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41-599: Adriatic Littoral may refer to: Austrian Littoral , under the Habsburg Empire Operational Zone Adriatic Coast , under Nazi occupation Croatian Littoral , in Yugoslavia and at present [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

82-447: A male heir meant they would be divided on his death. The Pragmatic Sanction of 19 April 1713 abolished male-only succession in all Habsburg realms and declared their lands indivisible, although the Diet of Hungary only approved it in 1723. Charles had three daughters, Maria Theresa (1717–1780), Maria Anna (1718–1744) and Maria Amalia (1724–1730) but no surviving sons. When Maria Theresa

123-445: A marriage for him. Their eyes fell upon Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , the eldest child of Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel . She was held to be strikingly beautiful by her contemporaries. When Charles succeeded his brother in 1711, he was the last male Habsburg heir in the direct line. Since Habsburg possessions were subject to Salic law , barring women from inheriting in their own right, his own lack of

164-587: A trading company, the Ostend Company , which was based in the Austrian Netherlands and that he himself founded in 1722. Other signatories included Britain, France , the Dutch Republic , Spain, Russia , Denmark-Norway and Savoy-Sardinia , but subsequent events underlined Prince Eugene of Savoy 's comment that the best guarantee was a powerful army and full treasury. Charles's nieces were married to

205-601: The Austrian Netherlands ), and Maria Amalia (who also died in infancy). Four years before the birth of Maria Theresa, faced with his lack of male heirs, Charles provided for a male-line succession failure with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 . The Emperor favoured his own daughters over those of his elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, in the succession, ignoring the Mutual Pact of Succession he had signed during

246-651: The Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) , adding Banat to Hungary and establishing direct Austrian rule over Serbia and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia ). This extended Austrian rule to the lower Danube . The War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) followed. It too ended in an Austrian victory; by the Treaty of The Hague (1720) , Charles swapped Sardinia , which went to the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II , for Sicily ,

287-750: The French Empire 's puppet state the Kingdom of Italy , by the Treaty of Pressburg of 1805 . The 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn then transferred the area to the Illyrian Provinces , which were directly ruled by France. When Napoleon was later defeated, the Austrian Empire regained the region. In 1813, all of the Littoral including Trieste, Gorizia and Gradisca, all of Istria, the Quarnero Islands , Fiume, and

328-717: The Habsburg monarchy by making peace with the Ottomans and declaring free shipping in the Adriatic. In 1719, Trieste and Fiume were made free ports . In 1730, administration of the Littoral was unified under the Intendancy in Trieste . However, in 1775, Emperor Joseph II put the two main ports under separate administration, assigning Trieste as the port for the Austrian "hereditary lands" and Fiume for

369-549: The Hofburg . In his Memoirs Voltaire wrote that Charles's death was caused by consuming a meal of death cap mushrooms. Charles's life opus, the Pragmatic Sanction, was ultimately in vain. Maria Theresa was forced to resort to arms to defend her inheritance from the coalition of Prussia, Bavaria, France, Spain, Saxony and Poland—all party to the sanction—who assaulted the Austrian frontier weeks after her father's death. During

410-574: The Julian March . An area of similar extent under the name of Adriatic Littoral ( Adriatisches Küstenland ) was one of the operational zones of German forces during World War II after the capitulation of Italy in September 1943 until the end of the war. After World War II, most of it was included in the Second Yugoslavia . Today Croatia and Slovenia each hold portions of the territory, and

451-690: The Kingdom of Hungary . Shortly after that, Trieste was merged with the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca in the north. During the Napoleonic Wars , the Habsburg monarchy gained Venetian lands in the Istrian Peninsula and the Quarnero (Kvarner) Islands as part of the Treaty of Campo Formio of 1797. However, these territories and all of the new Austrian Empire 's Adriatic lands were soon lost to

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492-629: The Kingdom of Sardinia —all previously possessions of the Spanish—were ceded to Austria. To prevent a union of Spain and France, Philip was forced to renounce his right to succeed his grandfather's throne. Charles was extremely discontented at the loss of Spain, and as a result, he mimicked the staid Spanish Habsburg court ceremonial, adopting the dress of a Spanish monarch, which, according to British historian Edward Crankshaw , consisted of "a black doublet and hose, black shoes and scarlet stockings". Charles's father and his advisors went about arranging

533-506: The mother tongue , but the "language of daily interaction" ( Umgangssprache ). Except for a small Serbian community in Trieste and the village of Peroj in Istria . After 1880, Italian and Friulian languages were counted under one category, as Italian. The estimated number of Friulian speakers can be extrapolated from the Italian census of 1921, the only one in the 20th century when Friulian

574-526: The Adriatic, and the Austrian archdukes' attention to the threat posed to them by an expanding Ottoman Empire , gave them little opportunity to enlarge their coastal possessions. Incorporated into the Austrian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire , Görz, Trieste and Istria remained separately administered and retained their autonomy until the 18th century. Emperor Charles VI increased the sea power of

615-536: The German Empire. It can be supposed that the majority of these foreign citizens were Italian speakers, followed by German, Croatian (from Rijeka and Croatia-Slavonia ) and Slovene (from Venetian Slovenia ), and Hungarian speakers. 45°38′00″N 13°48′00″E  /  45.6333°N 13.8000°E  / 45.6333; 13.8000 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI ( German : Karl ; Latin : Carolus ; 1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740)

656-499: The Horse, Prince Schwarzenberg, and a hunter's boy. The love of his life was Michael Joseph, Count Althann, a groom of the bedchamber, whom he called "my only heart, my comfort...my soul mate", and with whom he slept regularly. Althann's death in 1722, after a relationship of nineteen years, devastated him. In 1737, the Emperor embarked on another Turkish War in alliance with Russia. Unlike

697-649: The Littoral was divided into the three crown lands of the Imperial Free City of Trieste and its suburbs, the Margraviate of Istria , and the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca , which each had separate administrations and Landtag assemblies, but were all subject to a k.k. statholder at Trieste . Following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the Littoral fell within Italy 's newly expanded borders as part of

738-514: The area after World War I according to the Treaty of London and later the Treaty of Rapallo . After World War II it was split, with Italy in the west and Yugoslavia in the east. Trieste had strategic importance as Austria-Hungary's primary seaport, and the coast of the Littoral was a resort destination known as the Austrian Riviera . The region was a multi-ethnic one, with Italians , Slovenes , Croats , Germans and Friulians being

779-579: The city of Trieste remains under Italian rule. The name of the region lives on in its Slovene version, Primorska (Slovenian Littoral), a region of Slovenia. Area: Population (1910 Census): According to the last Austrian census of 1910 (1911 in Trieste), the Austrian Littoral was composed of the following linguistic communities: Total: Gorizia and Gradisca: Trieste: Istria: The Austrian censuses did not count ethnic groups , nor

820-660: The direct control of the crown, separate from the local administrative structure. In 1849, the Kingdom of Illyria was dissolved and the Littoral became a separate crown land with a governor in Trieste. It was formally divided into the Margravate of Istria and the Princely County ( Gefürstete Grafschaft ) of Gorizia and Gradisca with Trieste remaining separate from both. By the 1861 February Patent , Gorizia and Gradisca and Istria became administratively separate entities and, in 1867, Trieste received separate status as well, and

861-619: The engagement to Francis. At the end of the War of the Polish Succession, France demanded that Francis surrender the Duchy of Lorraine (his hereditary domain), to Stanisław Leszczyński, the deposed king of Poland, who would bequeath it to France at his death. Charles compelled Francis to renounce his rights to Lorraine and told him: "No renunciation, no archduchess." Charles had a number of sexual relationships with male courtiers, including his Master of

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902-571: The ensuing War of the Austrian Succession , Maria Theresa saved her crown and most of her territory but lost the mineral-rich Duchy of Silesia to Prussia and the Duchy of Parma to Spain. Emperor Charles VI has been the main motif of many collectors' coins and medals. One of the most recent samples is high-value collectors' coin the Austrian Göttweig Abbey commemorative coin , minted on 11 October 2006. His portrait can be seen in

943-480: The hinterland of Fiume, Civil Croatia , including Karlstadt (Karlovac), became one administrative unit. From 1816, the Littoral was a part of the Austrian Empire's Kingdom of Illyria . In 1822, Fiume and Civil Croatia were separated from the territory and ceded to the Kingdom of Hungary (and in 1849 went to Croatia ). The Littoral was officially the Triest (Trieste) Province, one of two gouvernements (provinces) of

984-469: The imperial crown. Not wanting to see Austria and Spain in personal union again, the new Kingdom of Great Britain withdrew its support from the Austrian coalition, and the war culminated with the Treaties of Utrecht , Rastatt and Baden three years later. The former, ratified in 1713, recognised Philip as King of Spain; however, the Kingdom of Naples , the Duchy of Milan , the Austrian Netherlands and

1025-674: The kingdom, the other being Laibach (Ljubljana). It was subdivided into four kreise ( districts ): Görz (Gorizia), including Gorizia and the Julian March ; Istrien (Istria), which was eastern Istria and the Quarnero Islands; Triest (Trieste), which was the Trieste hinterland and Western Istria; and the Triester Stadtgebiet (city of Trieste). Around 1825, the Littoral was reorganized into only two subdivisions: Istria, with its capital at Mitterburg (Pisino/Pazin), and Gorizia. Trieste and its immediate surroundings were put under

1066-507: The largest island in the Mediterranean, which was harder to defend than Sardinia. The treaty also recognised Philip V of Spain 's younger son, Don Carlos (the future Charles III of Spain ) as heir to the Duchy of Parma and Grand Duchy of Tuscany ; Charles had previously endorsed the succession of the incumbent Grand Duke's daughter, Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine . Peace in Europe

1107-424: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adriatic_Littoral&oldid=1018119279 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Austrian Littoral The Kingdom of Italy annexed most of

1148-554: The main groups. In 1910, it had an area of 7,969 square kilometres (3,077 sq mi) and a population of 894,287. The territory of the medieval Patriarchate of Aquileia had gradually been conquered by the Republic of Venice ( Domini di Terraferma ) until the early 15th century. In the east, the Habsburg archdukes of Austria , based on the March of Carniola they held from 1335, had gained suzerainty over Istrian Pazin in 1374 and

1189-523: The majority of the Holy Roman Empire endorsed Charles's candidature. He also received support in the Crown of Aragon , but not the Crown of Castile , which favoured Philip. Charles III, as he was known, disembarked in his kingdom in 1705, and stayed there for six years, only being able to exercise his rule in Catalonia , until the death of his brother, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor ; he returned to Vienna to assume

1230-501: The much smaller Duchy of Parma and Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The question of Charles's elder daughter's marriage was raised early in her childhood. She was first betrothed to Léopold Clément of Lorraine , who was supposed to come to Vienna and meet Maria Theresa. Instead, he died of smallpox in 1723, which upset Maria Theresa. Léopold Clément's younger brother, Francis Stephen , then came to Vienna to replace him. Charles considered other possibilities (such as Don Carlos) before announcing

1271-570: The port of Trieste in 1382. They also purchased Duino and Rijeka (Fiume) on the northern Adriatic coast in 1474, and inherited more territory in Friuli when the Counts of Görz line died out in 1500. In 1511, Emperor Maximilian I annexed the city of Gradisca from Venice. The Habsburgs did little initially to consolidate or develop their holdings in the Littoral. The supremacy of the Republic of Venice in

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1312-573: The previous Austro-Turkish War, it ended in a decisive Austrian defeat. Much of the territory gained in 1718 (except for the Banat) was lost. Popular discontent at the costly war reigned in Vienna; Francis of Lorraine, Maria Theresa's husband, was dubbed a French spy by the Viennese. At the time of Charles's death, the Habsburg lands were saturated in debt; the exchequer contained a mere 100,000 florins; and desertion

1353-475: The reign of his father, Leopold I . Charles sought the other European powers' approval. They demanded significant terms, among which were that Austria close the Ostend Company . In total, Great Britain , France , Saxony - Poland , the Dutch Republic , Spain , Venice , Papal States , Prussia , Russia , Denmark , Savoy-Sardinia , Bavaria , and the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire recognised

1394-456: The rulers of Saxony and Bavaria, both of whom ultimately refused to be bound by the decision of the Imperial Diet. France, despite publicly agreeing to the Pragmatic Sanction in 1735, signed a secret treaty with Bavaria in 1738 promising to back the 'just claims' of Charles Albert of Bavaria. In the first part of his reign, the Habsburg monarchy continued to expand thanks to the success in

1435-527: The sanction. France, Spain, Saxony-Poland, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged. Charles died in 1740, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession , which plagued his successor, Maria Theresa, for eight years. Archduke Charles (baptized Carolus Franciscus Josephus Wenceslaus Balthasar Johannes Antonius Ignatius ), the second son of the Emperor Leopold I and of his third wife, Princess Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg ,

1476-493: Was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy from 1711 until his death, succeeding his elder brother, Joseph I . He unsuccessfully claimed the throne of Spain following the death of his relative, Charles II . In 1708, he married Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , by whom he had his four children: Leopold Johann (who died in infancy), Maria Theresa , Maria Anna (Governess of

1517-560: Was born on 1 October 1685. Following the death of Charles II of Spain , in 1700, without any direct heir, Charles declared himself King of Spain—both were members of the House of Habsburg . The ensuing War of the Spanish Succession , which pitted France's candidate, Philip, Duke of Anjou , Louis XIV of France's grandson, against Austria's Charles, lasted for almost 14 years. The kingdoms of Portugal , England , Scotland , Ireland and

1558-422: Was born, he disinherited his nieces who were the daughters of his elder brother Joseph, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia . It was this act that undermined the chances of a smooth succession as set out in a Pact arranged by his father, and obliged Charles to spend the rest of his reign seeking to ensure enforcement of the sanction from other European powers. Charles agreed to a demand from Britain that he close

1599-509: Was counted as a distinct linguistic category. The Austrian Littoral had a large number of foreign nationals (around 71,000 or 7.9% of the overall population), which were not asked about their language of interaction. More than half of them resided in the city of Trieste. The majority were citizens of the Kingdom of Italy, followed by citizens of the Kingdom of Hungary (part of the Dual Monarchy) and

1640-616: Was rife in Austria's sporadic army, spread across the Empire in small, ineffective barracks. Contemporaries expected that Hungary would wrench itself from the Habsburg yoke upon his death. The Emperor, after a hunting trip across the Hungarian border in "a typical day in the wettest and coldest October in memory", fell seriously ill at the Favorita Palace , Vienna, and he died on 20 October 1740 in

1681-421: Was shattered by the War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738), a dispute over the throne of Poland between Augustus of Saxony , the previous king's elder son, and Stanisław Leszczyński . Austria supported the former, France the latter; thus, a war broke out. By the Treaty of Vienna (1738) , Augustus ascended the throne, but Charles had to give the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily to Don Carlos, in exchange for

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