48-446: The Adriatic railway (Italian: Ferrovia Adriatica ) is the railway from Ancona to Lecce that runs along the Adriatic Coast of Italy , following it almost all of the way. It is one of the main lines of the Italian rail system and links the northern cities with the most important productive areas of central and southern Italy. The railway was built by the Società per le Strade Ferrate Meridionali (Italian: Company for
96-595: A book called "The City of Lights". From 1300 and on, the Jewish community of Ancona grew steadily, most due to the city importance and it being a center of trade with the Levant . In that year, Jewish poet Immanuel the Roman tried to lower high taxation taken from the Jewish community of the city. Over the next 200 years, Jews from Germany, Spain, Sicily and Portugal immigrated to Ancona, due to persecutions in their homeland and thanks to
144-521: A brief siege , eleven days after his defeat at Castelfidardo . On 23 May 1915, Italy entered World War I and joined the Entente Powers . In 1915, following Italy's entry, the battleship division of the Austro-Hungarian Navy carried out extensive bombardments causing great damage to all installations and killing several dozen people. Ancona was one of the most important Italian ports on
192-596: A detailed and complex feasibility study was presented to the Chamber of Deputies for new railways in southern Italy that were considered of vital importance. In particular, the construction of a railway along the Adriatic coast from Ancona to Brindisi and Otranto was seen as essential, as these ports were considered by many to be on the verge of becoming Europe's "door to the East." At that time, several European countries were competing for
240-660: A haphazard manner by the different states and provisional dictatorial governments of the Italian Peninsula to various companies: canceling some, changing others and continually releasing new rights-of-way. In November 1861 the Milan–Bologna railway line began operation, with the connection of the Milan-Piacenza line to the Piacenza-Bologna via a bridge – initially of wood but later replaced by an iron structure – across
288-523: A lordship of the Byzantine Empire , in the 7th and 8th centuries. In 840, Saracen raiders sacked and burned the city. After Charlemagne 's conquest of northern Italy, it became the capital of the Marca di Ancona , whence the name of the modern region derives. After 1000, Ancona became increasingly independent, eventually turning into an important maritime republic (together with Gaeta and Ragusa , it
336-467: A population more than four times its size), located in the province of Ancona, Marches , of whom 47.6% were male and 52.4% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 15.54 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 24.06 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Ancona residents is 48, compared to
384-528: A seaport closer to the Gothic Line in order to shorten their lines of communication for the advance into northern Italy . Jews according to documents began living in Ancona in 967 AD, even though there is evidence they lived there even before. It has been claimed that in 1270, a Jewish resident of Ancona, Jacob of Ancona , travelled to China , four years before Marco Polo , and documented his impressions in
432-476: A short while. The boycott was led by Dona Gracia Mendes Nasi . Though emancipated by Napoleon I for several years, in 1843 Pope Gregory XVI revived an old decree, forbidding Jews from living outside the ghetto , wearing identification sign on their clothes and other religious and financial restrictions. Public opinion did not approve of these restrictions, and they were cancelled a short while after. The Jews of Ancona received full emancipation in 1848 with
480-677: A very important destination for merchants from the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. The Greeks formed the largest of the communities of foreign merchants. They were refugees from former Byzantine or Venetian territories that were occupied by the Ottomans in the late 15th and 16th centuries. The first Greek community was established in Ancona early in the 16th century. Ancona entered the Kingdom of Italy when Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière surrendered here on 29 September 1860 following
528-606: Is twinned with: L'Aquila , Abruzzo Aosta , Aosta Valley Bari , Apulia Potenza , Basilicata Catanzaro , Calabria Naples , Campania Bologna , Emilia-Romagna Trieste , Friuli-Venezia Giulia Rome , Lazio Genoa , Liguria Milan , Lombardy Ancona , Marche Campobasso , Molise Turin , Piedmont Cagliari , Sardinia Palermo , Sicily Trento , Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Florence , Tuscany Perugia , Umbria Venice , Veneto Port of Brindisi The port of Brindisi
SECTION 10
#1732845580493576-518: Is a city and a seaport in the Marche region of Central Italy , with a population of around 101,997 as of 2015 . Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region. The city is located 280 km (170 mi) northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic Sea , between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of Monte Conero , Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco. The hilly nature around Ancona
624-612: Is a strong contrast to the flatter coastline in areas further north. Ancona is one of the main ports on the Adriatic Sea, especially for passenger traffic, and is the main economic and demographic centre of the region. Before the Greek colonization, the territory was occupied by separated communities of the Picentes tribes. Ancona took a more urban shape by Greek settlers from Syracuse in about 387 BC, who gave it its name: Ancona stems from
672-466: Is from Termoli to Lesina, which is the bottleneck of the line. A notable aspect of the Adriatic line is the almost total absence of tunnels, with the exception of the Pescara-Vasto segment, where there are seven, including three with a length greater than 5000 m. The railway is almost entirely double track , and is DC electrified to 3000 V . In 2023, Rete Ferroviaria Italiana has estimated
720-776: Is housed in the Palazzo Ferretti, built in the late Renaissance by Pellegrino Tibaldi ; it preserves frescoes by Federico Zuccari . The Museum is divided into several sections: The Municipal Art Gallery ( Pinacoteca Civica Francesco Podesti ) is housed in the Palazzo Bosdari, reconstructed between 1558 and 1561 by Pellegrino Tibaldi . Works in the gallery include: Other artists present include Francesco Podesti , Ciro Ferri and Arcangelo di Cola . Modern artists featured are Anselmo Bucci , Massimo Campigli , Bruno Cassinari , Enzo Cucchi , Carlo Levi , Aligi Sassu , Orfeo Tamburi and others. The Port has regular ferry links to
768-698: Is one of the biggest Jewish cemeteries in Europe and tombstones are dated to 1552 and on. It can still be visited and it resides within the Parco del Cardeto . The climate of Ancona is humid subtropical (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification ) and the city lies on the border between mediterranean and more continental regions. Precipitations are regular throughout the year. Winters are cool (January mean temp. 5 °C or 41 °F), with frequent rain and fog. Temperatures can reach −10 °C (14 °F) or even lower values outside
816-461: Is one of those not appearing on the Italian naval flag ), often clashing against the nearby power of Venice . An oligarchic republic, Ancona was ruled by six Elders, elected by the three terzieri into which the city was divided: S. Pietro, Porto and Capodimonte. It had a coin of its own, the agontano , and a series of laws known as Statuti del mare e del Terzenale and Statuti della Dogana . Ancona
864-458: Is the main railway station of the city and is served by regional and long-distance trains. The other stations are Ancona Marittima , Ancona Torrette, Ancona Stadio, Palombina and Varano. The A14 motorway serves the city with the exits "Ancona Nord" ( An. North ) and "Ancona Sud" ( An. South ). The Ancona trolleybus system has been in operation since 1949. Ancona is also served by an urban and suburban bus network operated by Conerobus. Ancona
912-464: The Americas : 0.93%, East Asia : 0.83%, and North Africa : 0.80%. Ancona Cathedral , dedicated to Judas Cyriacus , was consecrated at the beginning of the 11th century and completed in 1189. Some writers suppose that the original church was in the form of a basilica and belonged to the 7th century. An early restoration was completed in 1234. It is a fine Romanesque building in grey stone, built in
960-570: The Greek language . When it became a Roman town is uncertain. It was occupied as a naval station in the Illyrian War of 178 BC. Julius Caesar took possession of it immediately after crossing the Rubicon . Its harbour was of considerable importance in imperial times, as the nearest to Dalmatia , and was enlarged by Trajan , who constructed the north quay with his architect Apollodorus of Damascus . At
1008-595: The Guelphs . Unlike other cities of northern Italy, Ancona never became a signoria . The sole exception was the rule of the Malatesta , who took the city in 1348, taking advantage of the black death and of a fire that had destroyed many of the city's important buildings. The Malatesta were ousted in 1383. In 1532, Ancona definitively lost its freedom and became part of the Papal States , under Pope Clement VII . The symbol of
SECTION 20
#17328455804931056-556: The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – through whose territories the line would pass. The constitution of the kingdom of Italy in 1860 brought a resolution to this dilemma, and, as entrepreneurs in Piedmont and Lombardy desired access to Adriatic ports for closer and easier trade with Asia through the Suez Canal , construction would proceed rapidly following unification. As early as May 1861,
1104-626: The Palazzo Benincasa , the Loggia dei Mercanti , the Franciscan church of San Francesco alle Scale and Sant'Agostino , Augustinian church with statues portraying St. Monica, St. Nicola da Tolentino, St. Simplicianus and Blessed Agostino Trionfi; in the 18th century it was enlarged by Luigi Vanvitelli and turned into a palace after 1860. The National Archaeological Museum of the Marche Region
1152-581: The Adriatic Sea during the Great War . During World War II , the city was taken by the Polish 2nd Corps against Nazi German forces, as Free Polish forces were serving as part of the British Army. Poles were tasked with capture of the city on 16 June 1944 and accomplished the task a month later on 18 July 1944 in what is known as the battle of Ancona . The attack was part of an Allied operation to gain access to
1200-409: The Greek word Ἀγκών ( Ankṓn ), meaning "elbow"; the harbour to the east of the town was originally protected only by the promontory on the north, shaped like an elbow. Greek merchants established a Tyrian purple dye factory here. In Roman times it kept its own coinage with the punning device of the bent arm holding a palm branch , and the head of Aphrodite on the reverse, and continued the use of
1248-474: The Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Ancona grew by 1.48 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent. The current birth rate of Ancona is 8.14 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. As of 2006 , 92.77% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant group came from other European nations (particularly those from Albania , Romania and Ukraine ): 3.14%, followed by
1296-627: The Southern Railways , SFM ), between 1863 and 1872. In 1906, management of the line was taken over by Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane . In 1933, the southernmost Lecce-Otranto segment of the line was turned over to the Ferrovie del Sud Est , which has maintained it to the present day. Shortly after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy , the new government took over the granting of railway concessions , which, in prior years, had often been doled out in
1344-477: The Southern Railways', SFM) moved quickly to build the rail line, completing the Brindisi-Lecce segment by 1866. The Lecce-Otranto segment was delayed by bitter controversies which prevented the choice of a route for many years. The last stretch of 19 miles from Maglie to Otranto was not complete until 20 September 1872. The new Adriatic Railway allowed, for the first time, relatively rapid travel between
1392-652: The beginning of it stands the marble triumphal arch , the Arch of Trajan with a single archway, and without bas-reliefs , erected in his honour in 115 by the Senate and Roman people. Ancona was attacked successively by the Goths and Lombards between the 3rd and 5th centuries, but recovered its strength and importance. It was one of the cities of the Pentapolis of the Exarchate of Ravenna ,
1440-497: The city centre during the most intense cold waves. Snow is not unusual with air masses coming from Northern Europe or from the Balkans and Russia, and can be heavy at times (also due to the " Adriatic Sea effect "), especially in the hills surrounding the city centre. Summers are usually warm and humid (July mean temp. 22.5 °C or 72.5 °F). Highs sometimes can reach values around 35 and 40 °C (95 and 104 °F), especially if
1488-457: The cost of a new Bologna-Ancona-Pescara-Foggia-Bari high-speed line, with trains travelling at up to 300 kilometres per hour, at between EUR 40 and 50 billion. By contrast, the cost of speeding up the existing line, with trains travelling up to 200 kilometres per hour, amounts to EUR 5 billion. Ancona Ancona ( / æ ŋ ˈ k oʊ n ə / , also US : / æ n ˈ -, ɑː n ˈ -/ ; Italian: [aŋˈkoːna] )
Adriatic railway - Misplaced Pages Continue
1536-423: The dual purpose of eliminating the multiple curves in the old section, and reducing the danger posed by storm surges and coastal erosion . Between 2002 and 2006 the track between Brindisi and Lecce was doubled, followed by the segment between Bari Centrale and Fasano . In 2007 the segment between San Severo and Apricena was also given double track. The only stretch of the Adriatic line that remains single track
1584-418: The election of Pope Pius IX . In 1938, 1177 lived in Ancona; 53 Jews were sent away to Germany, 15 of them survived and returned to the town after World War II . The majority of the Jewish community stayed in town or emigrated due to high ransoms paid to the fascist regime. In 2004, about 200 Jews lived in Ancona. Two synagogues and two cemeteries still exist in the city. The ancient Monte-Cardeto cemetery
1632-594: The emperor who made the harbour. Most of its original bronze ornaments have disappeared. The archway is flanked by pairs of fluted Corinthian columns on pedestals. A pediment bears inscriptions. The format is that of the Arch of Titus in Rome, but made taller, so that the bronze figures surmounting it, of Trajan, his wife Plotina and sister Marciana, would figure as a landmark for ships approaching Rome's greatest Adriatic port. There are also several buildings by Giorgio da Sebenico , combining Gothic and Renaissance elements:
1680-585: The following cities with the following operators: Ancona is served by Ancona Airport ( IATA : AOI, ICAO : LIPY), in Falconara Marittima and named after Raffaello Sanzio . European Coastal Airlines , a former seaplane operator from Croatia, established trans-Adriatic flights between Croatia and Italy in November 2015, and offered four weekly flights from Ancona Falconara Airport to Split (59 minutes) and Rijeka (49 minutes). The Ancona railway station
1728-423: The form of a Greek cross, and other elements of Byzantine art. It has a dodecagonal dome over the centre slightly altered by Margaritone d'Arezzo in 1270. The façade has a Gothic portal, ascribed to Giorgio da Como (1228), which was intended to have a lateral arch on each side. The interior, which has a crypt under each transept, in the main preserves its original character. It has ten columns which are attributed to
1776-482: The new papal authority was the massive Citadel. Pope Pius IV commanded the execution and burning of Converso merchants in Ancona for returning to Judaism. Later, Ancona, along with Rome and Avignon in southern France , was one of the three cities in the Papal States where Jews were permitted to remain after Pope Pius V ordered their banishment in 1569. They lived in the ghetto that had been established in Ancona in 1555. In 1733, Pope Clement XII extended
1824-454: The parliamentarian Leopoldo Galeotti wrote hopefully that "before long the port of Brindisi , reborn to a new life, will bring within her breast the Indian Mail, a sure sign that the commerce of the world will be drawn a second time to our seas. In a few days, thanks to the great industry of Southern Company, despite the obstacles of every kind that had to be overcome, locomotives will arrive at
1872-518: The port of Brindisi." In September 1871 the completion of the Fréjus Rail Tunnel allowed the luxury Peninsular Express (from the same company that operated the famous Orient Express ) to complete the London-Brindisi trip in 47 hours via Calais and Paris. The line was built in record time using the easiest and least demanding engineering methods (tunnels and viaducts ), often near
1920-688: The privilege of transporting the Imperial Indian Mail train (referred to in Italy as the Valigia delle Indie ), in hopes of sharing in the profits of the trade between England and its vast colonial empire. In July 1862, Count Pietro Bastogi, former Finance Minister of the Kingdom of Italy succeeded in putting together a consortium of 92 bankers with the huge sum (at that time) of 100 million gold lire of capital from entirely Italian sources. The Società per le Strade Ferrate Meridionali (Italian: 'Company for
1968-484: The pro-Jewish attitude taken towards Ancona Jews due to their importance in the trade and banking business, making Ancona a trade center. In 1555, pope Paul IV forced the Crypto-Jewish community of the city to convert to Christianity , as part of his Papal Bull of 1555 . While some did, others refused to do so and thus were hanged and then burnt in the town square. In response, Jewish merchants boycotted Ancona for
Adriatic railway - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-460: The quay, and an inferior imitation of Trajan's arch was set up; he also erected a Lazaretto at the south end of the harbour, Luigi Vanvitelli being the architect-in-chief. The southern quay was built in 1880, and the harbour was protected by forts on the heights. From 1797 onwards, when the French took it, it frequently appears in history as an important fortress. Ancona, as well as Venice, became
2064-575: The river Po . This allowed trains from Turin and France to travel directly to the Adriatic coast along the Ancona-Bologna line, which itself had been built in November 1861 by the SFR, in what was then the Papal States . The construction of an Adriatic line had long been desired, but had never come to pass: mainly because of the difficulty in reconciling the needs of the two countries – the Papal States and
2112-465: The sea. Weather was a significant cause of work interruptions, due to the heavy storms that frequently batter the Adriatic coast. The line was reoriented in 2004, with double tracking, for the stretch from Lesina to Apricena (saving about 2.5 km), while at the end of 2005, the railway between Ortona and Vasto Casalbordino and between the Port of Vasto and Vasto / San Salvo were also realigned; for
2160-463: The south and the north-central regions of Italy. In 1866, in fact, there were no railways on the Tyrrhenian coast south of Eboli . Vittorio Emanuele II on 9 November 1863 inaugurated the line with his train ride from Pescara to Foggia , following hurried work to finish the track. The public opening was postponed until 25 April 1864. In the proceedings of the first legislature of the Kingdom of Italy,
2208-471: The temple of Venus. The church was restored in the 1980s. The Arch of Trajan is a marble structure 18 metres (59 feet) high, but only 3 metres (9.8 feet) wide, standing on a high platform approached by a wide flight of steps, and is one of the finest surviving Roman monuments in the Marches . It was built in the year 114/115 as an entrance to the causeway atop the harbour wall and is named in honour of Trajan ,
2256-676: The wind is blowing from the south or from the west ( föhn effect off the Apennine Mountains ). Thunderstorms are quite common, particularly in August and September, and can be intense with occasional flash floods, damaging winds and even large hail. Spring and autumn are both seasons with changeable weather, but generally mild. Extremes in temperature have been −15.4 °C (4.3 °F) (in 1967) and 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) (in 1968) / 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) (in 1983). In 2007, there were 101,480 people residing in Ancona (the greater area has
2304-669: Was usually allied with the Republic of Ragusa and the Byzantine Empire . In 1137, 1167 and 1174 it was strong enough to push back the forces of the Holy Roman Empire . Anconitan ships took part in the Crusades, and their navigators included Cyriac of Ancona . In the struggle between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors that troubled Italy from the 12th century onwards, Ancona sided with
#492507