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51-500: Born in Grenoble , Alphand entered the École polytechnique in 1835 and continued his engineering studies at the prestigious École des ponts et chaussées in 1837. He began his career as an engineer in the coastal city of Bordeaux , working on improvements to the port, railways, as well as other infrastructure. It was in Bordeaux that Alphand met and earned the trust of Baron Haussmann , who

102-705: A Catholic movement, the Ligue , which took Grenoble in December 1590, refused to make peace. After months of assaults, Lesdiguières defeated the Ligue and took back Grenoble. He became the leader of the entire province. Lesdiguières became the lieutenant-general of the Dauphiné and administered the Province from 1591 to 1626. He began the construction of the Bastille to protect the city and ordered

153-469: A city") is a statistical area used by France's national statistics office INSEE since 2020, officially translated as functional area in English by INSEE, which consists of a densely populated urban agglomeration and the surrounding exurbs , towns and intervening rural areas that are socioeconomically tied to the central urban agglomeration, as measured by commuting patterns. INSEE's functional area (AAV)

204-632: A major role in industrializing hydroelectricity production. With the development of his paper mills, he accelerated the economic development of the Grésivaudan valley and Grenoble. On 4 August 1897, a stone and bronze fountain was inaugurated in Grenoble to commemorate the pre-revolutionary events of June 1788. Built by the sculptor Henri Ding , the Fountain of the Three Orders, which represents three characters,

255-568: Is classified as a global city with the ranking of "sufficiency" by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The city held the title of European Green Capital in 2022. The first references to what is now Grenoble date back to 43 BC. Cularo was at that time a Gallic village of the Allobroges tribe, near a bridge across the Isère. Three centuries later and with insecurity rising in

306-449: Is located on Place Notre-Dame. People in Grenoble interpret these characters as follows: "Is it raining?" inquires the third estate ; "Please heaven it had rained", lament the clergy ; and "It will rain", proclaims the nobility . World War I accelerated Grenoble's economic development. To sustain the war effort, new hydroelectric industries developed along the various rivers of the region, and several existing companies moved into

357-731: Is therefore akin to what is most often called metropolitan area in English. INSEE's AAV follows the same definition as the Functional Urban Area (FUA) used by Eurostat and the OECD , and the AAVs are thus strictly comparable to the FUAs. Before 2020, INSEE used another metropolitan statistical area, the aire urbaine (AU), which was defined differently than the AAV, but the AU has now been discontinued and replaced with

408-452: The Bastille hill of Chartreuse, Grenoble is exclusively built on the alluvial plain of the rivers Isère and Drac at an altitude of 214 metres (702 ft). As a result, the city itself is extremely flat. Mountain sports are an important tourist attraction in summer and winter. Twenty large and small ski resorts surround the city, the nearest being Le Sappey-en-Chartreuse , which is about 15 minutes away by car. Historically, Grenoble and

459-626: The Bois de Vincennes and Bois de Boulogne in Paris's 12th and 16th arrondissements, respectively. Among the most dramatic transformations was the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont , established on the site of a former quarry, complete with waterfalls and grotto. In total, during the French Second Empire period, Alphand oversaw the creation or renovation of two large parks outside the city walls, three mid-size parks within

510-671: The Dauphiné historical province and lies where the river Drac flows into the Isère at the foot of the French Alps . The population of the commune of Grenoble was 158,198 as of 2019, while the population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire d'attraction de Grenoble or agglomération grenobloise ) was 714,799 which makes it the largest metropolis in the Alps, ahead of Innsbruck and Bolzano . A significant European scientific centre,

561-517: The International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism in 1925, which was visited by more than 1 million people. The organization of this exhibition forced the military to remove the old city walls and allowed the expansion of the city to the south. This exhibition also highlighted the city's hydropower industry and the region's tourist attractions. The site of the exhibition became an urban park in 1926, named Parc Paul Mistral after

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612-589: The United States , the United Kingdom , and Russia . General Haxo transformed the Bastille fortress, which took on its present aspect between 1824 and 1848. The Second Empire saw the construction of the French railway network, and the first trains arrived at Grenoble in 1858. Shortly thereafter Grenoble experienced widespread destruction by extensive flooding in 1859. In 1869 engineer Aristide Bergès played

663-521: The diocese of Grenoble was founded in 377 AD. From that time on, the bishops exercised significant political power over the city. Until the French Revolution , they styled themselves the "bishops and princes of Grenoble". After the collapse of the Roman Empire , the city became part of the first Burgundian kingdom in the 5th century and of the later Kingdom of Burgundy until 1032, when it

714-650: The " Day of the Tiles ". The people attacked the royal troops to prevent an expulsion of the notables of the city, which would have seriously endangered the economic prosperity of Grenoble. Following these events, the Assembly of Vizille took place. Its members organized the meeting of the old Estates General , thus beginning the French Revolution . During the Revolution, Grenoble was represented in Paris by two illustrious notables, Jean Joseph Mounier and Antoine Barnave . In 1790,

765-673: The AAV in order to facilitate international comparisons with Eurostat's FUAs. The functional area is a grouping of communes comprising a 'population and employment centre' ( pôle de population et d'emploi in French), which Eurostat calls "city" or "greater city" (depending on the FUA), defined according to population and employment criteria, and an outlying 'commuting zone' ( couronne in French), which Eurostats calls "commuting zone" in English, like INSEE, but zone de navettage in French (unlike INSEE which calls it couronne ), in which at least 15% of

816-587: The Counts to strengthen their authority. When they later adopted the title of " Dauphins ", Grenoble became the capital of the State of Dauphiné . Despite their status, the Counts had to share authority over the city with the Bishop of Grenoble. One of the most famous of those was Saint Hugh . Under his rule, the city's bridge was rebuilt, and a regular and leper hospital was built. The inhabitants of Grenoble took advantage of

867-560: The Dauphiné was divided into three departments , and Grenoble became the chef-lieu of the Isère department . Only two refractory priests were executed at Grenoble during the Reign of Terror . Pope Pius VI , prisoner of France, spent two days at Grenoble in 1799 before going to Valence where he died. The establishment of the Empire was overwhelmingly approved (in Isère, the results showed 82,084 yes and only 12 no). Grenoble welcomed for

918-457: The Grenoble Center for Nuclear Studies (CENG), resulting in the birth of the Grenoble model, a combination of research and industry. The first stone was laid in December 1956. In 1968 Grenoble hosted the X Olympic Winter Games . This event helped modernize the city with the development of infrastructure such as an airport, motorways, a new town hall , and a new train station. It also helped

969-508: The activity of German troops. With the landing in Provence , German troops evacuated the city on 22 August 1944. On 5 November 1944, General Charles de Gaulle came to Grenoble and bestowed on the city the Compagnon de la Libération to recognise "a heroic city at the peak of the French resistance and combat for the liberation". In 1955, future physics Nobel prize laureate Louis Néel created

1020-515: The armaments industry (for example in Livet-et-Gavet ). Electrochemical factories were also established in the area surrounding Grenoble, initially to produce chemical weapons. This development resulted in significant immigration to Grenoble, particularly from Italian workers who settled in the Saint-Laurent neighborhood. The economic development of the city was highlighted by the organization of

1071-459: The capital of the Dauphiné in the 11th century. This status, consolidated by the annexation to France , allowed it to develop its economy. Grenoble then became a parliamentary and military city, close to the border with Savoy , which at the time was part of the Holy Roman Empire . Industrial development increased the prominence of Grenoble through several periods of economic expansion over

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1122-539: The capitulation of the troops and the occupation of the city. During his return from the island of Elba in 1815, Napoleon took a road that led him near Grenoble at Laffrey . There he met the Royalist Régiment d'Angoulême (former 5th) of Louis XVIII's Royal Army . Napoleon stepped toward the soldiers and said these famous words: "If there is among you a soldier who wants to kill his Emperor, here I am." The soldiers all joined his cause. After that, Napoleon

1173-526: The chosen classifications. The area contains significant seasonal differences between warm to hot summers and cool to cold winters. Both temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) for the summer months and winter air frosts are common. In addition, the climate is much gloomier than in the Mediterranean region, although less so than in Northern France. Rainfall is quite heavy by French standards, although

1224-481: The city advertises itself as the "Capital of the Alps", due to its size and its proximity to the mountains. The many suburban communes that make up the rest of the metropolitan area include four with populations exceeding 20,000: Saint-Martin-d'Hères , Échirolles , Fontaine and Voiron . Grenoble's history goes back over 2,000 years, to a time when it was a village of the Allobroges Gallic tribe. It became

1275-523: The city walls, approximately 20 small garden "squares," and numerous tree-lined walks along avenues and boulevards in Paris. Although public parks had previously existed, according to one scholar, "Never before, in Europe or beyond, had landscape architecture played such a prominent role in so vast an urban renewal project." Adolphe Alphand's notable accomplishments include: After the retirement of Baron Haussmann, his successor, Léon Say , entrusted to Alphand

1326-402: The clandestine operations and provided false documentation for young people to prevent them from being assigned to STO . In September 1943, German troops occupied Grenoble, escalating the conflict with the clandestine movements. On 11 November 1943 (the anniversary of the armistice of 1918 ), massive strikes and demonstrations took place in front of the local collaboration offices. In response,

1377-438: The competing glove industry of Grasse , leaving the glove factories of Grenoble without any competition. This allowed a stronger economic development for the city during the 18th century. At the beginning of that century, only 12 glovers made 15,000 dozen gloves each year; by 1787, 64 glovers made 160,000 dozen gloves each year. The city gained some notoriety on 7 June 1788 when the townspeople assaulted troops of Louis XVI in

1428-499: The condition that the heir to the French crown used the title of Dauphin . The first one, the future Charles V , spent nine months in Grenoble. The city remained the capital of the Dauphiné, henceforth a province of France , and the Estates of Dauphiné were created. The only Dauphin who governed his province was the future Louis XI , whose "reign" lasted from 1447 to 1456. It

1479-666: The conflicts between the Counts and the bishops and obtained the recognition of a Charter of Customs that guaranteed their rights. That charter was confirmed by Kings Louis XI in 1447 and Francis I in 1541. In 1336 the last Dauphin Humbert ;II founded a court of justice, the Conseil delphinal  [ fr ] , which settled at Grenoble in 1340. He also established the University of Grenoble in 1339. Without an heir and deep into debt, Humbert sold his state to France in 1349, on

1530-511: The construction of new walls, increasing the city's size. He also constructed the Hôtel Lesdiguières, built new fountains, and dug sewers. In 1689, the bishop Étienne Le Camus launched the construction of Saint-Louis Church . The revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV caused the departure of 2,000 Protestants from Grenoble, weakening the city's economy. However, it also weakened

1581-523: The death of the mayor in 1932. The only building of this exhibition remaining in the park is the crumbling Tour Perret , which has been closed to the public since 1960 due to its very poor state of maintenance. During World War II, at the Battle of France , the German invasion was stopped near Grenoble at Voreppe by the forces of General Cartier . The French forces resisted until the armistice, after which Grenoble

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1632-619: The development of ski resorts like Chamrousse , Les Deux Alpes , and Villard-de-Lans . Grenoble is surrounded by mountains. To the north lies the Chartreuse , to the south and west the Vercors , and to the east the Belledonne range . Grenoble is regarded as the capital of the French Alps. It is the centre of the Grenoble urban unit (agglomeration). Except for a few dozen houses on the slopes of

1683-500: The exactions of the soldiers. The nobility of the region took part in various battles ( Marignano , Pavia ) and in doing so gained significant prestige. The best-known of its members was Bayard , "the knight without fear and beyond reproach". Grenoble suffered as a result of the French Wars of Religion . The Dauphiné was indeed an important settlement for Protestants and therefore experienced several conflicts. The baron des Adrets ,

1734-558: The last three centuries. This started with a booming glove industry in the 18th and 19th centuries, continued with the development of a strong hydropower industry in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, and ended with a post- World War II economic boom symbolized by the holding of the X ;Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city has grown to be one of Europe's most important research, technology and innovation centres, with one in five inhabitants working directly in these fields. Grenoble

1785-468: The late Roman empire , a strong wall was built around the small town in 286 AD. The Emperor Gratian visited Cularo and, touched by the people's welcome, made the village a Roman city. In honour of this, Cularo was renamed Gratianopolis ("city of Gratian") in 381 (leading to Graignovol during the Middle Ages , and then Grenoble). Christianity spread to the region during the 4th century, and

1836-560: The leader of the Huguenots , pillaged the Cathedral of Grenoble and destroyed the tombs of the former Dauphins. In August 1575, Lesdiguières became the new leader of the Protestants and, thanks to the accession of Henry IV to the throne of France, allied himself with the governor and the lieutenant general of the Dauphiné. But this alliance did not bring an end to the conflicts. Indeed,

1887-629: The number of rainy days is relatively moderate. As a result of winter lows averaging below freezing, snowfall also occurs, although the Grenoble Airport area itself is too mild to sustain a snowpack all winter, unlike the surrounding mountains. The record low of −27.1 °C (−16.8 °F) decisively indicates the continental influence, being colder than records in typical maritime climates. Winter nights are also colder than in all other French lowland areas. The Grenoble metropolitan area experiences two different microclimates: one more windy and cold to

1938-503: The occupiers arrested 400 demonstrators in the streets. On 13 November, the resistance blew up the artillery at the Polygon, which was a psychological shock for an enemy who then intensified the repression. On 25 November, the occupiers killed 11 members of the Résistance organizations of Grenoble. This violent crackdown was nicknamed " Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew ". From these events, Grenoble

1989-544: The political control of the city. At that time, Grenoble was a crossroads between Vienne , Geneva, Italy, and Savoy . It was the industrial centre of the Dauphiné and the province's biggest city, but a rather small one. Owing to Grenoble's geographical situation, French troops were garrisoned in the city and its region during the Italian Wars . Charles VIII , Louis XII , and Francis I went several times to Grenoble. Its people consequently had to suffer from

2040-530: The position of Director of Public Works of Paris. Under this title, Alphand continued Haussmann's works. Alphand also became the Director of Water Works after the death of Eugène Belgrand in 1878. In particular, Alphand directed the construction of: Alphand died in 1891. He was interred at Père Lachaise Cemetery (division 67) after a grand funeral organised by the City of Paris. Avenue Alphand in Paris's 16th arrondissement

2091-405: The renovation of Paris directed by Baron Haussmann between 1852 and 1870, in the company of engineer Eugène Belgrand and the landscape architect Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps among others. As head of the parks department, Alphand worked closely with his chief architect Gabriel Davioud . Alphand created walks, parks and gardens designed to embellish and sanitise Paris. He also heavily remodeled

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2142-583: The second time a prisoner Pope in 1809. Pius VII spent 10 days in the city en route to his exile in Fontainebleau . In 1813 Grenoble was under threat from the Austrian army, which invaded Switzerland and Savoy . The well-defended city contained the Austrian attacks, and the French army defeated the Austrians, forcing them to withdraw at Geneva . However, the later invasion of France in 1814 resulted in

2193-484: The surrounding areas were heavy industry and mining sites. Abandoned mills and factories can be found in small towns and villages, and a few have been converted to tourist attractions, such as the coal mine at La Mure . The climate in Grenoble depends on the data from the chosen weather station. Grenoble Airport , located 40 km northwest of the city has a range from temperate continental climate to oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb, Trewartha : Dc, Do) depending on

2244-565: The west, the other, on the contrary, not very windy and warmer to the east. However, the city of Grenoble features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with no dry season. Although the record is incomplete, the newer station will meet the humid subtropical classification if maintained for the required 30-year period. (5 km east of Grenoble at an altitude of 220m) (40 km north-west of Grenoble at an altitude of 400m) Functional area (France) An aire d'attraction d'une ville (or AAV , literally meaning "catchment area of

2295-467: Was prefect of Gironde at the time. In 1854, the year after Haussmann was promoted to the powerful role of prefect of Seine in Paris by Emperor Napoleon III , Haussmann hired Alphand as chief engineer of the Bois de Boulogne , a role which soon expanded into director of the newly formed parks department (Service des Promenades et Plantations) in 1855, as well as later into an all-around director of public works. Under Napoleon III, Alphand participated in

2346-562: Was acclaimed at Grenoble and General Jean Gabriel Marchand could not prevent Napoleon from entering the city through the Bonne gate. He said later: "From Cannes to Grenoble, I still was an adventurer; in that last city, I came back a sovereign". But after the defeat of Waterloo , the region suffered from a new invasion of Austrian and Sardinian troops. The 19th century saw significant industrial development of Grenoble. The glove factories reached their Golden Age, and their products were exported to

2397-505: Was integrated into the Holy Roman Empire . The Burgundian rule was interrupted between 942 and 970 by Arab rule based in Fraxinet . Grenoble grew significantly in the 11th century when the Counts of Albon chose the city as the capital of their territories. Their possessions at the time were a patchwork of several territories sprawled across the region, and the central position of Grenoble allowed

2448-466: Was named after him in 1907. Grenoble Grenoble ( / ɡ r ə ˈ n oʊ b əl / grə- NOH -bəl ; French: [ɡʁənɔbl] ; Arpitan : Grenoblo or Grainóvol ; Occitan : Graçanòbol or Grenòble ) is the prefecture and largest city of the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France. It was the capital of

2499-610: Was only under his rule that Dauphiné properly joined the Kingdom of France. The Old Conseil Delphinal became a Parlement (the third in France after the Parliaments of Paris and Toulouse), strengthening the status of Grenoble as a Provincial capital. He also ordered the construction of the Palais du Parlement (finished under Francis I ) and ensured that the Bishop pledged allegiance, thus unifying

2550-729: Was part of the French State before an Italian occupation from 1942 to 1943. The relative tolerance of the Italian occupiers towards the Jewish populations resulted in a significant number moving to the region from the German-occupied parts of France. Grenoble was extremely active in the Résistance against the occupation. Its action was symbolized by figures such as Eugène Chavant , Léon Martin, and Marie Reynoard . The University of Grenoble supported

2601-670: Was styled by the Free French Forces the title of Capital of the Maquis on the antennas of the BBC . This event only intensified the activities of Grenoble's resistance movements. The Germans could not prevent the destruction of their new arsenal on 2 December at the Bonne Barracks. After the Normandy landing , resistance operations reached their peak, with numerous attacks considerably hampering

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