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51-849: The Admiralty Mountains were discovered in January 1841 by Captain James Clark Ross , Royal Navy, who named them for the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty under whose orders he served. The Admiralty Mountains lie to the east of the Concord Mountains and the Victory Mountains , separated from them by the Ebbe Glacier in the north and the Tucker Glacier further south, which flows into

102-429: A Northwest Passage in 1818 aboard Isabella . Between 1819 and 1827 Ross took part in four Arctic expeditions under William Edward Parry , taking particular interest in magnetism and natural history. This was also where he served as midshipman with Francis Crozier , who would later become his close friend and second-in-command. From 1829 to 1833 Ross again served under his uncle on John's second Arctic voyage. It

153-460: A joint presentation of papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace was made, sponsored by Joseph Hooker and Charles Lyell , as neither author could be present. The society's connection with evolution remained strong into the 20th century. Sir Edward Poulton , who was president in 1912–1916, was a great defender of natural selection, and was the first biologist to recognise the importance of frequency-dependent selection . In 1904,

204-562: A lichenologist and mycologist , Gulielma Lister , a mycologist, and Margaret Jane Benson , a paleobotanist , all formally admitted on 19 January 1905. Also numbered in the first cohort of women to be elected in 1904 were: the paleobotanist, and later pioneer of family planning, Marie Stopes , the philanthropist Constance Sladen , founder of the Percy Sladen Memorial Trust and Alice Laura Embleton (1876–1960), biologist , zoologist and suffragist , who had been one of

255-595: A formula of admission to the fellowship. Other forms of membership exist: 'Associate' (or 'ALS'), for supporters of the society who do not wish to submit to the formal election process for fellowship, and 'Student Associate', for those registered as students at a place of tertiary education. Associate members may apply for election to the fellowship at any time. Finally, there are three types of membership that are prestigious and strictly limited in number: 'Fellow honoris causa' , 'Foreign', and lastly, 'Honorary'. These forms of membership are bestowed following election by

306-632: A further permanent station with the help of governor John Franklin before waiting for summer. Ross crossed the Antarctic Circle on 1 January 1841. Shortly after, he discovered the Ross Sea and Victoria Land , charting 900 km (560 mi) of new coastline, reaching Possession Island on 12 January and Franklin Island on 27 January (which Ross named after John Franklin ). He then reached Ross Island , later named after him by Robert F. Scott , with

357-598: A number of different homes, initially meeting in Marlborough Coffee House (1788), before moving to Panton Square in 1795, then Gerrard Street, Soho in 1805, and Soho Square in 1821. Since 1857 the society has been based at Burlington House , Piccadilly , London ; an address it shares with a number of other learned societies: the Geological Society of London , the Royal Astronomical Society ,

408-408: A number of prestigious medals and prizes. A product of the 18th-century enlightenment , the society is the oldest extant biological society in the world and is historically important as the venue for the first public presentation of the theory of evolution by natural selection on 1 July 1858. The former patron of the society was Queen Elizabeth II . Honorary members include: King Charles III of

459-553: Is a lake with two islands, named after the ships Terror and Erebus . Ross remained an officer in the Royal Navy for the rest of his life and was subsequently promoted several times, his final rank being Rear-Admiral of the Red awarded in August 1861. Ross died at Aston Abbotts on 3 April 1862, five years after his wife. They are buried together in the parish churchyard of St. James

510-723: Is also held by the society. Other notable holdings of the society include the notebooks and journals of Alfred Russel Wallace and the paintings of plants and animals made by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton (1762–1829) in Nepal . In December 2014, the society's specimen, library, and archive collections were granted designated status by the Arts Council England , recognising collections of national and international importance (one of only 152 institutions so recognised as of 2020). The Linnean Society began its extensive series of publications on 13 August 1791, when Volume I of Transactions of

561-417: Is an advantage, but not a necessity, for election. Following election, new fellows must be formally admitted, in person at a meeting of the society, before they are able to vote in society elections. Admission takes the form of signing the membership book, and thereby agreeing to an obligation to abide by the statutes of the society. Following this the new fellow is taken by the hand by the president, who recites

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612-512: Is entitled 'One of James Ross's foxes'). Fellow of the Linnean Society of London The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history , evolution , and taxonomy . It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature collections, and publishes academic journals and books on plant and animal biology. The society also awards

663-693: The Antarctic Peninsula . The next winter, the expedition overwintered in the Falkland Islands before returning to survey the Antarctic Peninsula over the summer of 1842–1843. Ross attempted to penetrate south at about 55° W, and explored the eastern side of what is now known as James Ross Island , discovering and naming Snow Hill Island and Seymour Island . Ross reported that Admiralty Sound appeared to him to have been blocked by glaciers at its southern end. The expedition's main aim

714-545: The Arctic explorers Sir John Franklin and Sir James Clark Ross , colonial administrator and founder of Singapore , Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Lord Aberdeen . The first public exposition of the 'Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection', arguably the greatest single leap of progress made in biology, was presented to a meeting of the Linnean Society on 1 July 1858. At this meeting

765-945: The Arctic , he participated in two expeditions led by his uncle, John Ross , and in four led by William Edward Parry : in the Antarctic , he led his his own expedition from 1839 to 1843. Ross was born in London, the son of George Ross and nephew of John Ross , under whom he entered the Royal Navy on 5 April 1812. Ross was an active participant in the Napoleonic Wars , being present at an action where HMS Briseis , commanded by his uncle, captured Le Petit Poucet (a French privateer) on 9 October 1812. Ross then served successively with his uncle on HMS Actaeon and HMS Driver . Ross participated in John's unsuccessful first Arctic voyage in search of

816-795: The Quam Heights and Hedgpeth Heights in the Anare Mountains to the north. The Robinson Heights in the northwest Admiralty Mountains are separated from the Anare Mountains to the north by the Anare Pass . They are east of the Everett Range in the Concord Mountains. The Homerun Range in the Admiralty Mountains is east of the Mirabito Range in the Concord Mountains. Further south,

867-685: The Ross Sea . They are to the south of the Anare Mountains , separated from them by the Anare Pass and the Dennistoun Glacier , which flow east to the Southern Ocean . To their east they are bounded by the Southern Ocean, Robertson Bay , the Adare Peninsula and the Ross Sea . The Dennistoun Glacier which flows past the northeastern section of the Admiralty Mountains, separates then from

918-628: The Society of Antiquaries of London and the Royal Society of Chemistry . In April 1939 the threat of war obliged the society to relocate the Linnean collections out of London to Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire , where they remained for the duration of World War II . This move was facilitated by the 12th Duke of Bedford , a Fellow of the Linnean Society himself. Three thousand of the most precious items from

969-646: The dip circle during the survey; anomalous results had been discovered by Ross in 1835 in Westbourne Green . In 1838, Ross completed magnetic observations at 12 different stations throughout Ireland. The survey was completed in 1838; some supplementary measurements by Robert Were Fox were also used. On 8 April 1839, Ross was given orders to command an expedition to Antarctica for the purposes of 'magnetic research and geographical discovery'. Between September 1839 and September 1843, Ross commanded HMS  Erebus on his own Antarctic expedition and charted much of

1020-688: The Admiralty Mountains face the Cartographers Range in the Victory Mountains across the Tucker Glacier. The southern tip of the mountains joins to the Hallett Peninsula to the north of Tucker Inlet on the Ross Sea. Moubray Bay is to the north of the Hallett Peninsula, and receives several glaciers that drain the southeast of the range. The Adare Peninsula extends along the coast to

1071-529: The Great. Ross, played by British actor Richard Sutton , is a secondary character in the 2018 AMC television series The Terror , portrayed in a fictionalised version of his 1848 search for Franklin's lost expedition , as well as in the 2007 Dan Simmons novel on which the series is based. Ross is also mentioned continually by Jules Verne in his novel The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (for example, chapter XXV

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1122-538: The Linnean Society , which focuses on plant sciences, and Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society focusing on animal systematics and evolution. In 2022, the society launched the Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society , its first fully open access scholarly publication. The Linnean is a biannual newsletter. It contains commentary on recent activities and events, articles on history and science, and occasional biographies/obituaries of people connected to

1173-461: The Linnean Society of London was produced. Over the following centuries the society published a number of different journals, some of which specialised in more specific subject areas, whilst earlier publications were discontinued. Those still in publication include: the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , which covers the evolutionary biology of all organisms, Botanical Journal of

1224-589: The Linnean Society: Linnaeus' botanical and zoological collections were purchased in 1783 by Sir James Edward Smith, the first president of the society, and are now held in London by the society. The collections include 14,000 plants, 158 fish, 1,564 shells, 3,198 insects, 1,600 books and 3,000 letters and documents. They may be viewed by appointment and there is a monthly tour of the collections. Smith's own plant collection of 27,185 dried specimens, together with his correspondence and book collection,

1275-516: The Linnean Society; it also includes book reviews, reference material and correspondence. The society also publishes books and Synopses of the British Fauna , a series of field-guides. Previously, an electronic magazine for Fellows, Pulse , was produced quarterly. This ceased publication in 2021. For the fellows of the Linnean Society of London, see: Fellows of the Linnean Society of London [REDACTED] Works related to Transactions of

1326-536: The United Kingdom, Emeritus Emperor Akihito of Japan , King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (both of the latter have active interests in natural history), and the eminent naturalist and broadcaster Sir David Attenborough . The Linnean Society was founded in 1788 by botanist Sir James Edward Smith . The society takes its name from the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus , the 'father of taxonomy', who systematised biological classification through his binomial nomenclature . (He

1377-502: The center of an unnamed mountain group include: [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . James Clark Ross Sir James Clark Ross DCL FRS FLS FRAS (15 April 1800 – 3 April 1862) was a British Royal Navy officer and explorer of both the northern and southern polar regions. In

1428-672: The continent's coastline. Captain Francis Crozier was second-in-command of the expedition, commanding HMS  Terror , with senior lieutenant Archibald McMurdo . Support for the expedition had been arranged by Francis Beaufort , hydrographer of the Navy and a member of several scientific societies. On the expedition was gunner Thomas Abernethy and ship's surgeon Robert McCormick , as well as Joseph Dalton Hooker , who had been invited along as assistant ship's surgeon. Erebus and Terror were bomb vessels —an unusual type of warship named after

1479-423: The earliest women to deliver a paper to the society on 4 Jun 1903. Overall, 15 out of 16 women nominated in 1904 were elected to the society. Marian Farquharson was not admitted, having been "shamefully blackballed" as the society now states, although she was finally admitted in 1908. The painting "Admission of Lady Fellows" by James Sant R.A., which hangs on the upper staircase, shows the eleven women signing

1530-461: The eminent botanist and president of the Royal Society . Five years after this purchase Banks gave Smith his full support in founding the Linnean Society, and became one of its first Honorary Members. The society has numbered many prominent scientists amongst its fellows. One such was the botanist Robert Brown , who was librarian, and later president (1849–1853); he named the cell nucleus and discovered Brownian motion . In 1854, Charles Darwin

1581-454: The fellowship at the annual Anniversary Meeting in May. Meetings have historically been, and continue to be, the main justification for the society's existence. Meetings are venues for people of like interests to exchange information, talk about scientific and literary concerns, exhibit specimens, and listen to lectures. Today, meetings are held in the evening and also at lunchtime. Most are open to

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1632-482: The general public as well as to members, and the majority are offered without charge for admission. On or near 24 May, traditionally regarded as the birthday of Carl Linnaeus, the Anniversary Meeting is held. This is for fellows and guests only, it includes ballots for membership of the council of the society and the awarding of medals. On 22 May 2020, for the first time in its history, the Anniversary Meeting

1683-531: The library collections were packed up and evacuated to Oxford; the country house of librarian Warren Royal Dawson provided a refuge for the society's records. Fellowship requires nomination by at least one fellow, and election by a minimum of two-thirds of those electors voting. Fellows may employ the post-nominal letters 'FLS'. Fellowship is open to both professional scientists and to amateur naturalists who have shown active interest in natural history and allied disciplines. Having authored relevant publications

1734-593: The mortar bombs they were designed to fire and constructed with extremely strong hulls, to withstand the recoil of the heavy weapons. The ships were selected for the Antarctic mission as being able to resist thick ice, as proved true in practice. En route to the Southern Ocean , Ross established magnetic measurement stations in Saint Helena , Cape Town , and Kerguelen before arriving in Hobart in early 1840 and establishing

1785-749: The mountains are the Dennistoun Glacier to the northeast, which flows east to the Southern Ocean, Ebbe Glacier to the northwest, a tributary of the Lillie Glacier , which flows west and then north to Ob' Bay , and the large Tucker Glacier along the western edge, which flows southeast to the Ross Sea . A number of smaller glaciers drain the east of the mountains to the sea, including (from north to south) Simpson Glacier , Pitkevitch Glacier , Shipley Glacier , Ommanney Glacier , Dugdale Glacier , Murray Glacier , Moubray Glacier , Burnette Glacier and Ironside Glacier . Download coordinates as: Formally named mountain groups include: Mountains that are in

1836-404: The north of Moubray Bay and encloses Robertson Bay , which receives several glaciers that drain the central part of the mountains. To the north of this bay, glaciers drain the northeast of the mountains directly into the Southern Ocean. Download coordinates as: This range includes the following mountains and peaks, among many others: Download coordinates as: The main glaciers bounding

1887-408: The northeast tip of Somerset Island where he was frozen in at Port Leopold . In the spring, he and Leopold McClintock explored the west coast of the island by sledge. He recognized Peel Sound but thought it too ice-choked for Franklin to have used it. In fact, Franklin had used it in 1846 when the extent of sea ice had been atypically low. The next summer he tried to reach Wellington Channel but

1938-482: The society elected its first female fellows, following a number of years of tireless campaigning by the botanist Marian Farquharson . Whilst the society's council was reluctant to admit women, the wider fellowship was more supportive; only 17% voted against the proposal. Among the first to benefit from this were the ornithologist and photographer Emma Louisa Turner , Lilian J. Veley , a microbiologist , Annie Lorrain Smith ,

1989-406: The society has been a non-political and non-sectarian institution, existing solely for the furtherance of natural history. The inception of the society was the direct result of the purchase by Sir James Edward Smith of the specimen, book and correspondence collections of Carl Linnaeus. When the collection was offered for sale by Linnaeus's heirs, Smith was urged to acquire it by Sir Joseph Banks ,

2040-499: The society's Book of Admission and Obligation on 19 January 1905. The painting was altered to remove the figures of T R R Stebbing , the Zoological Secretary, and his wife, Mary Anne , from the right hand side sometime before the painting was presented to the society in 1919. The first female president of the society was Irene Manton (1973 to 1976), who pioneered the biological use of electron microscopy . Her work revealed

2091-492: The structure of the flagellum and cilia , which are central to many systems of cellular motility. Recent years have seen an increased interest within the society in issues of biodiversity conservation. This was highlighted by the inception in 2015 of an annual award, the John Spedan Lewis Medal, specifically honouring persons making significant and innovative contributions to conservation. The society has had

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2142-715: The volcanoes Mount Erebus and Mount Terror , which were named for the expedition's vessels. They sailed for 250 nautical miles (460 km) along the edge of the low, flat-topped ice shelf they called variously the Barrier or the Great Ice Barrier, later named the Ross Ice Shelf in his honour. After being forced to overwinter in Tasmania , Ross returned to the Ross Sea in December 1841 before travelling east past Marie Byrd Land to

2193-617: Was blocked by ice and returned to England. Ultimately every member of Franklin's expedition perished. Ross married Ann Coulman in 1843. A blue plaque marks Ross's home in Eliot Place, Blackheath, London . His closest friend was Francis Crozier, with whom he sailed many times. He also lived in the ancient House of the Abbots of St. Albans in Buckinghamshire . In the gardens of the Abbey there

2244-731: Was during this trip that a small party led by James Ross (including Thomas Abernethy ) located the position of the north magnetic pole on 1 June 1831, on the Boothia Peninsula in the far north of Canada, and James Ross personally planted the British flag at the pole. It was on this trip, too, that Ross charted the Beaufort Islands, later renamed Clarence Islands by his uncle. Ross then served as supernumerary-commander of HMS Victory in Portsmouth for 12 months. On 28 October 1834 Ross

2295-425: Was elected a fellow; he is undoubtedly the most illustrious scientist ever to appear on the membership rolls of the society. Another famous fellow was biologist Thomas Huxley , who would later gain the nickname "Darwin's bulldog" for his outspoken defence of Darwin and evolution. Men notable in other walks of life have also been fellows of the society, including the physician Edward Jenner , pioneer of vaccination ,

2346-533: Was held online via videotelephony . This was due to restrictions on public gatherings imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . The Linnean Society of London aims to promote the study of all aspects of the biological sciences, with particular emphasis on evolution, taxonomy, biodiversity, and sustainability. Through awarding medals and grants, the society acknowledges and encourages excellence in all of these fields. The following medals and prizes are awarded by

2397-417: Was known as Carl von Linné after his ennoblement, hence the spelling 'Linnean', rather than 'Linnaean'.) The society had a number of minor name variations before it gained its Royal Charter on 26 March 1802, when the name became fixed as "The Linnean Society of London". As a newly incorporated society, it comprised 228 fellows. It is the oldest extant natural history society in the world. Throughout its history

2448-691: Was probably crushed in the ice in December 1835. He returned to Hull in September 1836 with all his crew in good health. From 1835 to 1839, except for his voyage with Cove, he was one of the principal participants in the British Magnetic Survey, a magnetic survey of Great Britain , with Edward Sabine , John Phillips and Humphrey Lloyd . This also included some work on geomagnetic measurements in Ireland in 1834–1835, working with Sabine and Lloyd. In 1837, Ross assisted in T. C. Robinson's improvement of

2499-645: Was promoted to captain. In December 1835 he offered his services to the Admiralty to resupply 11  whaling ships which had become trapped in Baffin Bay . They accepted his offer, and he set sail in HMS Cove in January 1836. The crossing was difficult, and by the time he had reached the last known position of the whalers in June, all but one had managed to return home. Ross found no trace of this last vessel, William Torr , which

2550-572: Was sent on one of three expeditions to find John Franklin. Franklin's second in command was Ross's close friend Francis Crozier. The other expeditions sent to find Franklin were the Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition and the expedition aboard HMS Plover and HMS  Herald through the Bering Strait . He was given command of HMS  Enterprise , accompanied by HMS  Investigator . Because of heavy ice in Baffin Bay he only reached

2601-539: Was to find the position of the south magnetic pole . While Ross failed to reach the pole, he was able to determine its location. The expedition also produced the first accurate magnetic maps of the Antarctic. Ross's ships arrived back in England on 4 September 1843. He was awarded the Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations in 1843, knighted in 1844, and elected to the Royal Society in 1848. On 31 January 1848, Ross

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