrobatics. She infiltrates and sabotages installations in Bregna ( / ˈ b r ɛ n j ə / ), which is led by her sworn enemy, and sometime lover, Trevor Goodchild — the technocratic dictator of Bregna, whose citizens are called Breens. The two nations engage in
700-581: A coherent story, the series chose the path of deep characters and themes. She summed up by saying, "While the film's moralistic tale resonated and lingered like a muse's long forgotten poem, the subversive kick of the comic [sic] series (which I thankfully saw later) struck deep chords and left me breathless with questions." An Æon Flux Hollywood adaptation, which was released in the United States on December 2, 2005, starring Charlize Theron , provoked controversy among Æon Flux fans over initial reports that
800-468: A cultural term, avant-garde identified a genre of art that advocated art-as-politics, art as an aesthetic and political means for realising social change in a society. Since the 20th century, the art term avant-garde identifies a stratum of the Intelligentsia that comprises novelists and writers, artists and architects et al. whose creative perspectives, ideas, and experimental artworks challenge
900-664: A fine; if the circumstances are especially serious, the sentence shall be fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and a fine." Albania , Andorra , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , France , Georgia , Greece , Hungary , Iceland , Latvia , Liechtenstein , Lithuania , Moldova , Montenegro , North Macedonia , Norway , Portugal , Romania , San Marino , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Switzerland , Turkey India has already succeeded in mammalian cloning. In Morocco, all research on human embryos or fetuses
1000-430: A futile, never-ending war for ideological supremacy. Monica is portrayed as an anarchistic or libertarian society where there is absolute freedom and individualism. Bregna is shown as a totalitarian regime and an Orwellian police state with an oppressed society under constant surveillance , rules and regulations. Themes of tragic/forbidden love run throughout the series; Trevor has everything, but what he truly wants
1100-547: A major review of fertility legislation, repealed the 2001 Cloning Act by making amendments of similar effect to the 1990 Act. The 2008 Act also allows experiments on hybrid human-animal embryos. In 1998, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2009, the United States Congress voted whether to ban all human cloning, both reproductive and therapeutic ( Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act ). Divisions in the Senate , or an eventual veto from
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#17328476302421200-412: A major role), the film also incorporates characters, themes, gadgets, and even specific scenes as featured in the television version, most notably a reenactment of the television show's most iconic image: Æon trapping a fly in her eyelashes. This minor detail was not nearly enough to avoid having the movie become a critical and box office flop . The creator of Æon Flux , Peter Chung, gave an interview to
1300-465: A much shorter time, which could be important for medical applications. New studies are working to improve the process of iPSC in terms of both speed and efficiency with the discovery of new reprogramming factors in oocytes. Another advantage SCNT could have over iPSCs is its potential to treat mitochondrial disease , as it uses a donor oocyte. No other advantages are known at this time in using stem cells derived from one method over stem cells derived from
1400-582: A new liver grown using their same genetic material and transplanted to remove the damaged liver. In current research, human pluripotent stem cells have been promised as a reliable source for generating human neurons, showing the potential for regenerative medicine in brain and neural injuries. In bioethics , the ethics of cloning refers to a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning , especially human cloning. While many of these views are religious in origin, for instance relating to Christian views of procreation and personhood,
1500-451: A note by Chung included with the DVD set). Among the many changes to the dialogue in the DVD release, the voice of the character Clavius in the episode "Utopia or Deuteranopia", originally recorded by voice actor Joseph Drelich, was re-recorded by series executive producer Japhet Asher for the 2005 release. In some releases, the first disc of the DVD set opens with a CGI short created to promote
1600-577: A part of the block MTV2 Legit. During January and February 2011, Æon Flux was aired once again in El Salvador on VH1 , in English language with Spanish subtitles. The half-hour episodes once again resurfaced on MTV Classic in 2016, shortly before that station switched to an all-video format. The entire series was issued as three VHS tapes between 1996 and 1998, entitled Æon Flux , Mission Infinite , and Operative Terminus . These were later collected in
1700-541: A post-modern time when the modernist ways of thought and action and the production of art have become redundant in a capitalist economy. Parting from the claims of Greenberg in the late 1930s and the insights of Poggioli in the early 1960s, in The De-Definition of Art: Action Art to Pop to Earthworks (1983), the critic Harold Rosenberg said that since the middle of the 1960s the politically progressive avant-garde ceased being adversaries to artistic commercialism and
1800-415: A reprogramming factor for the cell, cancer-causing genes called oncogenes may be activated . These cells would appear as rapidly dividing cancer cells that do not respond to the body's natural cell signaling process. However, in 2008 scientists discovered a technique that could remove the presence of these oncogenes after pluripotency induction, thereby increasing the potential use of iPSC in humans. Both
1900-418: A season of ten half-hour episodes aired as a stand-alone series. Æon Flux was created by American animator Peter Chung . Each episode's plot has elements of social science fiction , biopunk , dystopian fiction , spy fiction , psychological drama , postmodern and psychedelic imagery, and Gnostic symbolism. The live-action movie Æon Flux , loosely based upon the series and starring Charlize Theron ,
2000-585: A socially acceptable accomplishment... Nobel Prize-winning geneticist Joshua Lederberg advocated cloning and genetic engineering in an article in The American Naturalist in 1966 and again, the following year, in The Washington Post . He sparked a debate with conservative bioethicist Leon Kass , who wrote at the time that "the programmed reproduction of man will, in fact, dehumanize him." Another Nobel Laureate , James D. Watson , publicized
2100-408: A specific adult cell type. These factors send signals in the mature cell that cause the cell to become a pluripotent stem cell. This process is highly studied and new techniques are being discovered frequently on how to improve this induction process. Depending on the method used, reprogramming of adult cells into iPSCs for implantation could have severe limitations in humans. If a virus is used as
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#17328476302422200-405: A style of telling a story with animation that wasn't influenced by the usual kinds of things that you see." Æon Flux depicts graphic violence and sexuality , including fetishism and domination . The featurette Investigation: The History of Æon Flux (included on the 2005 DVD release) notes that Peter Chung had worked on Rugrats prior to Æon Flux , and had become extremely frustrated by
2300-407: Is a long and inefficient process. Pluripotency refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers : endoderm (interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, urogenital), or ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nervous tissue). A specific set of genes, often called "reprogramming factors", are introduced into
2400-399: Is an active area of research, and is in medical practice over the world. Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and (more recently) pluripotent stem cell induction . Reproductive cloning would involve making an entire cloned human, instead of just specific cells or tissues. Although the possibility of cloning humans had been
2500-525: Is another definition of "Avant-gardism" that distinguishes it from "modernism": Peter Bürger, for example, says avant-gardism rejects the "institution of art" and challenges social and artistic values, and so necessarily involves political, social, and cultural factors. According to the composer and musicologist Larry Sitsky , modernist composers from the early 20th century who do not qualify as avant-gardists include Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and Igor Stravinsky; later modernist composers who do not fall into
2600-415: Is available online at YouTube . To coincide with the release of the 2005 film, Majesco Entertainment and developer Terminal Reality released a video game adaptation on Xbox and PlayStation 2 . While primarily based on the film, elements from both the movie and the television series are included, as the game sets out to be something of a canonical link between the two, although the Æon character in
2700-633: Is facilitated by mechanically produced art-products of mediocre quality displacing art of quality workmanship; thus, the profitability of art-as-commodity determines its artistic value. In The Society of the Spectacle (1967), Guy Debord said that the financial, commercial, and economic co-optation of the avant-garde into a commodity produced by neoliberal capitalism makes doubtful that avant-garde artists will remain culturally and intellectually relevant to their societies for preferring profit to cultural change and political progress. In The Theory-Death of
2800-461: Is forbidden, as is the conception of human embryos or fetuses for research or experimental purposes, in accordance with article 7 of Dahir no. 1–19–50. The first license was granted on 11 August 2004, to researchers at the University of Newcastle to allow them to investigate treatments for diabetes , Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease . The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 ,
2900-546: Is not reducible to a kitsch style or reactionary orientation, but can instead be used to refer to artists who engage with the legacy of the avant-garde while maintaining an awareness that doing so is in some sense anachronistic. The critic Charles Altieri argues that avant-garde and arrière-garde are interdependent: "where there is an avant-garde, there must be an arrière-garde ." Avant-garde in music can refer to any form of music working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner. The term
3000-620: Is the use of clones as a supply of organs for transplantation . Robin Cook's 1997 novel Chromosome 6 , Michael Bay's The Island , and Nancy Farmer's 2002 novel House of the Scorpion are examples of this; Chromosome 6 also features genetic manipulation and xenotransplantation . The Star Wars saga makes use of millions of human clones to form the Grand Army of the Republic that participated in
3100-420: Is underway to potentially use stem cell therapy to treat heart disease , diabetes , and spinal cord injuries . Regenerative medicine is not in clinical practice, but is heavily researched for its potential uses. This type of medicine would allow for autologous transplantation, thus removing the risk of organ transplant rejection by the recipient. For instance, a person with liver disease could potentially have
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3200-615: Is used loosely to describe the work of any musicians who radically depart from tradition altogether. By this definition, some avant-garde composers of the 20th century include Arnold Schoenberg , Richard Strauss (in his earliest work), Charles Ives , Igor Stravinsky , Anton Webern , Edgard Varèse , Alban Berg , George Antheil (in his earliest works only), Henry Cowell (in his earliest works), Harry Partch , John Cage , Iannis Xenakis , Morton Feldman , Karlheinz Stockhausen , Pauline Oliveros , Philip Glass , Meredith Monk , Laurie Anderson , and Diamanda Galás . There
3300-507: Is Æon, and Æon can accomplish anything she wants except settling down with Trevor. Guest cast: Additional voices: Some authors consider the title a reference to the Gnostic notion of an Aeon , noting the influence in the use of a demiurge in one episode, and that the relationship between the main characters parallels the Valentinian notion of a syzygy . Peter Chung, the creator, says
3400-666: The Ciba Foundation Symposium on Man and his Future in 1963, he said: It is extremely hopeful that some human cell lines can be grown on a medium of precisely known chemical composition. Perhaps the first step will be the production of a clone from a single fertilized egg, as in Brave New World ... Assuming that cloning is possible, I expect that most clones would be made from people aged at least fifty, except for athletes and dancers, who would be cloned younger. They would be made from people who were held to have excelled in
3500-494: The Clone Wars . The series Orphan Black follows human clones' stories and experiences as they deal with issues and react to being the property of a chain of scientific institutions. In the 2019 horror film Us , the entirety of the United States' population is secretly cloned. Years later, these clones (known as The Tethered) reveal themselves to the world by successfully pulling off a mass genocide of their counterparts. In
3600-405: The arts and literature , the term avant-garde (from French meaning ' advance guard ' or ' vanguard ' ) identifies an experimental genre or work of art , and the artist who created it, which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable to the artistic establishment of the time. The military metaphor of an advance guard identifies
3700-531: The blastocyst stage, at which point they were studied in processes that destroyed them. Members of the lab said that their next set of experiments would aim to generate embryonic stem cell lines; these are the "holy grail" that would be useful for therapeutic or reproductive cloning. In 2011, scientists at the New York Stem Cell Foundation announced that they had succeeded in generating embryonic stem cell lines, but their process involved leaving
3800-534: The oocyte 's nucleus in place, resulting in triploid cells, which would not be useful for cloning. In 2013, a group of scientists led by Shoukhrat Mitalipov published the first report of embryonic stem cells created using SCNT. In this experiment, the researchers developed a protocol for using SCNT in human cells, which differs slightly from the one used in other organisms. Four embryonic stem cell lines from human fetal somatic cells were derived from those blastocysts. All four lines were derived using oocytes from
3900-555: The Æon Flux shorts. Locomotion played the third season repeatedly, between 1998–1999 and 2002–2003, in Spanish and Portuguese for Latin America . The series was also aired on Norwegian channel NRK2 , a sister channel to state channel NRK , alongside The Maxx , Phantom 2040 , and The Head in the late 1990s. Teletoon Detour also aired it with The Maxx . In the lead-up to the 2006 international release of Æon Flux on DVD and
4000-488: The Æon Flux video game rights were acquired by GT Interactive . The game's assets were then reworked into the 1997 title Pax Corpus after being stripped of all copyrighted association with Æon Flux . Pax Corpus does retain obvious similarities to the original animated series, e.g. parts of the plot are similar to the episode "The Demiurge" and the female protagonist wears a purple and black outfit. Another failed attempt would be made by The Collective some time around
4100-498: The "Monican Spies" community on LiveJournal in 2006. He was asked many questions about Æon Flux and her universe , including how he really felt about the movie. Chung called the movie "a travesty ", relating that its public screening made him feel "helpless, humiliated, and sad". He described his primary objection to the film as being its portrayal of the Æon and Trevor characters and their re-imagined history and relationship. Chung went on to state, "Ms. Flux does not actually appear in
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4200-539: The 1993 Report of the Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies. Polls have indicated that an overwhelming majority of Canadians oppose human reproductive cloning, though the regulation of human cloning continues to be a significant national and international policy issue. The notion of "human dignity" is commonly used to justify cloning laws. The basis for this justification is that reproductive human cloning necessarily infringes notions of human dignity. In
4300-445: The 2005 release of the live-action movie, the complete series including the shorts and the episodic series was collected in a DVD box set, which was released on November 22, 2005. The set features director's cut versions of several episodes, with added special effects, and in a few cases, new scenes written by Peter Chung and recorded by the original voice actors in order to improve character continuity between episodes (this according to
4400-438: The 2010 law was not passed. Ten states, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey and Rhode Island, have "clone and kill" laws that prevent cloned embryo implantation for childbirth, but allow embryos to be destroyed. The Patients First Act of 2017 (HR 2918, 115th Congress) aims to promote stem cell research, using cells that are "ethically obtained", that could contribute to
4500-510: The American Language poets (1960s–1970s). The French military term avant-garde (advanced guard) identified a reconnaissance unit who scouted the terrain ahead of the main force of the army. In 19th-century French politics, the term avant-garde (vanguard) identified Left-wing political reformists who agitated for radical political change in French society. In the mid-19th century, as
4600-491: The Avant-Garde ( Teoria dell'arte d'avanguardia , 1962), the academic Renato Poggioli provides an early analysis of the avant-garde as art and as artistic movement. Surveying the historical and social, psychological and philosophical aspects of artistic vanguardism, Poggioli's examples of avant-garde art, poetry, and music, show that avant-garde artists share some values and ideals as contemporary bohemians . In Theory of
4700-473: The Avant-Garde ( Theorie der Avantgarde , 1974), the literary critic Peter Bürger looks at The Establishment 's embrace of socially critical works of art as capitalist co-optation of the artists and the genre of avant-garde art, because "art as an institution neutralizes the political content of the individual work [of art]". In Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry: Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975 (2000), Benjamin H. D. Buchloh argues for
4800-673: The Avant-Garde (1991), Paul Mann said that the avant-garde are economically integral to the contemporary institutions of the Establishment, specifically as part of the culture industry . Noting the conceptual shift, theoreticians, such as Matei Calinescu , in Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism (1987), and Hans Bertens in The Idea of the Postmodern: A History (1995), said that Western culture entered
4900-575: The Eleventh Amendment to the Criminal Law, which came into effect on March 1, 2021, an additional provision was added to Article 336, which stipulates that "implanting gene-edited or cloned human embryos into human or animal bodies, or implanting gene-edited, cloned Implantation of cloned animal embryos into human bodies, if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention and
5000-451: The TV series. Though not directly connected to the series, a live-action/animated Diet Pepsi commercial titled "Something Wrong?" was directed by Peter Chung and starred Malcolm McDowell as a Trevor Goodchild-like character and Cindy Crawford as an Æon Flux-like character. It was made for Super Bowl XXX in 1996, but was pulled and later aired for broadcast exclusive to MTV. "Something Wrong?"
5100-410: The album, retitled Eye Spy: Declassified, Freedom of Information Act , as a digital download in 2010, with new artwork by Peter Chung and a previously unreleased third volume of music. This edition was reissued by Waxwork Records on vinyl , digital download , and streaming on February 17, 2023, and on CD the following April, as Æon Flux: Original Soundtrack . A soundtrack to the live action film
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#17328476302425200-515: The argument asserts that the destruction of embryos for research purposes is no longer justifiable. Some opponents of reproductive cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe – for example, the position of the American Association for the Advancement of Science as of 2014, while others emphasize that reproductive cloning could be prone to abuse (leading to
5300-458: The artistic vanguard oppose high culture and reject the artifice of mass culture , because the avant-garde functionally oppose the dumbing down of society — be it with low culture or with high culture . That in a capitalist society each medium of mass communication is a factory producing artworks, and is not a legitimate artistic medium; therefore, the products of mass culture are kitsch , simulations and simulacra of Art. Walter Benjamin in
5400-472: The artists and writers whose innovations in style, form, and subject-matter challenge the artistic and aesthetic validity of the established forms of art and the literary traditions of their time; thus, the artists who created the anti-novel and Surrealism were ahead of their times. As a stratum of the intelligentsia of a society, avant-garde artists promote progressive and radical politics and advocate for societal reform with and through works of art. In
5500-411: The audience wonder about the wider context of these action heroes and evoke thought. Æon Flux is therefore notable as the first American adult animated series to be a drama rather than a comedy. One peculiarity of the early shorts is the violent death of Æon Flux, which occurs in each installment. According to the commentary by Peter Chung in the 2005 DVD release, she dies in every short episode after
5600-479: The avant-garde push the aesthetic boundaries of societal norms , such as the disruptions of modernism in poetry, fiction, and drama, painting, music, and architecture, that occurred in the late 19th and in the early 20th centuries. In art history the socio-cultural functions of avant-garde art trace from Dada (1915–1920s) through the Situationist International (1957–1972) to the postmodernism of
5700-447: The avant-garde traditions in both the United States and Europe. Among these are Fluxus , Happenings , and Neo-Dada . Brutalist architecture was greatly influenced by an avant-garde movement. Human cloning Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning , which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue . It does not refer to
5800-548: The beginning of Season 3 that dialogue would be used much more extensively. The music and sound design for the original television series was created by Drew Neumann , who also created music for Aaahh!!! Real Monsters and The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy . Peter Stone (of Xorcist ) served as assistant sound editor for the original MTV series. The music was later released on CD by Klasky Csupo 's record label, Tone Casualties, titled Eye Spy – Ears Only: Confidential . The initials "AF" were used on song titles and in
5900-416: The category of avant-gardists include Elliott Carter , Milton Babbitt , György Ligeti , Witold Lutosławski , and Luciano Berio , since "their modernism was not conceived for the purpose of goading an audience." The 1960s saw a wave of free and avant-garde music in jazz genre, embodied by artists such as Ornette Coleman , Sun Ra , Albert Ayler , Archie Shepp , John Coltrane and Miles Davis . In
6000-486: The causes of disease, and as model systems used in drug discovery . Cells produced with SCNT, or iPSCs could eventually be used in stem cell therapy , or to create organs to be used in transplantation, known as regenerative medicine . Stem cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Bone marrow transplantation is a widely used form of stem cell therapy. No other forms of stem cell therapy are in clinical use at this time. Research
6100-615: The credits to replace the words "Æon Flux" due to the lack of licensing permissions from MTV. The album includes two discs worth of material from the series as well as the canceled original (1995) video game. An abbreviated edition of the album's first disc, titled Æon Flux: Music from the Animated Series , was included as a bonus with the 2005 DVD set at Best Buy . This edition included 11 pieces of score, with dialogue snippets featuring Æon and Trevor interspersed as standalone tracks. Neumann self-released an expanded, remastered version of
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#17328476302426200-416: The cultural values of contemporary bourgeois society . In the U.S. of the 1960s, the post–WWII changes to American culture and society allowed avant-garde artists to produce works of art that addressed the matters of the day, usually in political and sociologic opposition to the cultural conformity inherent to popular culture and to consumerism as a way of life and as a worldview . In The Theory of
6300-412: The episode "Chronophasia", Æon is apparently killed repeatedly by a monstrous baby, but the reality of these events is ambiguous. In "Ether Drift Theory", Æon is suspended indefinitely in an inanimate state, but remains technically alive.) Chung describes the style of the show as "academic": "I was interested in experimenting with visual narrative, telling a story without dialogue and also trying to create
6400-506: The essay " The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction " (1939) and Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer in the Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947) said that the artifice of mass culture voids the artistic value (the aura ) of a work of art. That the capitalist culture industry (publishing and music, radio and cinema, etc.) continually produces artificial culture for mass consumption, which
6500-576: The essay "The Artist, the Scientist, and the Industrialist" (1825), Benjamin Olinde Rodrigues 's political usage of vanguard identified the moral obligation of artists to "serve as [the] avant-garde" of the people, because "the power of the arts is, indeed, the most immediate and fastest way" to realise social, political, and economic reforms. In the realm of culture, the artistic experiments of
6600-435: The experiments was fabricated. In January 2008, Dr. Andrew French and Samuel Wood of the biotechnology company Stemagen announced that they successfully created the first five mature human embryos using SCNT. In this case, each embryo was created by taking a nucleus from a skin cell (donated by Wood and a colleague) and inserting it into a human egg from which the nucleus had been removed. The embryos were developed only to
6700-492: The film adaptation seemed to bear little resemblance to the original full-length animated series or the Liquid Television shorts, as no one involved with the original television series had a role in the making of the film. While it does take a number of major liberties with the character and concept of the series (such as making the character of Una into Æon's sister and giving Trevor a previously-unmentioned brother who plays
6800-553: The first series were shown on the program Eat Carpet on SBS television. In Southeast Asia the third season was broadcast in 1996 via the MTV Southeast Asia channel, which at the time was free to anyone with a satellite dish. In the UK, MTV first showed the shorts and the 30-minute episodes from 1992. In the mid-1990s, the BBC showed the Liquid Television shorts, which included all of
6900-506: The game is modeled only after Theron and is also voiced by her. A game based on the original animated series was announced on April 9, 1996 for the PlayStation . The game, which was loosely based on " The Demiurge " episode, was being developed by Cryo Interactive and published by Viacom New Media . The game first made an appearance at E3 that same year, with Æon Flux creator Peter Chung on hand to promote it, and commercial advertising
7000-620: The generation of humans whose organs and tissues would be harvested), and have concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large. Members of religious groups are divided. Some Christian theologians perceive the technology as usurping God's role in creation and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others see no inconsistency between Christian tenets and cloning's positive and potentially life-saving benefits. There have been consistent calls in Canada to ban human reproductive cloning since
7100-422: The initial six-part pilot because he never intended to make more episodes and felt the best solution was to have her keep dying; by contrast, she only "dies" once in the half-hour series. Often her death is caused by fate, while other times she dies due to her own incompetence. One of the half-hour episodes, "A Last Time for Everything", ends with the original Æon being killed and replaced by an identical clone . (In
7200-418: The journal Science claiming to have successfully harvested pluripotent, embryonic stem cells from a cloned human blastocyst using SCNT techniques. Hwang claimed to have created eleven different patient-specific stem cell lines. This would have been the first major breakthrough in human cloning. However, in 2006 Science retracted both of his articles on account of clear evidence that much of his data from
7300-462: The limitations of the characters. Chung says the visual style was influenced by Hergé , ligne claire , Egon Schiele , and Moebius . With the exceptions of the exclamation "No!" in the pilot and the single word "plop" in the episode "Leisure", all of the short episodes are completely devoid of intelligible speech . Instead, the sound track employs a variety of sound effects, including sounds such as laughter, grunts, and sighs. It would not be until
7400-476: The live-action movie, MTV UK replayed the third season of Æon Flux from October to November in 2005. The episodes were played at 2 a.m. on weeknights. MTV Australia followed with replays of the third season beginning in December 2005, scheduled at 1 a.m. on weeknights. The episodes were titled Æon Flux Animation, and they were not played in the original order from 1995. As of 2009, MTV2 shows Æon Flux shorts as
7500-402: The main character's name "started out just being the name of the cartoon and then eventually it stuck, so that's her name." The character Æon Flux was not meant to be part of the series, but MTV pushed to keep her in it, despite Æon dying at the end of the first batch of shorts. Chung intended the cartoon to be a reaction to heroic Hollywood action films, not as a spoof, but rather as a way to make
7600-535: The mediocrity of mass culture , which political disconnection transformed being an artist into "a profession, one of whose aspects is the pretense of overthrowing [the profession of being an artist]." Avant-garde is frequently defined in contrast to arrière-garde , which in its original military sense refers to a rearguard force that protects the advance-guard. The term was less frequently used than "avant-garde" in 20th-century art criticism. The art historians Natalie Adamson and Toby Norris argue that arrière-garde
7700-491: The movie's tie-in video game, with Flux taking on the likeness of the Charlize Theron version. The short, which ran about the same length as one of the Liquid Television shorts, sees Flux conducting an unclear mission, killing many Breen soldiers while pursuing some small, insect-like robots. In a throwback to the ongoing theme of the original shorts, the character is ultimately killed due to human error. The complete series
7800-406: The movie, Dark Horse Comics published a four-issue comic book mini-series , collected as a trade paperback and written and drawn by Mike Kennedy and Timothy Green III, who based their work upon the film versions of the Æon Flux characters. Although the characters and situations were based on the newer movie versions, the penciling technique deliberately emulated Peter Chung's unique style from
7900-468: The movie." A " graphic novel " called Æon Flux: The Herodotus File, which actually consisted of an assortment of false documents from the world of Æon Flux and a short story-board-style sequence described as "security camera footage" rather than a comic strip story, was published in 1995. In it, authors Mark Mars and Eric Singer provided vague explanations of some of the show's setting and backstory , including how Trevor and Æon met. One hint suggested in
8000-419: The natural conception and delivery of identical twins . The possibilities of human cloning have raised controversies . These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass laws regarding human cloning. Two commonly discussed types of human cloning are therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning . Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants. It
8100-436: The nucleus of a somatic cell is taken from a donor and transplanted into a host egg cell , which had its own genetic material removed previously, making it an enucleated egg. After the donor somatic cell genetic material is transferred into the host oocyte with a micropipette, the somatic cell genetic material is fused with the egg using an electric current. Once the two cells have fused, the new cell can be permitted to grow in
8200-421: The other. Work on cloning techniques has advanced understanding of developmental biology in humans. Observing human pluripotent stem cells grown in culture provides great insight into human embryo development , which otherwise cannot be seen. Scientists are now able to better define steps of early human development. Studying signal transduction along with genetic manipulation within the early human embryo has
8300-453: The potential and the perils of cloning in his Atlantic Monthly essay, "Moving Toward the Clonal Man", in 1971. With the cloning of a sheep known as Dolly in 1996 by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the idea of human cloning became a hot debate topic. Many nations outlawed it, while a few scientists promised to make a clone within the next few years. The first hybrid human clone
8400-415: The potential to provide answers to many developmental diseases and defects. Many human-specific signaling pathways have been discovered by studying human embryonic stem cells. Studying developmental pathways in humans has given developmental biologists more evidence toward the hypothesis that developmental pathways are conserved throughout species. iPSCs and cells created by SCNT are useful for research into
8500-422: The processes of SCNT and iPSCs have benefits and deficiencies. Historically, reprogramming methods were better studied than SCNT derived embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, more recent studies have put more emphasis on developing new procedures for SCNT-ESCs. The major advantage of SCNT over iPSCs at this time is the speed with which cells can be produced. iPSCs derivation takes several months while SCNT would take
8600-468: The questions raised by cloning engage secular perspectives as well, particularly the concept of identity. Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning in order to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants, to avoid the need for immunosuppressive drugs , and to stave off the effects of aging. Advocates for reproductive cloning believe that parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to
8700-593: The rock music of the 1970s, the "art" descriptor was generally understood to mean "aggressively avant-garde" or "pretentiously progressive". Post-punk artists from the late 1970s rejected traditional rock sensibilities in favor of an avant-garde aesthetic. Whereas the avant-garde has a significant history in 20th-century music, it is more pronounced in theatre and performance art, and often in conjunction with music and sound design innovations, as well as developments in visual media design. There are movements in theatre history that are characterized by their contributions to
8800-509: The same donor, ensuring that all mitochondrial DNA inherited was identical. A year later, a team led by Robert Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology reported that they had replicated Mitalipov's results and further demonstrated the effectiveness by cloning adult cells using SCNT. In 2018, the first successful cloning of primates using SCNT was reported with the birth of two live female clones, crab-eating macaques named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua . In somatic cell nuclear transfer ("SCNT"),
8900-412: The series was "one of the really creative shows to come out of United States Television. This show validates the purpose of cable TV—we get to see talented folks like Peter Chung let loose their creative energies to produce something truly unique." Nina Munteanu of Europa SF reviewed and compared both the movie and the series; she said that while the movie sacrificed character development in pursuit of
9000-404: The series, and confirmed by Mars and Singer in the graphic novel, is the character's foot fetish modeling; it is suggested that she augments her income posing barefoot for magazines devoted to the fetish. The graphic novel fell out of print in the years that followed the show's conclusion, but it was temporarily re-issued in 2005, with new cover art, to tie in with the movie. As another tie-in to
9100-482: The sitting President ( George W. Bush in 2005 and 2007), over therapeutic cloning prevented either competing proposal (a ban on both forms or on reproductive cloning only) from being passed into law. On 10 March 2010, a bill (HR 4808) was introduced with a section banning federal funding for human cloning. Such a law, if passed, would not have prevented research from occurring in private institutions (such as universities) that have both private and federal funding. However,
9200-542: The subject of speculation for much of the 20th century, scientists and policymakers began to take the prospect seriously in 1969. J. B. S. Haldane was the first to introduce the idea of human cloning, for which he used the terms "clone" and "cloning", which had been used in agriculture since the early 20th century. In his speech on "Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Next Ten Thousand Years" at
9300-459: The technology. Opposition to therapeutic cloning mainly centers around the status of embryonic stem cells , which has connections with the abortion debate . The moral argument put forward is based on the notion that embryos deserve protection from the moment of their conception because it is at this precise moment that a new human entity emerges, already a unique individual. Since it is deemed unacceptable to sacrifice human lives for any purpose,
9400-492: The year 2000, and was to be published by GT Interactive . It was using a then-current version of the Unreal Engine , and appeared to be a 3D third-person action title similar to The Collective's previous title, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: The Fallen . At some point during development, the game was cancelled and the project vanished, leaving only a few work-in-progress screenshots as evidence of its existence. In June 2018, it
9500-428: Was composed by Graeme Revell . MTV was the exclusive broadcaster of the series in the United States. In Canada, the shorts aired on MuchMusic and the third season aired a year or so later on the youth-oriented network YTV , in a late-night timeslot, during a period when the network was trying to appeal to an older audience. In Australia and New Zealand, during the early to mid-1990s, the Liquid Television shorts and
9600-473: Was created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technology . It was created using SCNT; a nucleus was taken from a man's leg cell and inserted into a cow's egg from which the nucleus had been removed, and the hybrid cell was cultured and developed into an embryo . The embryo was destroyed after 12 days. In 2004 and 2005, Hwang Woo-suk , a professor at Seoul National University , published two separate articles in
9700-471: Was even included in the 1996 VHS release of the animated series. A developer build of it was leaked, and pictures of this build can be found on various websites. Viacom New Media would merge with Virgin Interactive midway through the game's development. The merger ultimately led to the cancellation of Viacom's in-development games, leaving Cryo without the rights to use the Æon Flux property. In mid-1997,
9800-517: Was released in a 2- UMD set for the PlayStation Portable in January 2008. This set included all of the shorts and episodes, in their digitally remastered director's cut forms. Reviewing the 2005 DVD release, IGN gave the series 9 out of 10, while giving the whole package (shorts, extras and general condition included) a 7 out of 10. CyberpunkReview.com gave the series a glowing review, saying
9900-436: Was released in theaters on December 2, 2005, preceded in November of that year by a tie-in video game of the same name – based mostly on the movie but containing some elements of the original television series. Æon Flux is set in a surreal German Expressionist -style future. The setting depicts a bizarre dystopia populated by mutant creatures, clones and robots, set within two city-states (Monica and Bregna) separated by
10000-492: Was reported that a live-action television reboot is in works at MTV with Jeff Davis and Gale Anne Hurd as executive producers. In September 2021, it was reported that a live-action television reboot is in works at Paramount+ , under a new overall deal that Davis has signed with MTV Entertainment Studios . Davis will serve as showrunner and direct the pilot. In early 2023, Davis reported the first two episodes had been written, which he planned to direct. Avant-garde In
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